Harvesters and Sellers of Special Forest Product Materials
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Lvl) Having Different Patterns of Assembly
PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL) HAVING DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF ASSEMBLY a,b a, Bing Xue, and Yingcheng Hu * Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) panels made from poplar (Populus ussuriensis Kom.) and birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) veneers were tested for mechanical properties. The effects of the assembly pattern on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the LVL with vertical load testing were investigated. Three analytical methods were used: composite material mechanics, computer simulation, and static testing. The reliability of the different LVL assembly patterns was assessed using the method of Monte-Carlo. The results showed that the theoretical and ANSYS analysis results of the LVL MOE and MOR were very close to those of the static test results, and the largest proportional error was not greater than 5%. The veneer amount was the same, but the strength and reliability of the LVL made of birch veneers on the top and bottom was much more than the LVL made of poplar veneers. Good assembly patterns can improve the utility value of wood. Keywords: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL); Mechanical properties; Assembly pattern; Reliability; Poplar; Birch Contact information: a: Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education of China, College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; b: Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150027, China; * Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Wood is a hard fibrous tissue found in many plants. It has many favorable properties such as its processing ability, physical and mechanical properties, and aesthetics, as well as being environmentally and health friendly. -
Quercus Phellos.Indd
Quercus phellos (Willow Oak) Beech Family (Fagaceae) Introduction: Willow oak is a member of the red oak group with willow-shaped leaves. The fi ne foliage of the willow oak is one of its best ornamental features. The willow oak has excellent texture, rounded form, attrac- tive bark, and beautiful winter features (fi ne-texture, persistent leaves and twiggy form). Culture: The willow oak is an excellent choice as a shade tree. It thrives in moist, well-drained, acidic soil and full sun. The willow oak will tolerate pollution and drought and is considered a trouble-free tree as long as soil pH is acidic. Willow oak has a fi brous root system and is therefore easy to transplant. It has no serious disease or Botanical Characteristics: insect problems. As little as 1 inch of fi ll soil can kill an oak. Native habitat: Southeastern USA in alluvial soils, swamps. Additional comments: Willow oak is an excellent large shade tree. Its Growth habit: Unique among the oaks, the wil- low oak has a rounded habit. fi ne texture contrasts with the coarseness of most other red oaks. It is one of the best oaks for avenue plantings Tree size: Growing fast for an oak, it can reach or large residences. Willow oak is a fast-growing oak 70’ in height and equal width. that transplants easily and is tolerant of a wide range of growing conditions. Flower and fruit: Female fl owers are incon- Willow oak is a member of the red oak group spicuous; however the pendulous male catkins without lobed leaves. -
Evergreen Trees Agonis Flexuosa
Evergreen Trees Agonis flexuosa – Peppermint Willow Graceful willow-like evergreen tree (but without the willows voracious root system) with reddish-brown, deeply furrowed bark to 25’-30’. New leaves and twigs have an attractive reddish cast; clustered small white flowers and brownish fruits are not particularly ornamental. Casaurina stricta – Beefwood Pendulous gray branches; resembles a pine somewhat; tolerates drought, heat, wind, fog. Growth to 20’- 30’. Cinnamomum camphora - Camphor Evergreen trees to 40 feet, with 20-foot spread.. In winter foliage is a shiny yellow green. In early spring new foliage may be pink, red or bronze, depending on tree. Unusually strong structure. Clusters of tiny, fragrant yellow flowers in profusion in May. Geijera parviflora- Australian Willow Evergreen trees with graceful, fine-textured leaves, to 30 feet, 20 feet wide. Main branches weep up and out; little branches hang down. Much of the grace of a willow, much of the toughness of eucalyptus, moderate growth and deep non-invasive roots. Laurus nobilis – Grecian Laurel Slow growth 12-40’. Natural habit is compact, broad-based, often multi-stemmed, gradually tapering cone. Leaves lethery, aromatic. Clusters of small yellow flowers followed by black or purple berries. Magnolia Grandiflora – ‘Little Gem’- Dwarf Southern Magnolia Small tree to 20’ in height. Showy white flowers in the summer. Green glossy leaves. Maytenous boaria - Mayten Evergreen tree with slow to moderate growth to an eventual 30-50 feet, with a 15-foot spread, with long and pendulous branchlets hanging down from branches, giving tree a graceful look. Habit and leaves somewhat like a small scale weeping willow. -
Invasive Trees of Georgia Pub10-14
