DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Structure and Domestication History of the Grape

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic Structure and Domestication History of the Grape Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape Sean Mylesa,b,c,d,1, Adam R. Boykob, Christopher L. Owense, Patrick J. Browna, Fabrizio Grassif, Mallikarjuna K. Aradhyag, Bernard Prinsg, Andy Reynoldsb, Jer-Ming Chiah, Doreen Wareh,i, Carlos D. Bustamanteb, and Edward S. Bucklera,i aInstitute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; bDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; cDepartment of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada B4P 2R6; dDepartment of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3; eGrape Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456; fBotanical Garden, Department of Biology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; gNational Clonal Germplasm Repository, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; hCold Spring Harbor Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724; and iRobert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853 Edited* by Barbara A. Schaal, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, and approved December 9, 2010 (received for review July 1, 2010) The grape is one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops and, since sociations using linkage mapping. Because of the grape’s long antiquity, it has been widely cultivated and prized for its fruit and generation time (generally 3 y), however, establishing and wine. Here, we characterize genome-wide patterns of genetic maintaining linkage-mapping populations is time-consuming and variation in over 1,000 samples of the domesticated grape, Vitis expensive. Thus, genome-wide association (GWA) (6) and ge- vinifera subsp. vinifera, and its wild relative, V. vinifera subsp. nomic selection (GS) (7) are attractive alternatives to traditional sylvestris from the US Department of Agriculture grape germ- linkage mapping in the grape and other long-lived perennial plasm collection. We find support for a Near East origin of vinifera fruit crops. and present evidence of introgression from local sylvestris as the Well-powered GWA and GS require a genome-wide assess- grape moved into Europe. High levels of genetic diversity and ment of genetic diversity, patterns of population structure, and rapid linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay have been maintained in the decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD). To this end, we re- vinifera, which is consistent with a weak domestication bottleneck cently discovered over 70,000 high-quality SNPs in the grape SCIENCES followed by thousands of years of widespread vegetative propa- using next-generation DNA sequencing (4). From this SNP set, AGRICULTURAL gation. The considerable genetic diversity within vinifera, how- we developed and validated a 9,000-SNP genotyping array (the ever, is contained within a complex network of close pedigree Vitis9kSNP array). Here, we present an analysis of genotype data relationships that has been generated by crosses among elite cul- from 950 vinifera and 59 sylvestris accessions using the fi tivars. We show that rst-degree relationships are rare between Vitis9kSNP array as part of an effort to characterize an entire wine and table grapes and among grapes from geographically US Department of Agriculture (USDA) germplasm collection distant regions. Our results suggest that although substantial ge- on a genome-wide scale. We provide a refined model of the do- netic diversity has been maintained in the grape subsequent to mestication and breeding history of vinifera by evaluating levels of domestication, there has been a limited exploration of this diver- haplotype diversity, the decay of LD, and patterns of population sity. We propose that the adoption of vegetative propagation was structure in vinifera and its progenitor, sylvestris. In addition, our a double-edged sword: Although it provided a benefit by ensuring analyses reveal extensive clonal relationships among cultivars true breeding cultivars, it also discouraged the generation of and a complex pedigree structure within vinifera that are the unique cultivars through crosses. The grape currently faces severe result of widespread vegetative propagation. We suggest that the pathogen pressures, and the long-term sustainability of the grape last several thousand years of grape breeding explored only and wine industries will rely on the exploitation of the grape’s tremendous natural genetic diversity. a small fraction of possible genetic combinations and that future marker-assisted breeding efforts therefore have tremendous di- genomics | SNP array | positive selection | genome-wide association versity at their disposal to produce desirable wine and table grapes with resistance to existing and future