Assessing Damage ENH1036 and Restoring Trees After a Hurricane Urban Forest Hurricane Recovery Program by Edward F. Gilman Gif]\jjfi# Assessing Damage...... 4 C\Xiekfk\cck_\[`]]\i\eZ\Y\kn\\e ki\\jk_Xkj_flc[Y\i\dfm\[Xe[k_fj\ k_XkdXpi\Zfm\i% Restoration Pruning ...... 6 =`e[flk_fnkfgile\ki\\jkfi\jkfi\ k_\dYXZbkf_\Xck_X]k\iX_lii`ZXe\% 8]k\ik_\[\mXjkXk`fef]k_\)''+Xe[)'',_lii`ZXe\ j\Xjfej#k_\LJ;8=fi\jkJ\im`Z\gifm`[\[^iXek]le[jkf _\cgZfddle`k`\ji\Zfm\i%LiYXe]fi\jki\Zfm\ipgifa\Zkj _Xm\kXb\ej\m\iXc]fidj#`eZcl[`e^e\nki\\gcXek`e^j# Palms and Pines ...... 8 `em\ekfipXe[[XdX^\Xjj\jjd\ek#gile`e^gif^iXdj#Xe[ >\kjg\Z`Xc`q\[`e]fidXk`fe]fi[\Xc`e^ i\gcXZ`e^`emXj`m\gcXekjn`k_dfi\n`e[i\j`jkXekjg\Z`\j% n`k_gXcdjXe[g`e\j% 8k\Xdf]jZ`\ek`jkjXkk_\Le`m\ij`kpf]=cfi`[X&@ejk`klk\f] =ff[Xe[8^i`ZlckliXcJZ`\eZ\j L=&@=8J _XjY\\ekiXZb`e^ Xe[jkl[p`e^dXafi_lii`ZXe\jj`eZ\?lii`ZXe\8e[i\n`e (00)kf[\k\id`e\k_\`i\]]\Zkjfek_\liYXe]fi\jk% K_\`e]fidXk`fe`ek_`jglYc`ZXk`fenXj^X`e\[]ifdk_\j\ Prevention ...... 10 jkl[`\jXe[`jgXikf]k_\LiYXe=fi\jk?lii`ZXe\I\Zfm\ip C\Xie_fnkf[\j`^eXe[dXeX^\ Gif^iXd%K_\dX`e^fXcf]k_`jgif^iXd`jkf]fjk\iX _\Xck_pliYXe]fi\jkk_Xk`jdfi\n`e[i\j`jkXek%@k`jX`d\[ liYXe]fi\jkj]fin`e[i\j`jkXeZ\Yp XkZ`k`q\ejXe[Zfddle`k`\jn_fj\\bkfi\Yl`c[Xe[j\k j\c\Zk`e^k_\i`^_kki\\Xe[[\j`^e`e^ Y\kk\idXeX^\d\ekgiXZk`Z\jjfk_Xk]lkli\jkfidjXi\c\jj k_\i`^_kcfZXk`fe% [\mXjkXk`e^% Acknowledgments: Wind Resistant Species ...... 12 N\nflc[c`b\kfXZbefnc\[^\k_\=cfi`[X;`m`j`fef] =`e[flkn_`Z_ki\\jg\Z`\jZXejlim`m\ =fi\jkipXe[k_\LJ;8=fi\jkJ\im`Z\#Jflk_\ieI\^`fe]fi _lii`ZXe\jY\kk\i% ]le[`e^k_\LiYXe=fi\jk?lii`ZXe\I\Zfm\ipGif^iXd% N\k_Xebk_\i\m`\n\ijf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fe]fik_\`i_\cg]lc jl^^\jk`fej1?Xcc`\;fq`\i#B\m`e Photo courtesy Eckert of Kevin :lkXknX`jkc\m\cfiY\cfn%:_X`ejXn`eali`\jkf Cut at waist level or below. k_\_\X[f]k\ei\jlck]ifddXb`e^fm\i_\X[Zlkj% KXb\\okiXZXi\n_\eZlkk`e^c`dYjk_XkXi\Y\ek#kn`jk\[#fiZXl^_kle[\i Xefk_\ifYa\Zk%K_\pdXpjeXgYXZbXe[_`kpflfig`eZ_k_\jXn% KXb\k_\k`d\kf[fk_\afYi`^_k%Dfjk`eali`\jX]]\Zkk_\c\^jXe[]\\kXe[Xi\ k_\i\jlckf]X^^i\jj`m\fiZXi\c\jjZlkk`e^%KXb\Yi\Xbjn_\ee\\[\[#Y\ZXlj\ dfjk`eali`\jfZZlin_\enfib\ijXi\]Xk`^l\[% J_lkf]]\hl`gd\ekn_\e]l\c`e^k_\jXnfiZXiip`e^`kX[`jkXeZ\f]dfi\k_Xe ('']\\k#fik_ifl^_jc`gg\ipXi\Xjfi_\XmpYilj_% 9\jli\k_\Z_X`ejXnfg\iXkfi`jXnXi\f]pfligi\j\eZ\Y\]fi\pfl XggifXZ_%:_X`ejXnfg\iXkfijf]k\eZXeefkj\\fi_\Xik_\XggifXZ_f] fk_\ig\fgc\% Photo courtesy Eckert of Kevin ;fefkZlkn`k_k_\lgg\ik`gf]k_\Z_X`ejXnkfXmf`[b`ZbYXZb% Kickback fZZlijn_\ek_\lgg\ik`g f]k_\^l`[\YXiZfekXZkjXefYa\Zk Storm damage Xe[ZXlj\jk_\jXnkfZfd\jkiX`^_k YXZbXkk_\fg\iXkfi%B`ZbYXZb cleanup is extremely _Xgg\ejjf]Xjkk_Xkk_\i\`jefk`d\ dangerous, even for ]fii\XZk`fe% professionals! How to prevent: :lkn`k_k_\gXikf] k_\YXiZcfj\jkkfk_\\e^`e\%NXkZ_ More safety information is available n_\i\k_\k`g`jXkXcck`d\jÆ[fefk Photo courtesy Eckert of Kevin at the Florida AgSafe web site Do not cut with the upper tip! c\k`kZfekXZkk_\^ifle[fifk_\i www.flagsafe.ufl.edu YiXeZ_\j% 2 Get the Right Tree Care Professional Safety N_XkJ`klXk`fejI\hl`i\XGif]\jj`feXc6 Homeowner: @]pfllj\XZ_X`e Electrical hazards jXn#nfibfecpfek_\^ifle[%>\kX Ki\\jZXelgiffkle[\i^ifle[ gif]\jj`feXc]fiXccfk_\ij`klXk`fej%;f lk`c`k`\jXe[k\Xi[fnegfn\i efklj\cX[[\ijfiifg\j% c`e\j[li`e^_lii`ZXe\j%K_\ Professional: Ki\\ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj ZfdY`eXk`fef]\c\Zki`ZXc n`k_X[\hlXk\\hl`gd\ekXe[ n`i\jXe[]cff[`e^Zi\Xk\jX `ejliXeZ\ZXe_Xe[c\k_\j\j`klXk`fej% _XqXi[flj\em`ifed\ekk_Xk KXb`e^ki\\j[fne`efg\eXi\Xj% i\hl`i\j\oki\d\ZXlk`fe% I\dfm`e^[\X[fi_XqXi[fljc`dYj% FecphlXc`]`\[c`e\$Zc\XiXeZ\ Certified arborist: K_\j\j`klXk`fej XiYfi`jkjj_flc[nfibe\Xi i\hl`i\X[mXeZ\[kiX`e`e^Xe[Xi\Y\jk \c\Zki`ZXclk`c`k`\j% _Xe[c\[Yp@J8Z\ik`]`\[XiYfi`jkj% :Xcck_\gfn\iZfdgXepkf I\dfm`e^Xc\Xe`e^ki\\fiYifb\e i\gfikki\\c`dYjk_Xk_Xm\ c`dYk_Xk`je\XiX_flj\fifk_\i ]Xcc\efeXgfn\ic`e\% gfk\ek`XckXi^\k% 8jjld\Xccgfn\ic`e\jXi\ I\XZ_`e^c`dYjk_Xki\hl`i\ \e\i^`q\[Xe[[fefkkflZ_%@dgifg\ilj\f]^\e\iXkfij Zc`dY`e^% dXp\e\i^`q\c`e\jn`k_flknXie`e^% I\jkfi`e^X[XdX^\[ki\\k_XkZflc[ 9\nXi\ ?`i`e^Xe8iYfi`jk To find an ISA certified arborist in your ?`i`e^XeXiYfi`jk`jXnfik_n_`c\`em\jkd\ek%Ki\\j`eZi\Xj\ area, contact: gifg\ikpmXcl\n_\ek_\pXi\n\ccdX`ekX`e\[YlkZXeY\X c`XY`c`kp`]gfficpgile\[file_\Xck_p% International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) http://www.isa-arbor.com (217) 355-9411 or (888) 472-8733 Beware of scams! LehlXc`]`\[`e[`m`[lXcjnXek`e^kfdXb\ Florida Chapter - ISA Xhl`Zb[fccXidXpYi`e^Z_X`ejXnjXe[\hl`gd\ekkf_\cg http://www.floridaisa.org Zc\XelgX]k\ik_\jkfid%?fn\m\i#hlXc`]`\[XiYfi`jkj]ifd (941) 342-0153 Xifle[k_\ZflekipXcjfZfd\kf_\cg%C\Xiekf`[\ek`]pk_\ hlXc`]`\[XiYfi`jkjY\ZXlj\lehlXc`]`\[nfib\ijdXp^\k_lik Florida Cooperative Extension Service County Office fiZXlj\`ii\gXiXYc\[XdX^\kfki\\j% Florida Division of Forestry County Office Use these questions to help you find a qualified arborist: Insurance: N_XkXi\k_\8EJ@Q(**%(Xe[8EJ@8*''^l`[\c`e\j6 8i\pfl`ejli\[]figifg\ikp K_\8d\i`ZXeEXk`feXcJkXe[Xi[j@ejk`klk\ 8EJ@ gi`ekj [XdX^\#g\ijfeXcc`XY`c`kp#Xe[ k_\j\knf^l`[\c`e\j#n`k_n_`Z_Xccki\\ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj nfib\iËjZfdg\ejXk`fe6 j_flc[Y\]Xd`c`Xi%8EJ@Q(**%(i\gi\j\ekjjX]\kpjkXe[Xi[j @]pfl_`i\Xele`ejli\[ ]fiki\\ZXi\fg\iXk`fej`ek_\Le`k\[JkXk\j%8EJ@8*'' ZfdgXep#pfldXpY\_\c[ i\gi\j\ekjk_\Y\jkdXeX^\d\ekgiXZk`Z\j`ek_\`e[ljkip i\jgfej`Yc\]fid\[`ZXcY`ccjXe[ ]figile`e^Xe[fk_\iki\\ZXi\fg\iXk`fej% cfjknX^\j]fi`eali\[nfib\ij% Estimates: Professionalism: N_XkXi\k_\gifZ\[li\j`emfcm\[#\hl`gd\eklj\[#gi`Z\#Xe[ 8i\pflZ\ik`]`\[Ypk_\ k`d\]iXd\6 @ek\ieXk`feXcJfZ`\kpf] >\kdfi\k_Xefe\ni`kk\e\jk`dXk\%B\\g`ed`e[k_Xk 8iYfi`Zlckli\ @J8 6 jg\Z`Xc`q\[\hl`gd\ek#hlXc`]`\[jb`ccj#Xe[`ejliXeZ\ 9\`e^Z\ik`]`\[i\hl`i\jgif]\jj`feXc\og\i`\eZ\Xe[ n`ccZfjkdfi\%>ff[ki\\nfib`jnfik_k_\X[[`k`feXc befnc\[^\f]k_\Y\jkk\Z_e`hl\j`ek_\`e[ljkip%8iYfi`jkj `em\jkd\ek2gffinfibdXpZfjkdfi\`ek_\cfe^ile% Xkk\e[kiX`e`e^Zflij\jXe[Zfek`el`e^\[lZXk`feZcXjj\jkf c\Xiek_\cXk\jki\j\XiZ_% 3 Assessing Damage and... I`^_kX]k\iXn`e[jkfidfi_lii`ZXe\#Zfddle`k`\jXe[_fd\fne\ije\\[kf[\Z`[\n_Xkkf[fn`k_k_\`ijkfid[XdX^\[ ki\\j%8ck_fl^_[XdX^\kfki\\jdXpj\\d[\mXjkXk`e^#jfd\ki\\jZXeY\ki\Xk\[Xe[jXm\[n_`c\fk_\ije\\[kfY\i\dfm\[% Jfd\ki\\jdXpefki\hl`i\Xepjg\Z`Xcki\Xkd\ekXe[ZXeY\c\]kXcfe\%K_\j\knfgfjj`Yc\XggifXZ_\jÆi\dfm`e^fi i\jkfi`e^Æn`ccY\[`jZljj\[`e[\kX`ckf_\cgpfldXb\Xe`e]fid\[[\Z`j`feXYflkki\\j`epflipXi[% N_\ekfI\dfm\XKi\\ The lower trunk is The tree is leaning cracked or broken towards a target K_`jki\\_XjXcXi^\ @]Xc\Xe`e^ki\\`jc`b\cpkf Yifb\eYiXeZ_Xe[k_\ ]XccfeXg\ijfe#Yl`c[`e^# ZiXZb\ok\e[jn\cc`ekf gfn\ic`e\#ifX[nXpfi