Pub. No. 39 October 2016 Invasive Trees of Georgia by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Georgia has many species of trees. Some are native trees and some have been introduced from outside the state, nation, or continent. Most of Georgia’s trees are well- behaved and easily develop into sustainable shade and street trees. A few tree species have an extrodinary ability to upsurp resources and take over sites from other plants. These trees are called invasive because they effectively invade sites, many times eliminat- ing other species of plants. There are a few tree species native to Georgia which are considered invasive in other parts of the country. These native invasives, may be well-behaved in Georgia, but reproduce and take over sites elsewhere, and so have gained an invasive status from at least one other invasive species list. Table 1. There are hundreds of trees which have been introduced to Georgia landscapes. Some of these exotic / naturalized trees are considered invasive. The selected list of Georgia invasive trees listed here are notorious for growing rampantly and being difficult to eradicate. Table 2. Table 1: Native trees considered invasive in other parts of the country. scientific name common name scientific name common name Acacia farnesiana sweet acacia Myrica cerifera Southern bayberry Acer negundo boxelder Pinus taeda loblolly pine Acer rubrum red maple Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood Fraxinus americana white ash Prunus serotina black cherry Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash Robinia pseudoacacia black locust Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac Juniperus virginiana eastern redcedar The University of Georgia is committed to principles of equal opportunity and affirmative action. -
Big Trees in the Southern Forest Inventory
United States Department of Big Trees in the Southern Agriculture Forest Inventory Forest Service Southern Christopher M. Oswalt, Sonja N. Oswalt, Research Station and Thomas J. Brandeis Research Note SRS–19 March 2010 Abstract or multiple years. Listings of big trees encountered during the most recent forest inventory activities in the South Big trees fascinate people worldwide, inspiring respect, awe, and oftentimes, even controversy. This paper uses a modified version of are reported in this research note and should supplement American Forests’ Big Trees Measuring Guide point system (May 1990) existing lists and registers. to rank trees sampled between January of 1998 and September of 2007 on over 89,000 plots by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, For more than 75 years, the FIA Program has been charged Forest Inventory and Analysis Program in the Southern United States. Trees were ranked across all States and for each State. There were 1,354,965 by Congress to “make and keep current a comprehensive trees from 12 continental States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands inventory and analysis of the present and prospective sampled. A bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) in Arkansas was the biggest conditions of and requirements for the renewable resources tree (according to the point system) recorded in the South, with a diameter of the forest and rangelands of the United States” of 78.5 inches and a height of 93 feet (total points = 339.615). The tallest tree recorded in the South was a 152-foot tall pecan (Carya illinoinensis) in (McSweeney-McNary Act of May 22, 1928. -
The Effect of Coconut Extract on Callus Growth and Ultrasound Waves On
Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A – Forestry, 2018, Vol. 60 (4), 261–268 METHODOLOGICAL ARTICLE DOI: 10.2478/ffp-2018-0027 The effect of coconut extract on callus growth and ultrasound waves on production of betulin and betulinic acid in in-vitro culture conditions of Betula pendula Roth species Vahide Payamnoor1 , Razieh Jafari Hajati2, Negar Khodadai1 1 Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Gorgan, Iran, phone: 0098-9113735812, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Shahed University, Traditional Clinical Trial Research Center, Tehran, Iran AbstrAct To determine the effect of coconut extract on callogenesis of Betula pendula, Roth stem barks were cultured in NT (Nagata and Takebe) basic culture media in two individual experiments: i) cultivation explant in different treat- ments of coconut extracts combined with 1 mg l-1 2, 4-D (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and ii) callogenesis in NT media containing 1.5 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg l-1 BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and then cultivation under the first experiment treatments. The first experiment demonstrated that not all concentrations of coconut extracts lead to callus induction individually, but callus induction increased 84% in a culture containing 5% coconut extract plus 1 mg l-1 2, 4-D. Based on the results of the second experiment, this treatment also significantly increased the wet and dry weights of the produced calluses. The possibility of increasing the betulinic acid and betulin by ultrasound was also studied. Samples cultivated in the selected culture medium were exposed to ultrasound waves in two forms of 1) one exposure and 2) twice exposure (repetition with 24 hr interval) in steps of 20, 60, 100, and 160 sec, and one treatment as the control. -
Duke of York Gardens Tree Walk Guide (PDF, 890KB)