pathogens. he grape is the most valuable horticultural crop in the world. Results ’ ∼ TThe fruit from the world s 8 million ha of vineyard is mostly Pedigree Analysis Within vinifera. We used the Vitis9KSNP array processed into wine, but some is destined for fresh consumption (4) to generate 5,387 SNP genotypes from 950 vinifera accessions as table grapes, dried into raisins, processed into nonalcoholic (451 table grape accessions, 469 wine grape accessions, and 30 juice, and distilled into spirits (http://faostat.fao.org/). The ar- accessions of unknown type) from the grape germplasm collec- chaeological record suggests that cultivation of the domesticated tion of the USDA, one of the most comprehensive repositories Vitis vinifera vinifera – grape, subsp. , began 6,000 8,000 y ago in the of grape diversity in the world. Currently, there are over 10,000 Vitis vinifera sylvestris Near East from its wild progenitor, subsp. grape cultivar names in use worldwide (8), and their classifica- (1). The thousands of grape cultivars in use today have been tion is often confusing because of homonyms, synonyms, scarce generated since then by vegetative propagation and by crosses. or incorrect historical information, and curation error. Some Wine and table grapes currently receive intense chemical applications to combat severe pathogen pressures. This suscep- tibility to disease, however, is not attributable to a lack of genetic Author contributions: S.M., D.W., C.D.B., and E.S.B. designed research; S.M. and J.-M.C. diversity. Vinifera harbors levels of genetic variation an order of performed research; F.G., M.K.A., and B.P. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; S.M., magnitude greater than humans and is comparable in diversity to A.R.B., C.L.O., P.J.B., and A.R. analyzed data; and S.M., C.D.B., and E.S.B. wrote the paper. maize (2, 3), with polymorphism that dates back tens of millions The authors declare no conflict of interest. of years (4). Thus, an environmentally sustainable grape-growing *This Direct Submission article had a prearranged editor. industry will rely on accessing and using the grape’s tremendous Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. genetic diversity to develop improved disease-resistant grape 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]. cultivars through marker-assisted breeding (5). Traditionally, This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. grape breeding programs have sought genotype-phenotype as- 1073/pnas.1009363108/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1009363108 PNAS Early Edition | 1of6 Downloaded by guest on October 1, 2021 A B A B Cultivar without (399) Unknown (19) clonal variation Table (262) 400 Pinot (17) Wine (302) Sultanina (14) Chasselas (13) Afus Ali (9) Khusaine Belyi (8) Chardonnay (7) Tebrizi (7) Number of cultivars Number of accessions Trousseau Noir (7) Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur (7) 0 100 200 300 0123456≥ 7 Muscat of Alexandria (7) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10≥ 11 Number of clones Muscat à petits grains blancs (7) Number of first degree relatives Fig. 1. Clonal relationships within the USDA grape germplasm collection. Fig. 2. First-degree relationships within the USDA grape germplasm col- (A) Number of clonal relationships was evaluated for each of the 950 vinifera lection. (A) Number of first-degree relationships was evaluated for each of accessions. Most of the accessions [551 (58%) of 950 accessions] have a clonal the 583 unique vinifera cultivars. A total of 74.8% of the unique cultivars are relationship with at least 1 other accession. (B) Degree of clonal relatedness related to at least 1 other cultivar by a first-degree relationship, and some among all 950 vinifera accessions is represented as a set of clusters. The 399 cultivars have many first-degree relationships (i.e., >10; SI Appendix, Table accessions that do not have a clonal relationship with another accession are S4). (B) Pedigree structure of vinifera is represented as a set of networks. shown as lone black dots. Accessions with six or fewer clonal relationships Edges in the network represent inferred first-degree relationships. The are grouped together with their clones and shown in gray. Clusters of clones vertices, or dots, represent grape cultivars and are colored by grape type with ≥7 accessions are colored, and their names are indicated in the legend. (legend). The sample size of each grape type is shown in parentheses. Lone Names listed in the legend are the prime names from the Vitis International dots represent
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fps Grape Program Newsletter