k_\kileb%K_\ZiXZbn`cc fk_\i_`^_mXcl\kXi^\k#`k efkZcfj\Xe[k_\ki\\ j_flc[Y\i\dfm\[% gfj\jXi`jb% C\Xe`e^ki\\jljlXccp_Xm\ K_\i\dX`e`e^kileb`j dXafiiffkjYifb\e#Xe[ c`b\cpkf]X`c% Xi\lejX]\% Photo courtesy of Norm Easey A large stem has split The remaining tree from the tree structure is highly Efk`Z\k_\[XibXi\XXk susceptible to k_\kfgf]k_\jgc`kÆ`k`j breakage XYXib`eZclj`fe% I\jkfiXk`fe`j[`]]`Zlck]fi 9Xib`eZclj`fej j\\ k_`jcXi^\ki\\Y\ZXlj\f] Xiifn Xi\n\Xble`fej `kjgffi`e`k`XcjkilZkli\ Y\kn\\eYiXeZ_\jXe[ n`k_dlck`gc\kilebj# Xi\m\ipjljZ\gk`Yc\kf Zf[fd`eXekjk\djXe[ Yi\XbX^\% YXib`eZclj`fej % The major roots are Large limbs are broken severed or broken Ki\\jn`k_dfjkf]k_\ D\[`ld$X^\[Xe[ ZXefgp[XdX^\[[l\kf dXkli\ki\\jj_flc[ cXi^\[`Xd\k\i ^i\Xk\i efkY\i`^_k\[Y\ZXlj\ k_Xe/`eZ_\j YiXeZ_ dXafiiffkjXi\ljlXccp Yi\XbX^\Xi\dfi\ j\m\i\[#dXb`e^k_\ [`]]`Zlckkfi\jkfi\% ki\\lejkXYc\Xe[ lejX]\% CXi^\ki\\je\\[cXi^\ iffkj]fijkilZkliXc jlggfik% Remember! If you remove a tree, plant another one in its place! For a list of wind resistant tree species, see page 12. 4 Assessing Damage X y p \e ] p ] % h b _kXj \ cc [ ^ is Y \ZX kileb if [ eca \ZX ] [ Y jk` [ Xe bl d es [ i [ cc es are pXe ZXe c j h Xe in Xi c dead d fikfieiffkj% c\jjk_Xe+ jdX ile\ gp k\iXjkfid ee [ _ r ] g r Xki\j`jk ff[Z_XeZ\f o \ the canopy t ranc ^ _ f `ccn`k_j`k\jf`c% Y ] b n ll iffkjdf`jk% kXekki\\ \ji\^l cp g a j ll ` b stant spec stant amage \`iZXef j \i\i\Z\ekcpgcXek\[1* \ccZXecfj\dlZ_f i oZXmXk\k_\_fc\kf XZb fjj`Yc\% ZZfddf[Xk\iffkj% lii`ZXe\#dXep kXb\k_\ki\\%8[aljk i\\jk i\\jn`k ifb\efii\dfm\[Yp iXeZ_\j m \dfm\n_\eki\\`jjkXYc\% \Zfm\iX \ \jkfi\[% \Zfm\i`e^% _ oke d < X n ^Xccfejg\i`eZ_f [`Xd\k\i#*k`d\jXn\\b% g 9 J jkX i `eZ_\j[`Xd\k\i ZXe \Xj` _Xm\X k K n i %NXk\iXj`]k_\ki\\ % Glccki\\lgXjjkiX` % :lkaX^^\ % %B\\ % k_\kileb#[\ZXp\[nff[# + . Most o to re-estaHow a ( )% * S b is res , - \ kfi\XKi\ j k_\jf`c%8cjf#dXb\jli\k_\YiXeZ_Xe[kilebjkilZkli\n\i\ 5 ] k\[flkf ] gX^\(' ]fidfi\feki\\jkilZkli\% gX^\(' ^ \ekfI\ fj\[fic` g _ fii\jkfiXk`feXki\\j_flc[efk_Xm\ZiXZbj`edXafic`dYjfi ] N Gi\m\ek`m\Gile`e^ ^ % Xi\ \Xm\j y Xe c c% _ ccp _ c[ \ \ZXp% fccfn`e cff[\[ s Y k\ecfj\ k_\ \`i [ eca ] ] fi ] ] fl \ki\\j# e _ iXeZ \jf` g i d _ ^ \jjk Y _ c `Xd\k\i \jkfid%J\\ Xkn\i\ k [ _ fc`X^\dXpY\ _ _ Xcdj \jj fj\k ] \e`]k_\i\ c g _ cXek\[fi_Xm\ m % % g lgcXi l en in Xk \ \Z`\jZXe l ^ \j`e ifl^ p k _ ^ g a _ _ lii`ZXe\ljlX X ated j ki\\jk Xki\j`jk`e^ b _ ro [\X[% m li _ [ \iki\\j% cp gi`fikfk kjk k s b stant spec stant Xe+`eZ X`k%E\n o c e i pflXi\Zfej`[\i`e^ \\g`ed`e[k_Xk [ f `m\fXb`jfe\f if[lZ\[Ypk_\ i\X ff f e canopy is e canopy kXe[`e \\bgif]\jj`feXcX[m`Z\ X gi`e^% ] jjfd\dXafi eX e JlZ Xi\\Xj`\ikfi\jkfi\k_Xe i\jkfi\[\ ('`eZ i\Z\ekc n`k_jXcknXk\if dXepjg\Z`\jk_XkXi\ e c\Xm\j%@ii`^Xk\kfnXj_ pfle^\iki\\j @ F B C Ki\\jXe[ N Ki\\jk i\gcXek\[ Xkileb[`Xd\k\ijdXcc\i j j k_ Y\jkff[YXZbl fc[ ` Y ^ j j g ` h r re iYXib`eZclj`fej%Iffkjj_flc[efkY\\o ff a res Some major limbs a de T ^ iffkj`ekXZk%KfY\X^ff[ZXe[`[Xk\ f ...Deciding What to Do to What ...Deciding Restoration Pruning: After the Storm :c\Xek_\:Xefgp Make good pruning cuts N_\e_`i`e^XZ\ik`]`\[XiYfi`jkkfi\jkfi\pfliki\\jX]k\iX Gile`e^Xc`dY`jXk_i\\$jk\ggifZ\jj% _lii`ZXe\#befnn_Xkkf\og\Zk%8^ff[i\jkfiXk`fegif^iXd Step 1: DXb\Xele[\iZlkXYflk()`eZ_\j]ifdk_\kileb% Y\^`ejn`k_Zc\Xe`e^Xe[kXb\jdfi\k_Xefe\m`j`kkfk_\ Step 2:DXb\XkfgZlk]Xik_\iflkfek_\c`dY% ki\\%@dd\[`Xk\cpX]k\ik_\jkfid#k_\ZXefgpj_flc[Y\ Step 3:I\dfm\k_\jklYn`k_k_\]`eXcZlk#Y\`e^ZXi\]lc Zc\Xe\[Ypi\dfm`e^_XqXi[jjlZ_XjcXi^\[\X[YiXeZ_\j efkkfZlk]clj_X^X`ejkk_\kilebfiYiXeZ_%C\Xm\k_\ Xe[Yifb\ec`dYj%:c\Xe`e^Xcjf`eZcl[\jdXb`e^jdffk_ ZfccXi`ekXZk% gile`e^ZlkjY\_`e[aX^^\[YiXeZ_k`gjkfXccfn_\Xck_p [\m\cfgd\ekf]e\n^ifnk_%M\ipc`kkc\c`m\nff[j_flc[ What is the collar? Y\i\dfm\[Y\ZXlj\k_\ki\\`jjki\jj\[#Xe[e\\[jkflj\ K_\ZfccXi#cXY\c\[`e \e\i^pjkfi\[`ek_\c`dYjkfi\Zfm\i% k_\[`X^iXd#`jk_\ jnfcc\eXi\XXkk_\YXj\ f]k_\YiXeZ_n_\i\ Pruning plan `kaf`ejk_\kileb%K_\ 9\]fi\gile`e^#dXb\jli\k_\ki\\`ji\jkfiXYc\% k`jjl\`ji`Z_`e\e\i^p i\j\im\jXe[Z_\d`ZXcj ;\k\id`e\n_\k_\ik_\ki\\`jg\ijfeXcfidle`Z`gXc k_Xk_`e[\ik_\jgi\X[ gifg\ikpkfXmf`[lee\Z\jjXip\og\ej\j% f][\ZXp%>ff[gile`e^ CffblgLj\Y`efZlcXijkfZ_\Zb]fiYifb\eYiXeZ_\j`e ZlkjXmf`[Zlkk`e^`ekf k_\lgg\iZXefgp#Xe[cffb]fiZiXZbjXcfe^c`dYj% k_\ZfccXi% I\dfm\Yifb\e#_Xe^`e^c`dYj]`ijk% DXb\Zc\XeZlkjY\_`e[aX^^\[k`gjf]Yifb\eYiXeZ_\j% 8]k\iX_lii`ZXe\k_`jkpg\f]Zlk ;fefki\dfm\c`m\nff[lec\jjk_\c`dY`jZiXZb\[Xe[ `jlj\[kfi\dfm\Yifb\e#ZiXZb\[# dXp_`kXg\ijfefigifg\ikp% Xe[_Xe^`e^c`dYj%8i\dfmXcZlk Lj\Xi\[lZk`feZlkXjX]`ijkZ_f`Z\2`]k_\i\`jefkXcXk\iXc gile\jXYiXeZ_YXZbkfk_\kileb YiXeZ_#lj\X_\X[`e^Zlk% figXi\ekYiXeZ_%I\dfm\_Xe^`e^ c`dYj]`ijkjfk_XkYiXeZ_\j[fefk ]XccXe[ZXlj\`ealip%Lj\ZXlk`fe n_\ei\dfm`e^Yifb\ec`dYjkf Xmf`[`eali`e^fk_\iYiXeZ_\jfi Removal cut k_\kileb% K_`jkpg\f]Zlk`jlj\[]fidXb`e^ Zc\XeZlkjY\_`e[aX^^\[k`gjf] Yifb\eYiXeZ_\j%8i\[lZk`feZlk j_fik\ejk_\c\e^k_f]Xjk\dYp gile`e^YXZbkfXjdXcc\ic`dY# ZXcc\[XcXk\iXcYiXeZ_%K_\cXk\iXc ( j_flc[Y\Xkc\Xjk &*k_\[`Xd\k\if] k_\gile\[YiXeZ_#Xjj_fne`ek_\ g`Zkli\%I\[lZk`feZlkjXi\XY\kk\i Reduction cut fgk`fek_Xe_\X[`e^Zlkj% 8ck_fl^_efkljlXccpi\Zfdd\e[\[ ]fiiflk`e\gile`e^#_\X[`e^Zlkj Xi\jfd\k`d\jXggifgi`Xk\fe [XdX^\[ki\\j`]i\dfm`e^k_\ \ek`i\c`dYnflc[i\dfm\kff Cleaning the canopy: The red lines indicate where to make pruning cuts on this tree. dlZ_c`m\nff[%K_\]ff[jkfi\[`e c`m\c`dYj_\cgjk_\ki\\kfjgiflk During restoration, water the tree in Xe[gif[lZ\e\nc\Xm\j%8_\X[`e^ dry periods to alleviate stress. Zlk`jdX[\XkXef[\Xcfe^k_\ In most cases, fertilization is not necessary. Heading cut jk\d#c\Xm`e^XjklY% 6 Restoration Pruning: A Few Years Later Restoration Pruning I\[lZ\Jfd\#I\dfm\Jfd\#C\Xm\Jfd\ A management strategy for sprouts on How long does recovering trees restoration take? K_\e\okjk\g`ei\jkfiXk`fe`jdXeX^`e^jgiflkjkfYl`c[jkilZkli\ YXZb`ekfk_\ki\\%Jgiflkjj_flc[Y\Xccfn\[kf^ifn]fiX]\np\Xij Y\]fi\XepdXafigile`e^`jg\i]fid\[%I\d\dY\i1jgiflkjXi\Xj`^e C`jk\[Y\cfnXi\]XZkfij f]i\Zfm\ipJgiflkjnfibkfi\jkfi\k_\ki\\ËjXY`c`kpkfdXb\]ff[# kfZfej`[\ik_XkX]]\Zkk_\ kXb`e^k_\gcXZ\f]k_\c\Xm\jcfjk`ek_\_lii`ZXe\%8jjgiflkj^\k Xdflekf]k`d\ki\\jn`cc cXi^\iXe[jkXikkfZfdg\k\n`k_\XZ_fk_\i]fic`^_kXe[jgXZ\#k_\`i e\\[]fii\Zfm\ip% ^ifnk_iXk\n`ccjcfn%8kk_`jgf`ek#(&*f]k_\jgiflkjZXeY\i\dfm\[# (&*i\[lZ\[ fiZlkj_fik\i #Xe[k_\i\jkc\]kkfY\Zfd\k_\e\n Age:pfle^ki\\ji\Zfm\i]Xjk\iY\ZXlj\k_\p YiXeZ_\j%B\\g`ed`e[k_Xkk_`jgifZ\jjn`cce\\[kfY\i\g\Xk\[ Xi\dfi\m`^fiflj% fm\iXg\i`f[f]p\Xij#Xe[k_\c\e^k_f]k`d\e\\[\[]fii\jkfiXk`fe Size: cXi^\ki\\jdXpi\hl`i\dfi\gile`e^ n`cc[\g\e[fe]XZkfijc`b\[XdX^\j\m\i`kpXe[j`q\f]k_\ki\\% m`j`kjkfZfii\ZkjkilZkliXcgifYc\dj% Amount of damage:j\m\i\cp[XdX^\[ki\\j 