Set on the banks of the River Freshney, work on the Duke of York Prior to this, the area was mainly farmland with the River Freshney The park is separated by a foot path that links York Street with Haven Gardens began in 1877 but it wasn’t opened until September meandering through it, and in1787 the only street present was Avenue. The eastern side of the park consists of areas to sit and take in 1894. The Mayor of Grimsby, George Doughty, performed the Haycroft Street which led to the south bank of the River Freshney. the wildlife whilst the western side of the park provides a more active opening ceremony accompanied by his wife and family. offering including play equipment, parkour, football and basketball. 1 Silver Birch Betula pendula 4 Holm Oak Quercus ilex 7 Holly Ilex aquifolium Holm oaks are different to other oaks in Distinguished by its white bark, the silver birch They can live for 300 years and can be seen flowering that they keep their leaves all year, they improves the soil by taking on otherwise here in October and November, and holly is dioecious are evergreen. They still produce acorns, inaccessible nutrients deep in the ground with its meaning that male and female flowers are found on which are smaller than our native oak very deep roots. These nutrients become part of different trees. The male flowers are scented and the acorns. the tree which are recycled when the leaves fall. female flowers, once pollinated by insects, produce bright red berries throughout winter. -
Plants Used in Basketry by the California Indians
PLANTS USED IN BASKETRY BY THE CALIFORNIA INDIANS BY RUTH EARL MERRILL PLANTS USED IN BASKETRY BY THE CALIFORNIA INDIANS RUTH EARL MERRILL INTRODUCTION In undertaking, as a study in economic botany, a tabulation of all the plants used by the California Indians, I found it advisable to limit myself, for the time being, to a particular form of use of plants. Basketry was chosen on account of the availability of material in the University's Anthropological Museum. Appreciation is due the mem- bers of the departments of Botany and Anthropology for criticism and suggestions, especially to Drs. H. M. Hall and A. L. Kroeber, under whose direction the study was carried out; to Miss Harriet A. Walker of the University Herbarium, and Mr. E. W. Gifford, Asso- ciate Curator of the Museum of Anthropology, without whose interest and cooperation the identification of baskets and basketry materials would have been impossible; and to Dr. H. I. Priestley, of the Ban- croft Library, whose translation of Pedro Fages' Voyages greatly facilitated literary research. Purpose of the sttudy.-There is perhaps no phase of American Indian culture which is better known, at least outside strictly anthro- pological circles, than basketry. Indian baskets are not only concrete, durable, and easily handled, but also beautiful, and may serve a variety of purposes beyond mere ornament in the civilized household. Hence they are to be found in. our homes as well as our museums, and much has been written about the art from both the scientific and the popular standpoints. To these statements, California, where American basketry. -
Homogenous Genetic Structure in Populations of Taxus Baccata with Varied Proportions of Male and Female Individuals
Silva Fennica vol. 49 no. 4 article id 1236 Category: research article SILVA FENNICA www.silvafennica.fi ISSN-L 0037-5330 | ISSN 2242-4075 (Online) The Finnish Society of Forest Science Natural Resources Institute Finland Monika Litkowiec 1, Beata P. Plitta-Michalak 1, Andrzej Lewandowski 1 and Grze- gorz Iszkuło 1,2 Homogenous genetic structure in populations of Taxus baccata with varied proportions of male and female individuals Litkowiec M., Plitta-Michalak B.P., Lewandowski A., Iszkuło G. (2015). Homogenous genetic structure in populations of Taxus baccata with varied proportions of male and female individuals. Silva Fennica vol. 49 no. 4 article id 1236. 14 p. Highlights • Polish populations of Taxus baccata showed a high level of genetic diversity within popula- tions and moderate genetic differentiation between them after nSSR marker testing. • No significant differences in the genetic variation between T. baccata male and female indi- viduals were observed, and microsatellite loci neutrality was verified. • Determining the sex ratio in T. baccata populations is not essential to develop a clear under- standing of genetic differentiation and diversity within and between populations of this species. Abstract English yew (Taxus baccata L.) is a strictly outcrossing and dioecious species whose popula- tions are small and isolated. It is known that sex ratios may vary in natural populations due to local environmental conditions or stochastic events. However, unbalanced sex ratios may have negative impacts on genetic diversity through enhanced genetic drift and inbreeding. The present study represents one of the first attempts to compare the genetic variation at microsatellite loci within and between populations with different gender proportions. -