    FPS GRAPE PROGRAM NEWSLETTER fps.ucdavis.edu OCT O BER 2012 From the Director: A Fruitful Year of Expansion by Deborah Golino On May 4, 2012, Foundation An ongoing major initiative for Plant Services supporters the FPS grapevine program is celebrated the dedication of the new Foundation Vineyard the Trinchero Family Estates at Russell Ranch. On page Building. We greatly enjoyed 14, Mike Cunningham details having so many stakeholders the vineyard preparations, join us for this special event. vine training and impressive Dean Neal Van Alfen welcomed numbers of qualified grapevines our guests; among them were added in 2012. Such progress Bob and Roger Trinchero In Progress: Trinchero Family Estates Building at FPS attests to the close cooperation representing the Trinchero Photo by Justin Jacobs of each person at FPS across family, donor Francis Mahoney, every function. Funding for this and the family of Pete Christensen, late Viticulture Foundation Vineyard was provided by the National Clean Specialist in the Department of Viticulture and Enology. Plant Network, a major new USDA program that benefits Having this event timed between the National Clean Plant clean plant centers for specialty crops at public institutions. Network Tier II Grapes annual meeting and Rose Day This is the final year of NCPN funding from the current allowed many distant guests to attend, including State farm bill. We hope that this program will continue to back and Federal regulatory officials, scientists from around us up as we fulfill our role as the foundation of registered the country, and many of our client nurseries. Photos of grapevine plants for growers and nurseries.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Journal of the European Communities No L 214/ 1
    16 . 8 . 80 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 214/ 1 I (Acts whose publication is obligatory) COMMISSION REGULATION (EEC) No 2164/80 of 8 August 1980 amending for the seventh time Regulation ( EEC) No 1608/76 laying down detailed rules for the description and presentation of wines and grape musts THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN on an additional label placed in the same field of COMMUNITIES , vision as the other mandatory information ; Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, Whereas the nominal volume of containers with a volume of not less than 5 ml and not more than 10 1 suitable for putting up wines and grape musts which Having regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No are the subject of intra-Community trade is governed 337/79 of 5 February 1979 on the common organi­ by Council Directive 75/ 106/EEC of 19 December zation of the market in wine ('), as last amended by 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Regulation (EEC) No 1988 / 80 (2 ), and in particular Member States relating to the making-up by volume Article 54 ( 5) thereof, of certain prepackaged liquids (8 ), as amended by Directive 79/ 1005 /EEC ( 9); whereas it is necessary, Whereas Council Regulation ( EEC) No 355 /79 of first, to adjust Regulation (EEC) No 1608 /76 in line 5 February 1979 laying down general rules for the with the amendments to that Directive and , secondly, description , and presentation of wines and grape in order to enable the wines and grape musts already musts (■'), as amended by Regulation (EEC) No
    [Show full text]
  • 27 CFR Ch. I (4–1–17 Edition)
    § 4.92 27 CFR Ch. I (4–1–17 Edition) Peloursin Suwannee Petit Bouschet Sylvaner Petit Manseng Symphony Petit Verdot Syrah (Shiraz) Petite Sirah (Durif) Swenson Red Peverella Tannat Picpoul (Piquepoul blanc) Tarheel Pinotage Taylor Pinot blanc Tempranillo (Valdepen˜ as) Pinot Grigio (Pinot gris) Teroldego Pinot gris (Pinot Grigio) Thomas Pinot Meunier (Meunier) Thompson Seedless (Sultanina) Pinot noir Tinta Madeira Piquepoul blanc (Picpoul) Tinto ca˜ o Prairie Star Tocai Friulano Precoce de Malingre Topsail Pride Touriga Primitivo Traminer Princess Traminette Rayon d’Or Trebbiano (Ugni blanc) Ravat 34 Trousseau Ravat 51 (Vignoles) Trousseau gris Ravat noir Ugni blanc (Trebbiano) Redgate Valdepen˜ as (Tempranillo) Refosco (Mondeuse) Valdiguie´ Regale Valerien Reliance Valiant Riesling (White Riesling) Valvin Muscat Rkatsiteli (Rkatziteli) Van Buren Rkatziteli (Rkatsiteli) Veeblanc Roanoke Veltliner Rondinella Ventura Rosette Verdelet Roucaneuf Verdelho Rougeon Vergennes Roussanne Vermentino Royalty Vidal blanc Rubired Vignoles (Ravat 51) Ruby Cabernet Villard blanc St. Croix Villard noir St. Laurent Vincent St. Pepin Viognier St. Vincent Vivant Sabrevois Welsch Rizling Sagrantino Watergate Saint Macaire Welder Salem White Riesling (Riesling) Salvador Wine King Sangiovese Yuga Sauvignon blanc (Fume´ blanc) Zinfandel Sauvignon gris Zinthiana Scarlet Zweigelt Scheurebe [T.D. ATF–370, 61 FR 539, Jan. 8, 1996, as Se´millon amended by T.D. ATF–417, 64 FR 49388, Sept. Sereksiya 13, 1999; T.D. ATF–433, 65 FR 78096, Dec. 14, Seyval (Seyval blanc) 2000; T.D. ATF–466, 66 FR 49280, Sept. 27, 2001; Seyval blanc (Seyval) T.D. ATF–475, 67 FR 11918, Mar. 18, 2002; T.D. Shiraz (Syrah) ATF–481, 67 FR 56481, Sept. 4, 2002; T.D.