9\]fi\i\jkfiXk`fegile`e^ 8]k\ii\jkfiXk`fegile`e^ e\\[dfi\k`d\]fii\jkfiXk`fe% E\nc\X[\i Species: [\ZXpi\j`jkXekki\\jXi\dfi\c`b\cpkf _Xm\Xjkife^i\Zfm\ip% Health:ki\\j`egffi_\Xck_Y\]fi\k_\ _lii`ZXe\Xi\c\jjc`b\cpkfi\Zfm\i% Is a heading cut the same as topping? I\[lZ\ EfKfgg`e^`jX_Xid]lc I\dfm\ giXZk`Z\n_\i\k_\ \ek`i\ZXefgpf]Xki\\ The goal of sprout management is for the new leader to `jj\m\i\cpi\[lZ\[n`k_ close over the pruning cut. dXepcXi^\_\X[`e^Zlkj% Kfgg`e^ XcjfZXcc\[_Xk$ iXZb`e^ ZXec\X[kf[\ZXp Xe[i\[lZ\ki\\m`^fi% ?\X[`e^Zlkjj_flc[efk Y\lj\[XjXjkXe[Xi[ giXZk`Z\fe_\Xck_pki\\j% Topping – the entire canopy has been reduced with heading cuts; very harmful to the tree. Broken stem Reduced back to lateral Sprout closing over cut When are heading cuts ?\i\`jXpfle^ki\\Yifb\e`ek_\jkfid%K_\jk\dfek_\c\]k acceptable? i\Z\`m\[Xi\[lZk`feZlk [fkk\[c`e\ %J\m\iXcjgiflkj\d\i^\[]ifd Jkfid[XdX^\[ki\\jdXp k_\Zlk%:fdg\k`e^jgiflkjn\i\j_fik\e\[#k_\ei\dfm\[%K_\ efk_Xm\XcXk\iXcYiXeZ_ g`Zkli\fek_\i`^_kj_fnjk_\ki\\fe\p\XicXk\i#Xe[k_\i\dX`e`e^ gi\j\ek]fidXb`e^X^ff[ jgiflk`jZcfj`e^fm\ik_\Zlk%9iXeZ_\jcXi^\ik_Xe+`eZ_\j`e i\[lZk`feZlk%@ek_Xk [`Xd\k\iXi\c\jjc`b\cpkfZcfj\fm\i% ZXj\#X_\X[`e^ZlkdXpY\ gi\]\ii\[fm\ii\dfm`e^ Heading cut – this k_\c`dY%I\dfm`e^Xe 8]k\iI\jkfiXk`fe small branch of a storm \ek`i\c`dYZflc[i\[lZ\ Build strong structure damaged tree can be restored through sprout \e\i^pi\j\im\j`ek_\ki\\# 9\^`ejkilZkliXcgile`e^Yp\`k_\ii\[lZ`e^fi management. Zi\Xk\XcXi^\kilebnfle[# i\dfm`e^Zf[fd`eXekjk\dj%J\\Gi\m\ek`m\Gile`e^ Xe[c\X[kf[\ZXp% gX^\(' kfc\Xiedfi\% 7 Assessing and Restoring Palms I\dfm\fiI\jkfi\6 @jdpgXcd[\X[fiXc`m\6N`cc`ki\Zfm\i6K_\j\Xi\ZfddfecpXjb\[hl\jk`fejX]k\i _lii`ZXe\j%GXcdj^ifn[`]]\i\ekcp]ifdfk_\iki\\j%K_\^ifn`e^gf`ekf]XgXcd`jcfZXk\[ Xkk_\kfgf]\XZ_kileb#jliifle[\[Ypc\Xm\j ZXcc\[]ife[j %8cc]ife[jfi`^`eXk\]ifdk_`j fe\gf`ek ZXcc\[k_\Yl[ %@]k_\Yl[`jj\m\i\cp[XdX^\[fib`cc\[#e\nc\Xm\j]X`ckf[\m\cfg Xe[j`e^c\$jk\dd\[gXcdjn`cc[`\%Fedlck`$jk\dd\[gXcdj#k_\le[XdX^\[kilebjZflc[ i\Zfm\iXjcfe^Xjk_\`iYl[jXi\efk[XdX^\[%@]k_\kileb`jjeXgg\[`e_Xc]#k_\gXcd`j[\X[% ?fn\m\i#]figXcdjc\]kjkXe[`e^#k_\Yl[`jf]k\eefkm`j`Yc\fiXZZ\jj`Yc\#dXb`e^`k[`]]`Zlckkf [\k\id`e\n_\k_\i`k`j[XdX^\[%=fik_\j\gXcdj#]fccfnk_\j\^l`[\c`e\j1 Allow at least 6 months or longer for palms to put out new growth. E\nc\Xm\jdXpY\jklek\[#[`jZfcfi\[fiXYefidXccpj_Xg\[% It may take 1 to 2 years or more before palms appear normal with a full canopy. Irrigate 3 times a week for 6 weeks if there is not sufficient rainfall; longer if drought persists. :Xefgp:c\Xe`e^ Recovery from Step 1: I\dfm\_Xe^`e^fi[\X[]ife[jk_XkZflc[]XccXe[_`kXg\ijfefi[XdX^\gifg\ikp% storms is not a Step 2: I\dfm\]ife[jk_XkZfm\ik_\Yl[jfk_Xke\n]ife[jZXe\d\i^\% Step 3: C\Xm\Y\ek]ife[jXkkXZ_\[kfk_\gXcdlek`ce\n]ife[j]lccp\d\i^\2^i\\e]ife[j quick process, so _\cgi\Zfm\ip% have patience with Step 4: C\Xm\]ife[jn`k_Xep^i\\eZfcfi#\m\e`]k_\pXi\p\ccfn`e^fi_Xm\Yifnek`gj% your palms! Step 4 K_`jgXcd`jj_fn`e^j\m\i\ Step 2 p\ccfn`e^fek_\cfn\i ]ife[jY\ZXlj\`kcXZbj I\dfm\]ife[jk_XkZflc[ elki`\ekjjlZ_XjgfkXjj`ld `dg\[\e\n^ifnk_%N_\e Xe[dX^e\j`ld%P\ccfn`e^ Yifb\e]ife[jZifjjfm\ik_\ fiYifne`e^]ife[jjk`cc kfgf]k_\gXcd#k_\pdXp gifm`[\\e\i^p]fi^ifnk_# jlggi\jje\n^ifnk_]ifd Xe[i\dfm`e^kffdlZ_f] k_\Yl[% k_`j]fc`X^\i\[lZ\jgXcd m`^fi%9\^`eXeXggifgi`Xk\ ]\ik`c`qXk`fegif^iXdkf