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Eur. J. Wood Prod. (2012) 70:37-43 DOl 1O.1007/s00107 -0 10-0494-y OSB as substrate for engineered wood flooring Costel Barbuta . Pierre Blanchet· Alain Cloutier· Vikram Yadama . Eini Lowell Received: 26 August 2009 / Published online: 13 November 2010 © Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract Oriented strand board (OSB) is a commodity sheathing, OSB web stock and ponderosa pine OSB sub product subject to market fluctuation.Development of a spe strates showed higher distortion. The PYA type I adhesive cialty OSB could lead to a better, and more stable, market led to weak bonding with high-density OSB surface.The re segment for OSB. It was demonstrated in a previous study sults of this study demonstrate the potential of OSB panels (Barbuta et al. in Eur. 1. Wood Prod. 2010), that OSB may to be used as substrate for EWF. be designed to obtain a high bending modulus of elasticity in the parallel direction, close to Baltic Birch Plywood (BBP) OSB als Tragerplatte ffir Doppelboden in its strongest direction. This study focused on the use of such specialty OSB in the manufacturing of engineered Zusammenfassung OSB ist ein Massenprodukt, das wood flooring (EWF) prototypes,a product that widely uses Marktschwankungen unterliegt. Die Entwicklung spezieller BBP as substrate in Canada. The performance of these two OSB-Platten konnte zu besseren und stabileren Absatzmog prototypes (aspen/birch and ponderosa pine) was studied. lichkeiten flir OSB flihren. In einer frliherenStudie (Barbuta Five types of substrates: BBP, sheathing OSB, web stock et al. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 20 I 0) wurde die Moglichkeit auf OSB and the two specialty OSB prototypes were used to gezeigt, OSB herzustellen, dessen Biege-Elastizitatsmodul manufacture EWF. -
Invent Your Scent
JULY 2020 Invent your Scent All Scent Plus Melts RRP $12.50 1. Your Warmer 2. Your Scent 3. Your Way Choose your Warmer Choose a Scent Plus Melts Invent your Scent ScentGlow™ Warmers provide Scent Plus™ Melts are available Customise by pairing two fragrance without the flame in dozens of PartyLite exclusive different Scent Plus Melts or while fragrance warmers use a fragrances. Enjoy hours of rich try one of our fragrance mixing tealight. Both come in an array home fragrance from our most recipes tested by the best of decorative styles - there’s one highly scented wax formula. noses in the business. for every room in the house. While stocks last. PartyLite reserves the right to put products on stop sell at any time. JULY 2020 Invent your Scent 1. Choose a Warmer (Colour Illusions appear in a dark room) Champagne Glow Pineapple Snow Flurry Cable Knit RRP $65.00 RRP $60.00 RRP $65.00 RRP $60.00 P92588A P92688A P92555A P93128A Pearl Oyster Spiral Sea Shell Mystic Glimmer RRP $65.00 RRP $60.00 RRP $60.00 RRP $65.00 P93041A P91897A P92685A P93160A 2. Choose a Scent (All Scent Plus Melts $12.50 RRP Each) VOLUME 2 2020 SCENT PLUS MELTS SX1045 AMBER SUEDE SX900 MARSHMALLOW VANILLA SX1020 TAMBOTI WOODS SX1047 CASHMERE CASSIS SX29 MULBERRY SX929 VANILLA COCONUT SX821 FIG FATALE SX1031 RASPBERRY RHUBARB SX1046 VELVET PLUM SX123 ICED SNOWBERRIES™ SX927 SUN-KISSED LINEN SX1029 WHITE LILAC & IVY SX1038 MANGO MAGIC OUT OF CATALOGUE SCENT PLUS MELTS SX1022 AMBER APPLEWOOD SX1043 GARDEN HERBS SX938 PERSIMMON CIDER SX776Q AUTUMN GLOW SX1055 HOLLY JOLLY BERRY SX789 PINK GRAPEFRUIT SX922Q BALSAM SNOW SX1024 MOUNTAIN RETREAT SX942 SILVER BIRCH BARK SX1018 BELLINI GLITTER SX1012 MULLED HARVEST SPICE SX1057 SPICED POMANDER SX1059 BLACK CHERRY ORCHARD SX783 MYSTERY POTION SX1054 WHISKEY TODDY SX937 BLACKBERRY CEDAR LEAF SX1044 OLIVE GROVE SX941Q BLUE SPRUCE SX1021 CHRYSANTHEMUM CEDARWOOD 3. -
Minnesota Harvester Handbook
Minnesota Harvester Handbook sustainable livelihoods lifestyles enterprise Minnesota Harvester Handbook Additonal informaton about this resource can be found at www.myminnesotawoods.umn.edu. ©2013, Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Send copyright permission inquiries to: Copyright Coordinator University of Minnesota Extension 405 Cofey Hall 1420 Eckles Avenue St. Paul, MN 55108-6068 Email to [email protected] or fax to 612-625-3967. University of Minnesota Extension shall provide equal access to and opportunity in its programs, facilites, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, natonal origin, gender, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, sexual orientaton, gender identty, or gender expression. In accordance with the Americans with Disabilites Act, this publicaton/material is available in alternatve formats upon request. Direct requests to the Extension Regional Ofce, Cloquet at 218-726-6464. The informaton given in this publicaton is for educatonal purposes only. Reference to commercial products or trade names is made with the understanding that no discriminaton is intended and no endorsement by University of Minnesota Extension is implied. Acknowledgements Financial and other support for the Harvester Handbook came from University of Minnesota Extension, through the Extension Center for Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences (EFANS) and the Northeast Regional Sustainable Development Partnership (RSDP). Many individuals generously contributed to the development of the Handbook through original research, authorship of content, review of content, design and editng. Special thanks to Wendy Cocksedge and the Centre for Livelihoods and Ecology at Royal Roads University for their generosity with the Harvester Handbook concept. A special thanks to Trudy Fredericks for her tremen- dous overall eforts on this project.