    [Show full text]
  • August 1981 University of California/Davis FOUNDATION PLANT MATERIALS SERVICE NEWSLETTER - Fruit, Nut and Ornamental Trees
    No,.. 1 August 1981 University of California/Davis FOUNDATION PLANT MATERIALS SERVICE NEWSLETTER - Fruit, Nut and Ornamental Trees - This NEWSLETTER is written to share the sched\.lle, objectives and future plans of FPMS with the nursery industry and growers. It is also an opportunity to pass on information from the University which may be of interest to FPMS customers. The green wood season has been brisk for us this year thanks to our patrons. In response, we have ·been making every effort to fill orders as f ast as possible. Incidentally, by special request, we will pack the wood in a styrofoam ice ches t for extra protection from this hot weather during shipping. Please make all requests for dormant wood no later than 1 December 1981. If it is possible to anticipate requiring wood of a particular variety a fter this date, please write or call so we can delay pruning of that particular va riety. · In this way, it will enable us to prune early enough to keep the o r cLard heal t hy and to supply all the material nursery people need. Work on the new FPMS seed orchard is progressing on schedule. The University Land Committee has assigned six acres to FPMS for this purpose, and we are pres •2ntly propagating trees and preparing the land for use. In 1980, FPMS planted a new block of .Shirofugan cherry trees for use in custum prunus ring srx>t indexing .. These trees will be ready to utilize in about two years. This addition will signiL_cantly increase our capacity for custom indexir.9 and will hope fully prove a useful service to the nursery industry.
    [Show full text]
  • D-280 Olmo, Harold P
    This document represents a preliminary list of the contents of the boxes of this collection. The preliminary list was created for the most part by listing the creators' folder headings. At this time researchers should be aware that we cannot verify exact contents of this collection, but provide this information to assist your research. UC Davis Special Collections D-280 Olmo, Harold P. Papers BOX 1 Folder 1: UC Agriculture Studies Progress Report: An Investigation of the Cause of Dying Vines in the Imperial Valley Folder 2: Book: Regulation No. 7 The Production , Fortification, Tax, Payment Etc. of Wine and the Production of Grapes. Brandy for Fortification (May 1930) Folder 3: Newspaper: California Farmer Vol. 26 No. 2, 3, 4 (February 1923) Folder 4: Miscellaneous papers Folder 5: The Study of Growth Distribution of Vines Folder 6: Article: From the Vineyards to the Bottle, Prof. Fred T. Bioletti Folder 7: Articles on Fermentation Folder 8: Raisins de France Sept 1932 AVRI 1934 (newspaper) Folder 9: Glass plate negatives/Photographs of grapes Folder 10: Vinification lecture Folder 11: Thesis for bachelor’s degree in viticulture and zymology: Berg Folder 12: Study of the cost of production of grapes Folder 13: Browne’s Wines and Spirits BOX 2 Folder 1: Proceedings at the International Congress of Viticulture Folder 2: International Congress of Viticulture Folder 3: Grafting Vines papers (2 copies) Folder 4: Papers: Viticulture and Sulfur (French) Folder 5: The Journal of the Department of Agriculture (October 1933) Folder 6: Papers Presented at the International Congress of Viticulture Folder 7: Agronomic French Research papers Folder 8: Drawings and pictures D-280 1 Inventory of the Harold P.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Catalog
    Dear Friends and Customers: Since our grandfather planted his first vine in 1934, the Ison family has enjoyed a long containers. The 2-year plus are our finest plants, most of them reach or are very relationship with the muscadine grape. What started out as a modest 3 acre vineyard close to reaching the top wire at planting. has evolved into over 40 acres of vineyard and a nursery offering over 200 varieties of fruit, nut and berry plants. In the late 1960’s Dr. B. O. Fry and our father began Take advantage of our fertilizer lines for your fruiting plants and trees. We have breeding muscadines in order to improve size, taste and production. From the fruit of specially blended these fertilizers to ensure a healthy start during the spring and their labor we now have 22 patented varieties of muscadines! These varieties are summer months. See page 23. considered the best for commercial vineyards, u-pick operations and the backyard hobbyist. There is nothing more enjoyable than planting, cultivating and harvesting fruit The plant shelters continue to improve muscadine vine growth and herbicide from your own orchard or vineyard. protection. We recommend using them for all new plantings. And our line of muscadine juice, jellies, and supplements will allow you to enjoy muscadine flavors We are happy to announce our 15-1-1 has been named “Sweet Mix”. “Sweet Mix” year round. See page 6 and 25. was our Aunt Mildred whom we always called “Aunt Mix”. She was our dad’s precious sister and many of our customers who called in got the joy of speaking Drip irrigation will benefit your fruit trees and plants by increasing fruit size, earlier with her.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity of a Brazilian Wine Grape Germplasm Collection Based on Morphoagronomic Traits1
    1164 GENETIC DIVERSITY OF A BRAZILIAN WINE GRAPE GERMPLASM COLLECTION BASED ON MORPHOAGRONOMIC TRAITS1 PATRÍCIA COELHO DE SOUZA LEÃO2, COSME DAMIÃO CRUZ3, SÉRGIO YOSHIMITSU MOTOIKE3 ABSTRACT - The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of cultivars, to quantify the variability and to estimate the genetic distances of 66 wine grape accessions in the Grape Germplasm Bank of the EMBRAPA Semi-Arid, in Juazeiro, BA, Brazil, through the characterization of discrete and con- tinuous phenotypic variables. Multivariate statistics, such as, principal components, Tocher’s optimization procedure, and the graphic of the distance, were efficient in grouping more similar genotypes, according to their phenotypic characteristics. There was no agreement in the formation of groups between continuous and discrete morpho-agronomic traits, when Tocher’s optimization procedure was used. Discrete variables allowed the separation of Vitis vinifera and hybrids in different groups. Significant positive correlations were observed between weight, length and width of bunches, and a negative correlation between titratable acidity and TSS/TTA. The major part (84.12%) of the total variation present in the original data was explained by the four principal components. The results revealed little variability between wine grape accessions in the Grape Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Semi-Arid. Index terms: germplasm, grapevine, grape cultivars, Vitis spp., multivariate analysis. DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE UMA COLEÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE UVAS PARA VINHO BASEADA EM CARACTERES MORFOAGRONÔMICOS RESUMO - Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o comportamento agronômico, quantificar a va- riabilidade e estimar as distâncias genéticas de 66 acessos de videira destinadas à elaboração de vinhos, presente no Banco de Germoplasma de Videira da EMBRAPA Semiárido, em Juazeiro-BA, Brasil, por meio da caracterização de descritores fenotípicos de variação contínua e discreta.
    [Show full text]
  • Wine-Grower-News #37 April 4, 2008
    Wine-Grower-News #37 April 4, 2008 Midwest Grape & Wine Industry Institute: http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Wine Information in this issue includes: Think Twice before Propagating Grape Cuttings Randall Vos is now a Movie Star – Check out his Pruning Video Here! Wabash Wine Company – Wish Them Luck! Western Iowa Grape Growers Annual Banquet – April 19th Do I Need a Private Pesticide Applicators License? Last Chance Private Pesticide Recertification Class Via Webcast April 15th Seven Excellent Vineyard Pest Management Online Spray Guides Free “TracGrape” Pesticide Record Keeping Software From Cornell Univ. Woodpile Story Worth Repeating Publicize Your Winery on Weekends R Us Quote of the Week Neeto-Keeno WWW Stuff Grape & Wine Development Commission $400 Scholarship Program- p.7 IDALS Sensitive Crops Database Sign-up Sheets – p. 8 Think Twice before Propagating Grape Cuttings “Show me how to propagate grape cuttings.” This is a very common question this time of year. Most people do not realize that it is against Iowa law to give away or sell grape cuttings unless the vineyard has been inspected by the Iowa Department of Agriculture. Here is what the Iowa Code has to say about this: 177A.9 Inspection -- certificate -- fees. It shall be unlawful for any person to sell, give away, carry, ship, or deliver for carriage or shipment, within this state, any plants or plant products listed in the rules [=nursery stock] unless such plants or plant products have been officially inspected and a certificate issued by an inspector of the state entomologist's office stating that such plants or plant products have been inspected and found to be apparently free from dangerously injurious insect pests and diseases, and giving any other facts provided for in the rules..
    [Show full text]
  • 2014-2015 Double a Vineyards Catalog
    Table of Contents PRODUCTION .....................................p. 2 Raspberry Varieties - CONTRACT GROWING ........................p. 3 Red, Gold & Black .....................p. 33 GRADING STANDARDS .......................p. 3 Rhubarb varieties ...........................p. 35 PRICING ..............................................p. 3 HOPS ................................................p. 36 PAYMENT TERMS/PREPAYMENT ACCESSORIES & BOOKS .................p. 37 DISCOUNTS/VOLUME DISCOUNTS ....... p. 3 Blue-X Vine Shelters ......................p. 37 PACKING & SHIPPING ........................p. 4 Plantra Grow Tubes ......................p. 37 NEW PRICE LIST SUMMARY................p. 4 Vineyard Markers ..........................p. 37 ROYALTY INFORMATION ....................p. 4 Bamboo Poles ...............................p. 37 VINES PER ACRE GUIDE ......................p. 4 Avigard Flexnet .............................p. 38 LETTER & LOCATION ..........................p. 5 Liquidfence ...................................p. 38 GRAPE GROWING INFO. .....................p. 5 Whiff .............................................p. 38 HOME GROWER Maxsea .........................................p. 39 Home Growers Collection ................. p. 6 Walker’s FRUIT FARMS ................... P. 39 Rootstock/Decorative Vines ...............p. 7 Books ............................................p. 40 GRAPES MILITELLO FARM SUPPLIES INC. ......p. 42 American Varieties ..........................p. 8 CHEMICALS Seedless Varieties ..........................p.
    [Show full text]
  • Laying Down Detailed Rules for the Description and Presentation of Wines and Grape Musts
    8 . 11 . 90 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 309 / 1 I (Acts whose publication is obligatory) COMMISSION REGULATION (EEC) No 3201 /90 of 16 October 1990 laying down detailed rules for the description and presentation of wines and grape musts THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, frequently been amended; whereas, in the interests of clarity, and on the occasion of further amendments, the rules in question should be consolidated; Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, Whereas, in applying rules concerning the description and presentation of wines, the traditional and customary practices of the Community wine-growing regions should Having regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No 822/ 87 of be taken into account to the extent that the traditional and 16 March 1987 on the common organization of the market customary practices are compatible with the principles of a in wine ( 3 ), as last amended by Regulation ( EEC) single market; whereas it is also necessary to avoid any No 1325 / 90 ( 2 ), and in particular Articles 72 ( 5 ) and 81 confusion in the use of expressions employed in labelling thereof, and to ensure that the information on the label is as clear and complete as possible for the consumer; Whereas Council Regulation ( EEC ) No 2392/ 89 (3 ), as amended by Regulation ( EEC ) No 3886 / 89 (4), lays down Whereas, in order to allow the bottler some freedom as general rules for the description and presentation of wines regards the manner in which he presents the mandatory and grape
    [Show full text]
  • 42 Subpart I—General Provisions Subpart J—American Grape Variety
    § 4.80 27 CFR Ch. I (4±1±98 Edition) Subpart IÐGeneral Provisions Carlos CarmeneÁre § 4.80 Exports. Carmine The regulations in this part shall not Carnelian apply to wine exported in bond. Cascade Castel 19±637 Catawba Subpart JÐAmerican Grape Cayuga White Variety Names Centurion Chambourcin SOURCE: T.D. ATF±370, 61 FR 539, Jan. 8, Chancellor 1996, unless otherwise noted. Charbono Chardonel § 4.91 List of approved prime names. Chardonnay The following grape variety names Chasselas dore have been approved by the Director for Chelois use as type designations for American Chenin blanc wines. When more than one name may Chief be used to identify a single variety of Chowan grape, the synonym is shown in paren- Cinsaut (Black Malvoisie) theses following the prime grape Clairette blanche names. Grape variety names may ap- Clinton pear on labels of wine in upper or in Colombard (French Colombard) lower case, and may be spelled with or Colobel without the hyphens or diacritic marks Cortese indicated in the following list. Corvina Agwam Concord Albemarle Conquistador Aleatico Couderc noir Alicante Bouschet Cowart Aligote Creek Ä Alvarelhao Cynthiana (Norton) Arneis Dearing Aurore De Chaunac Bacchus Delaware Baco blanc Diamond Baco noir Dixie Barbera Dolcetto Beacon Beclan Doreen Bellandais Dulcet Beta Durif Black Pearl Dutchess Blanc Du Bois Early Burgundy Blue Eye Early Muscat Bonarda Edelweiss Bountiful Eden Burdin 4672 Ehrenfelser Burdin 5201 Ellen Scott Burdin 11042 Elvira Burgaw Emerald Riesling Burger Feher Szagos Cabernet franc FernaÄ
    [Show full text]
  • California Grape Acreage Report, 2019 Summary California Department of Food and Agriculture
    California Grape Acreage Report, 2019 Summary California Department of Food and Agriculture Cooperating with the USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Regional Office Pacific Regional Office · P.O. Box 1258 · Sacramento, CA 95812 · (916) 738-6600 · (855) 270-2722 Fax · www.nass.usda.gov/ca Released: April 21, 2020 RESULTS This report consists of two parts: California’s 2019 grape acreage totaled 918,000 acres. Of the total grape acreage, 860,000 were bearing while 58,000 were Estimated grape acreage -- bearing, non-bearing, and non-bearing. The wine-type grape acreage is estimated at total. 635,000 acres. Of the total acres, 590,000 were bearing and 45,000 were non-bearing. Table-type grape acreage totaled Detailed data by variety, and year planted -- as 130,000 acres with 121,000 bearing and 9,000 non-bearing. voluntarily reported by grape growers and maintained Acreage of raisin-type grapes totaled 153,000 acres, of which in our list of grape vineyards. 149,000 were bearing and 4,000 were non-bearing. With perfect information, the estimated grape acreage and the The leading wine-type varieties continued to be Chardonnay detailed data would be the same. However, this will never be and Cabernet Sauvignon. Flame Seedless was the leading the case for the following reasons: table-type grape variety. Thompson Seedless continued to be the leading raisin-type variety and was utilized for raisins, fresh A voluntary survey of approximately 8,900 grape market, concentrate, and wine. growers is unlikely to attain 100 percent completeness. ESTIMATED GRAPE ACREAGE 1/ It is difficult to detect growers who are planting grapes Percent for the first time.
    [Show full text]