Zfii\Zkelki`\ek[\]`Z`\eZ`\j% 8 Gile\GXcdj:fii\Zkcp Palms and Pines Correctly pruned palms Over-pruned palms F]k\egXcdjXi\fm\i$gile\[kfcffbc`b\k_\g_fkffe Over-pruning is harmful for palms k_\i`^_k%8iYfi`jkji\gfikk_XkgXcdjn`k_kffdXep KXb\jXnXp]ff[$gif[lZ`e^]ife[j% ]ife[ji\dfm\[jl]]\i\[dfi\[XdX^\`e_lii`ZXe\j I\[lZ\j_\Xck_% k_XegXcdjk_Xkn\i\efkgile\[%I\dfm`e^kffdXep C\X[jkfjki\jjXe[[\Zc`e\% ]ife[j\ogfj\jk_\[\c`ZXk\Yl[kfdfi\n`e[Xe[ 8kkiXZkjg\jkj% dfi\gfk\ek`Xc[XdX^\%GXcdje\\[]ife[jkfgifk\Zk KXb\jXp\Xifidfi\kfi\^ifnX]lccZXefgp% k_\Yl[Xe[gifm`[\elki`\ekj]fi^ifnk_% DXb\jk_\ddfi\jljZ\gk`Yc\kfn`e[[XdX^\% Assessing and Restoring Pines I\dfm\fiI\jkfi\6 G`e\jXi\m\ipj\ej`k`m\kfn`e[[XdX^\%K_\pZXejeXg#lgiffkfic\Xe[li`e^ What causes jkfidj%8g`e\jk`ccjkXe[`e^X]k\iX_lii`ZXe\dXp_Xm\`ek\ieXc[XdX^\k_Xk`j efkm`j`Yc\%9\]fi\dXb`e^X[\Z`j`fe#nX`kXe[j\\`]k_\ki\\c`m\j% yellowing of the needles and G`e\jdXp[`\jcfncpfm\iXg\i`f[f]-dfek_jkf)p\XijX]k\in`e[jkfidj% Jfd\dXpi\dX`e^i\\e]fiXp\Xifidfi\#k_\ejl[[\ecpkliep\ccfnXe[ pine death? hl`Zbcpgif^i\jjkfYifnee\\[c\j% G`e\jn`k_XccYifnee\\[c\jXi\[\X[Xe[j_flc[Y\i\dfm\[% Dfe`kfig`e\jZXi\]lccp]fi`ej\Zkj%N\Xb\e\[g`e\jdXpY\dfi\jljZ\gk`Yc\kf Y\\kc\jXe[[`j\Xj\j% :Xefgp:c\Xe`e^ Step 11I\dfm\_XqXi[j#jlZ_Xj [\X[#Yifb\eXe[_Xe^`e^ YiXeZ_\j% Step 2: I\dfm\YiXeZ_\jn`k_ef e\\[c\jfiYifnee\\[c\j% K_\ZXlj\jXi\efkZfdgc\k\cp Step 3: C\Xm\YiXeZ_\jn`k_p\ccfn le[\ijkff[#Ylk`k`jc`b\cp[l\ e\\[c\j]fiefn% kf_`[[\e[XdX^\gif[lZ\[Yp Step 4: NX`kXe[j\\_fng`e\j[f Y\e[`e^Xe[kn`jk`e^[li`e^ k_\]fccfn`e^p\Xi% _lii`ZXe\]fiZ\n`e[j%Gifcfe^\[ n`e[jdXpXcjfilgkli\jdXcc\i iffkjn`k_flkYi\Xb`e^k_\cXi^\i jlggfikiffkj%K_\`eali\[jk\dj Xe[iffkjXi\leXYc\kfjlggcp k_\nXk\iXe[elki`\ekje\\[\[ `ek_\Zifne#i\jlck`e^`ep\ccfn e\\[c\jXe[g`e\[\Zc`e\% 9 Preventive Pruning Jkife^JkilZkli\ ?fnkf9l`c[ :XeI\[lZ\;XdX^\ Jkife^JkilZkli\ K_\liYXe]fi\jk`jdlZ_[`]]\i\ek]ifdXeXkliXc]fi\jk% Gile`e^kfZi\Xk\jkife^\iki\\jkilZkli\`jXefe^f`e^ Ki\\jf]k\e[\m\cfgX]fidk_Xk`jdfi\jljZ\gk`Yc\kf gifZ\jjbefneXjjkilZkliXcgile`e^%K_\[iXn`e^jY\cfn Yi\XbX^\n_\e^ifn`e^`eliYXe\em`ifed\ekj%8jXi\jlck# j_fn_fnkfXZ_`\m\\XZ_gi`eZ`gc\f]jkife^jkilZkli\ ki\\je\\[gi\m\ek`m\gile`e^kf[\m\cfgjkife^jkilZkli\% k_ifl^_dXb`e^gifg\ii\[lZk`feXe[i\dfmXcZlkj%I\]\i I\j\XiZ_Xe[fYj\imXk`fej_fnk_Xkn\ccgile\[ki\\jZXe kfI\jkfiXk`feGile`e^ gX^\- kfc\Xiedfi\XYflk_fnkf Zi\Xk\Xdfi\n`e[i\j`jkXekliYXe]fi\jk%C`jk\[Y\cfnXi\ dXb\^ff[i\[lZk`feXe[i\dfmXcgile`e^Zlkj% k_\b\pZfdgfe\ekjf]jkife^jkilZkli\% One dominant Pruning young trees trunk ;\m\cfgfe\[fd`eXek Ki\\jn`k_YiXeZ_\jc\jjk_Xe kilebYpj_fik\e`e^ k_\kileb[`Xd\k\i_Xm\fe\ Zfdg\k`e^YiXeZ_\jn`k_ [fd`eXekkileb%8ki\\n`k_ i\[lZk`feZlkj%N_\e knffidfi\kilebj`jjX`[kf g\i]fid\[i\^lcXicp#k_`j _Xm\Zf[fd`eXekjk\dj#fi dXb\jki\\jjkife^\iYp Codominant stems are weakly jk\djf]\hlXcj`q\fi`^`eXk`e^ Xccfn`e^k_\dX`ekilebkf attached, and more likely to split ]ifdk_\jXd\gf`ekfek_\ ^ifncXi^\ik_XeYiXeZ_\j% from the tree in strong winds. ki\\%K_`j]fid`jn\Xb% Strong branch unions Pruning mature trees Kfd`e`d`q\k_\c`b\c`_ff[ f]ki\\[XdX^\1 I\[lZ\k_\c\e^k_f]c`dYj n`k_Xn\XbXkkXZ_d\ek kfk_\kileb%8cjf#i\[lZ\ c`dYjk_XkXi\dfi\k_Xe Jkife^XkkXZ_d\ekj]fid N\XbXkkXZ_d\ekjXi\ k_\[`Xd\k\if]k_\dX`e n_\ek_\le`fef]k_\kileb `e[`ZXk\[YpXm$j_Xg\[ kilebfi\ok\e[\[Y\pfe[ Xe[YiXeZ_`jl$j_Xg\[% le`fe% k_\dX`eZXefgp% Balanced canopy 9XcXeZ\k_\ZXefgpYp i\[lZ`e^k_\c\e^k_f] K_\ZXefgpf]k_\ki\\j_flc[ c`dYjfek_\j`[\n_\i\ Y\\m\ecp[`jki`Ylk\[%N_\e n\`^_k`jZfeZ\ekiXk\[% fecp`ek\i`fiYiXeZ_\jXi\ ;fefki\dfm\`ek\i`fi i\dfm\[k_\ki\\Y\Zfd\j YiXeZ_\j#Xjk_`j leYXcXeZ\[Y\ZXlj\]fc`X^\ ZfeZ\ekiXk\j]fc`X^\Xkk_\ `jZfeZ\ekiXk\[Xkk_\k`gjf] Before pruning After pruning k`gjf]YiXeZ_\jXe[ZXlj\j Trees pruned in this manner result YiXeZ_\j%K_`j]fid`jdfi\ in unbalanced canopies that break k_\dkfYi\Xb`ejkife^ jljZ\gk`Yc\kfYi\XbX^\Xe[ in storms. n`e[j% [`]]`Zlckkfi\jkfi\% Decay resistant trees Ki\\jk_Xki\j`jk[\ZXpXi\c`b\cpkfi\Zfm\in\ccX]k\iX_lii`ZXe\%;\ZXp$gife\ki\\jZXeY\Zfd\Xi`jbn_\ej\m\i\cp[XdX^\[% Trees that resist decay Trees prone to decay 9lkkfenff[# :fefZXiglj\i\Zklj 8]i`ZXeklc`gki\\#JgXk_f[\XZXdgXelcXkX C`m\fXb#Hl\iZljm`i^`e`XeX ?fe^$Bfe^fiZ_`[#9Xl_`e`XYcXb\XeX DX_f^Xep#Jn`\k\e`XdX_f^Xe` CXli\cfXb#Hl\iZljcXli`]fc`X KXdXi`e[# Cpj`cfdXcXk`j`c`hlld I\[YXp# G\ij\XYfiYfe`X N`e^\[\cd# LcdljXcXkX I\[dXgc\# 8Z\iilYild 10 Design and Manage Communities Prevention for Wind Resistance ;\j`^ek_\I`^_kGcXZ\ J\c\Zkk_\I`^_kKi\\ I\j\XiZ_\ijn_f :_ffj\ki\\jk_Xk m`j`k\[gfjk$_lii`ZXe\ i\j`jk[\ZXpXe[ j`k\j]fle[k_XkdXep k_\i\]fi\i\Zfm\i ki\\]X`cli\jZflc[ n\cc]ifdn`e[ _Xm\Y\\egi\m\ek\[ [XdX^\%JdXcc n`k_^ff[[\j`^e%K_\ dXkli`e^ki\\j *' dfjk`dgfikXek[\j`^e ]\\kXkdXo`dld \c\d\ekk_Xk`jf]k\e _\`^_k Xi\f]k\e fm\icffb\[`j_Xm`e^ XY\kk\iZ_f`Z\]fi \efl^_jf`cjgXZ\]fi Xi\Xjn_\i\k_\i\ Trees growing in groups survive hurricane ki\\iffkjkf^ifn%Kf `jefk\efl^_jf`c Small maturing trees are nicely suited for this site winds better than trees planted individually. because of overhead power lines and small soil gifm`[\XeZ_fiX^\ jgXZ\]ficXi^\ space. ]fik_\ki\\#iffkje\\[kfjgi\X[Y\pfe[k_\\[^\f]k_\ dXkli`e^ki\\j% ZXefgpXe[^ifn[\\g`ekfk_\jf`c%9fk__fd\fne\ijXe[ DXb\jli\ki\\jXi\X[Xgk\[kfcfZXcj`k\Zfe[`k`fej#jlZ_ Zfddle`kpgcXee\ijj_flc[dXb\jli\k_\i\`jjgXZ\]fiki\\ Xj[ipm\ijljn\kjf`cj%J\\N`e[I\j`jkXekKi\\Jg\Z`\j gX^\ ^ifnk_n_\eZ_ffj`e^kfgcXekcXi^\dXkli`e^ki\\j% () ]fiXc`jkf]ki\\jkfgcXek%=fidfi\`e]fidXk`fefe j\c\Zk`e^ki\\j]fi=cfi`[XXe[jflk_\XjkL%J%^fkf Provide space for growth _kkg1&&fiY%Xk%l]c%\[l&=cfi`[XKi\\j% GcXekki\\j`ejf`cjgXZ\jXZZfi[`e^kfk_\`idXkli\j`q\1 $cXi^\ki\\j1Xkc\Xjk*']\\ko*']\\k% Consider small maturing trees $d\[`ldki\\j1Xkc\Xjk)']\\ko)']\\k% N_\egcXek`e^e\Xigfn\ic`e\j% $jdXccki\\j1Xkc\Xjk(']\\ko(']\\k% N_\egcXek`e^n`k_`e(']\\kf]ZliY`e^#Yl`c[`e^fiXep Jf`cj_flc[_Xm\gc\ekpf]fg\ejli]XZ\jgXZ\kfXccfn fk_\ifYjkilZk`fe% ^ifnk_f]kilebXe[dX`e]cXi\iffkj% N_\ek_\jgXZ\`j`eX[\hlXk\]fiiffk^ifnk_fik_\jf`c @[\Xccp#jf`cj_flc[Y\n\cc[iX`e\[kfXccfniffkjkf^ifnXk `jj_Xccfn#ZfdgXZk\[figfficp[iX`e\[%CXi^\ki\\jZXe c\Xjk*]\\k[\\gkfXeZ_fiki\\j% Ycfnfm\i[l\kfj_Xccfniffkj% >iflgki\\jkf^\k_\i`ecXi^\jgXZ\jiXk_\ik_Xe `e[`m`[lXccp`edXepjdXccjgXZ\j% ;fefkgcXeki`^_ke\okkfX_flj\#nXccfiXepfk_\i jkilZkli\% Ki\\DXeX^\d\ek1 11 Wind Resistant MississippiAlabama Georgia Texas Louisiana Florida Ivan Opal Jeanne 130 mph 125 mph Tree Species Rita 2004 120 mph 1995 Katrina 2004 120 mph 125 mph K_\j\n`e[i\j`jkXekki\\c`jkjn\i\[\m\cfg\[]ifdi\j\XiZ_f]k\e 2005 2005 _lii`ZXe\jn_`Z_jkilZbk_\Jflk_\XjkL%J%:fXjkXcGcX`e#Jflk_ Erin Dennis 85 mph 120 mph 1995 Andrew =cfi`[XXe[Gl\ikfI`ZfY\kn\\e(00)Xe[)'',%@eX[[`k`fe# 2005 Charley George 165 mph Xjlim\pf]XiYfi`jkj#jZ`\ek`jkjXe[liYXe]fi\jk\ijZfeki`Ylk\[ 145 mph 1992 Puerto Rico 110 mph 2004 `e]fidXk`fekfiXebn`e[i\j`jkXeZ\%K_\i\Zfdd\e[\[ki\\ 1998 jg\Z`\jXi\[`m`[\[`ekfk_\Jflk_\XjkL%J%:fXjkXcGcX`ei\^`fe n_`Z_`eZcl[\jLJ;8_Xi[`e\jjqfe\j/Xe[0 Xe[Kifg`ZXcXe[ In the University of Florida/IFAS wind resistance study, urban forests were JlYkifg`ZXci\^`fej `eZcl[`e^LJ;8_Xi[`e\jjqfe\j('Xe[(( % measured after 10 hurricanes. For each hurricane, the maximum sustained wind speed at landfall (mph) and year are listed. U.S. Southeast Coastal Plain Tropical and Subtropical 8d\i`ZXe_fg_fieY\Xd#FjkipXm`i^`e`XeX 9Xc[Zpgi\jj#KXof[`ld[`jk`Z_ld 9Xc[Zpgi\jj#KXof[`ld[`jk`Z_ld 9lkkfenff[#:fefZXiglj\i\Zklj 9\\Z_#Ycl\#:Xig`eljZXifc`e`XeX :fZfgcld#:_ipjfYXcXelj`ZXZf :_`ZbXjXngcld#GileljXe^ljk`]fc`X :iXg\dpikc\#CX^\ijkif\d`X`e[`ZX :fddfeg\ij`ddfe#;`fjgpifjm`i^`e`XeX =Xcj\kXdXi`e[#Cpj`cfdXcXk`j`c`hllld :iXg\dpikc\#CX^\ijkif\d`X`e[`ZX >\`^\iki\\#:fi[`Xj\Y\jk\eX ;f^nff[#:fielj]cfi`[X >ldYfc`dYf#9lij\iXj`dXilYX =i`e^\ki\\#:_`feXek_ljm`i^`e`Zlj ?`Zbfip#=cfi`[XjZilY#:XipX]cfi`[XeX ?`Zbfip#=cfi`[XjZilY#:XipX]cfi`[XeX ?fccp#[X_ffe#@c\oZXjj`e\ ?`Zbfip#dfZb\ielk#:XipXkfd\ekfjX @ifenff[#Bil^`f[\e[ife]\ii\ld ?`Zbfip#g`^elk#:XipX^cXYiX C`^eldm`kX\#>lX`XZldjXeZkld ?fccp#8d\i`ZXe#@c\ofgXZX CpZ_\\#C`kZ_`Z_`e\ej`j ?fccp#[X_ffe#@c\oZXjj`e\ DX^efc`X#jflk_\ie#DX^efc`X^iXe[`]cfiX ?fccp#pXlgfe#@c\omfd`kfi`X DX^efc`X#jn\\kYXp#DX^efc`Xm`i^`e`XeX @ebY\iip#@c\o^cXYiX DX_f^Xep#Jn`\k\e`XdX_X^fe` DX^efc`X#jXlZ\i#DX^efc`XojflcXe^`XeX DXjk`Zki\\#J`[\ifopcfe]f\k`[`jj`dld DX^efc`X#jflk_\ie#DX^efc`X^iXe[`]cfiX FXb#c`m\#Hl\iZljm`i^`e`XeX DX^efc`X#jn\\kYXp#DX^efc`Xm`i^`e`XeX FXb#jXe[c`m\#Hl\iZlj^\d`eXkX DXgc\#=cfi`[Xjl^Xi#8Z\ijXZZ_XildjlYjg%]cfi`[Xeld GXiX[`j\ki\\#J`dXiflYX^cXlZX DXgc\#AXgXe\j\#8Z\igXcdXkld G`^\fegcld#:fZZfcfYX[`m\ij`]fc`X FXb#c`m\#Hl\iZljm`i^`e`XeX Gf[fZXiglj#Gf[fZXigljjgg% FXb#dpikc\#Hl\iZljdpik`]fc`X Gfe[Xggc\#8eefeX^cXYiX FXb#gfjk#Hl\iZljjk\ccXkX Gfe[Zpgi\jj#KXof[`ldXjZ\e[\ej FXb#jXe[c`m\#Hl\iZlj^\d`eXkX JXk`ec\X]#:_ipjfg_pccldfc`m`]fid\ FXb#J_ldXi[#Hl\iZljj_ldXi[`` J\X^iXg\#:fZZfcfYXlm`]\iX FXb#jnXdgZ_\jkelk#Hl\iZljd`Z_Xlo`` Jkfgg\i#Yfoc\X]# We present these lists with the caveat that no tree is perfectly wind-proof and that many other factors contribute to wind resistance including soil conditions, wind intensity, previous cultural practices, tree health and age. These lists do not include all trees that could be wind resistant. They list those species encountered during our studies in large enough numbers to run statistical comparisons. 12 Establishing Trees for a Healthy and Wind Resistant Species Wind Resistant Urban Forest 8_\Xck_pXe[dfi\n`e[i\j`jkXekliYXe]fi\jk[\g\e[jfedXeX^`e^\o`jk`e^ki\\jXe[\jkXYc`j_`e^ e\nki\\jgifg\icp%N_\egcXek`e^e\nki\\j#Zfej`[\ik_\j\i\Zfdd\e[Xk`fej1 GcXekki\\jg\Z`\jk_XkXi\dfi\n`e[ DXkZ_i\Zfdd\e[\[jg\Z`\jkfk_\ :fej`[\igcXek`e^ki\\j`e^iflgj i\j`jkXek#jlZ_XjZXYYX^\gXcdj% cfZXcj`k\Zfe[`k`fej% Xkc\Xjk]`m\ki\\j Xjfggfj\[kf `e[`m`[lXccp% >`m\ki\\jX[\hlXk\iffk`e^jgXZ\ n`k_ GcXekXmXi`\kpf]jg\Z`\j#X^\jXe[ :fej`[\ijf`cgifg\ik`\j jf`c[\gk_# effYjkilZk`fej % cXp\ijf]ki\\jXe[j_ilYjkfdX`ekX`e nXk\ikXYc\Xe[ZfdgXZk`fe %K_`j [`m\ij`kp`epfliZfddle`kp% gfifljjli]XZ\i\[lZ\jilef]]Xe[ `dgifm\jiffk_\Xck_% GcXek_`^_hlXc`kpki\\jn`k_^ff[ GcXekZfej`[\i`e^k_\X\i`XcjgXZ\ 13 This publication is also available electronically at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP291