DOCSLIB.ORG

Smokeless Tobacco and Oral Cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Smokeless Tobacco and Oral Cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Tobacco Induced Diseases Research Paper Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis Mir Faeq Ali Quadri1, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla2,3, Tenny John1 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Cancer of the oral cavity is regarded lethal with a fairly low mean 5-year survival rate. The current systematic review and meta-analysis is the first AFFILIATION of its kind to examine, if the evidence from the Middle East and North African 1 Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia region indicates an association between oral cancer and tobacco; and evaluates 2 School of Dentistry and Oral the quality of the evidence that portrays this relationship. Health, Griffith University, Southport, Australia METHODS A search for articles was carried out in October 2017 and then cross- 3 Menzies Health Institute checked at the end of June 2018 using Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Queensland (MHIQ), Cochrane databases. Retrieved articles were later subjected to eligibility criteria. Southport, Australia The search was not limited to any particular research design adopted by the CORRESPONDENCE TO investigators. However, dissertations, theses and opinion-based reviews generated Mir Faeq Ali Quadri. College of Dentistry, Jazan University, from the search were excluded during the screening of titles and abstracts. Quality PO Box-114, Jazan 4514, of included studies was determined objectively (Newcastle Ottawa Scale) and Saudi Arabia. E-mail: dr.faeq. [email protected] subjectively. Revman (Version 5.3) was used for conducting the meta-analysis. ORCID ID: https://orcid. RESULTS Six studies satisfied the selection criteria of the current review. The New org/0000-0001-6349-6136 Castle Ottawa evaluation scale suggested that the three cross-sectional studies and KEYWORDS the three case-control studies included in the current review were of relatively systematic review, meta- low to moderate quality. All included studies explored the association of only one analysis, smokeless tobacco, oral cancer, shammah form of smokeless tobacco, i.e. shammah. Three case-control studies revealed a pooled estimate odds ratio of 38.74 (95% CI: 19.50–76.96), indicating that the Received: 5 May 2019 Revised: 3 June 2019 odds for the occurrence of oral cancer among shammah users were nearly 39 Accepted: 26 June 2019 times higher compared to the non-users. CONCLUSIONS Shammah is a potential risk factor for oral cancer; thus, it is necessary that public health practitioners design and implement effective strategies to prevent the abuse of shammah. Tob. Induc. Dis. 2019;17(July):56 https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/110259 INTRODUCTION the disease and its associated risk factors, but region- The global annual incidence rate of 354864 new cases specific studies on oral cancer (OC), as suggested in of oral cancer (oral cavity and lip cancer) makes it one the first meeting of the Global Oral Cancer Forum, of the most common non-communicable diseases1. are also equally important6. The existing disparity Some epidemiological studies have considered it of disease prevalence and associated risk factors to be the sixth most prevalent cancer and one of among populations residing in different regions of the foremost contributors towards mortality2,3. The the globe could be explained in a better way through reputation of being lethal is also demonstrated by its region-specific studies, which add more weight to the low mean 5-year survival rate, with many of the deaths findings as they consider and control for common from the developing nations2,4,5. Such nationwide contributing factors like genetics, habits, and lifestyle. datasets provide good insight on the prevalence of Some regions like Europe, Oceania and North America Published by European Publishing on behalf of the International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases (ISPTID). © 2019 Quadri M.F.A. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 1 Tobacco Induced Diseases Research Paper have population-based cancer registries, which cover portrays this relationship. a large part of their residents, while the same is yet to be completely followed by South-East Asia and METHODS Middle Eastern regions7. Thus, region-specific studies Permission and registration will enhance the provision of comparative data from The framework of this review was based on the representative samples. guidelines provided by the Preferred Reporting One such region with a history of confined culture Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and heritage is the Middle East and North Africa (PRISMA)22. The protocol was registered with the (MENA). According to the World Bank, there are International Prospective Register of Systematic 19 countries in the MENA region with populations reviews and was assigned the following identification similar in many characteristics8. The countries that code: PROSPERO–CRD–42018093137. belong to the MENA region are: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Eligibility criteria Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, All publications in English language journals Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza demonstrating the relationship between oral cancer Strip, and Yemen. Reports have predicted an increased and smokeless tobacco in the MENA region were oral cancer burden in the MENA region, attributed included. The search of published articles was not to population growth, ageing population, diagnostic limited to any particular research design adopted by methods, and most importantly due to excessive the investigators. However, dissertations, theses and substance abuse9,10. opinion-based reviews generated from the search The World Health Organization on its website were excluded during the screening of the titles and affirms that the heavy use of tobacco is one of the abstracts. Research studies conducted on human main contributing factors towards the growing participants residing in the MENA region, irrespective incidence of oral cancer9. Depending on the method of of sex, age and socioeconomic status were included consumption, tobacco is broadly divided into smoked in this review. Studies performed on expatriate tobacco and smokeless tobacco. Smokeless tobacco populations residing in the MENA region were not is not burnt but is most often snuffed, chewed, or included as the habit of tobacco use as well as the dipped11. However, there are more than twenty- type of tobacco consumed may vary between the local eight different varieties of smokeless tobacco being residents and the expatriates23. consumed globally12, and in the MENA region it is known through different names such as: shammah, Exposure and outcome toombak, maras, nass and neffa13. Consumers, who Exposure comprised any form of smokeless tobacco are reportedly adult males14-16, place the orally used reported to be consumed, irrespective of the method smokeless tobacco either in their buccal mucosa, labial (chewing, dipping etc.) of consumption, duration mucosa or under the tongue, and then suck (dipped) of the habit, or frequency. The outcome was or chew it on a timely basis11. histopathologically confirmed cancer cases of the Smokeless tobacco is equally addictive as smoked oral cavity. Premalignant lesions and any other non- tobacco17-19, and its association with oral cancer confirmed oral lesions were not considered as only is demonstrated by systematic reviews from the a small percentage of them progress into malignant Asia Pacific region20, Europe, and North America21. cases on detection24,25. The PICO/PECO question However, there is no systematic review from the for this review was: ‘Is oral cancer (Outcome) more MENA region on this relationship. We postulate that common in smokeless tobacco users (Exposure) in the studies conducted in the MENA region provided comparison to non-users (Comparator) among the low quality evidence to support this relationship. residents of the MENA region (Participants)?’. Thus, the objectives of this study are: 1) examine if the evidence from the MENA region indicates Information sources and search strategy an association between oral cancer and smokeless Search for articles was carried out in October 2017 tobacco, and 2) evaluate the quality of evidence that and then updated at the end of June 2018 using Tob. Induc. Dis. 2019;17(July):56 https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/110259 2 Tobacco Induced Diseases Research Paper Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane for that particular item. The subjective assessment to databases. Multiple searches were performed using report on the quality of the published studies involved various combinations of keywords including the critical appraisal of articles by one author (MFAQ) and Medical Subject Heading terms (Table 1). Reference a subsequent cross-check by another author (SKT) lists of the included studies were also screened for using criteria proposed by Hermont et al.26. relevant articles. Quantitative assessment Study selection and data extraction Meta-analysis was conducted for the three case- Reviewers (SKT and MFAQ) independently control studies that assessed the association between performed article searches using search strings given shammah and oral cancer using Revman (Version in Table 1. No discrepancies in the list of articles were 5.3)27. Odds ratio was the summary estimate in all the detected after removing the duplicates. The
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tobacco Labelling -.:: GEOCITIES.Ws
    Council Directive 89/622/EC concerning the labelling of tobacco products, as amended TAR AND NICOTINE CONTENTS OF THE CIGARETTES SOLD ON THE EUROPEAN MARKET AUSTRIA Brand Tar Yield Nicotine Yield Mg. Mg. List 1 A3 14.0 0.8 A3 Filter 11.0 0.6 Belvedere 11.0 0.8 Camel Filters 14.0 1.1 Camel Filters 100 13.0 1.1 Camel Lights 8.0 0.7 Casablanca 6.0 0.6 Casablanca Ultra 2.0 0.2 Corso 4.0 0.4 Da Capo 9.0 0.4 Dames 9.0 0.6 Dames Filter Box 9.0 0.6 Ernte 23 13.0 0.8 Falk 5.0 0.4 Flirt 14.0 0.9 Flirt Filter 11.0 0.6 Golden Smart 12.0 0.8 HB 13.0 0.9 HB 100 14.0 1.0 Hobby 11.0 0.8 Hobby Box 11.0 0.8 Hobby Extra 11.0 0.8 Johnny Filter 11.0 0.9 Jonny 14.0 1.0 Kent 10.0 0.8 Kim 8.0 0.6 Kim Superlights 4.0 0.4 Lord Extra 8.0 0.6 Lucky Strike 13.0 1.0 Lucky Strike Lights 9.0 0.7 Marlboro 13.0 0.9 Marlboro 100 14.0 1.0 Marlboro Lights 7.0 0.6 Malboro Medium 9.0 0.7 Maverick 11.0 0.8 Memphis Classic 11.0 0.8 Memphis Blue 12.0 0.8 Memphis International 13.0 1.0 Memphis International 100 14.0 1.0 Memphis Lights 7.0 0.6 Memphis Lights 100 9.0 0.7 Memphis Medium 9.0 0.6 Memphis Menthol 7.0 0.5 Men 11.0 0.9 Men Light 5.0 0.5 Milde Sorte 8.0 0.5 Milde Sorte 1 1.0 0.1 Milde Sorte 100 9.0 0.5 Milde Sorte Super 6.0 0.3 Milde Sorte Ultra 4.0 0.4 Parisienne Mild 8.0 0.7 Parisienne Super 11.0 0.9 Peter Stuyvesant 12.0 0.8 Philip Morris Super Lights 4.0 0.4 Ronson 13.0 1.1 Smart Export 10.0 0.8 Treff 14.0 0.9 Trend 5.0 0.2 Trussardi Light 100 6.0 0.5 United E 12.0 0.9 Winston 13.0 0.9 York 9.0 0.7 List 2 Auslese de luxe 1.0 0.1 Benson & Hedges 12.0 1.0 Camel 15.0 1.0
    [Show full text]
  • Studie "Leben Und Gesundheit in Vorpommern" (SHIP1
    Studie "Leben und Gesundheit in Vorpommern" (SHIP1) Datenhandbuch - Variablen mit Wertebezeichnung Dieses Dokument beinhaltet die Variablen der Studie SHIP1, erhoben in den Jahren 2002 bis 2006 von 3300 Probanden. Die Variablen sind nach ihren Untersuchungsmodulen aufgelistet. Die linke Spalte enthält den Variablennamen, die mittlere das Label und die rechte die kategoriellen Wertelabel. Bitte beachten Sie, dass dies ein im Bearbeitungsprozess befindliches Dokument ist in dem Übersetzungen fehlen können. deutsch Version: 10.03.2021 Inhaltsverzeichnis Ablaufdaten 5 Allgemeine Ablaufdaten.........................................5 Berechnete Dauern und Wartezeiten..................................8 Wetterdaten................................................ 10 Persönliches Interview 12 Allgemeines................................................ 12 Operationale Daten persönliches Interview.............................. 12 Soziodemiographie und Beruf..................................... 12 Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Hilfe................................ 19 Blutdruck und Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen............................. 23 Angina pectoris.............................................. 24 Herzinfarkt................................................ 26 Schlaganfall................................................ 27 Herzmuskelschwäche.......................................... 27 Claudicatio (Schaufensterkrankheit).................................. 28 Unruhige Beine.............................................. 29 Diabetes.................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the 3Rd Conference of the International Society
    Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the International Society of Camelid Research and Development Sultan Qaboos University College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Royal Diwan The Research Council Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Sports and Fisheries Wealth Affairs Muscat Pharmacy Omani National Livestock Development Company S.O.A.C. Abu Ali Al-Madani Trading LLC Foreword On behalf of the Organizing and Scientific Committees, I am glad to present the Proceedings of the Third Conference of the International Society of Camelid Research and Development (3rd ISOCARD), which is being held in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman from the 29th of January to the 1st of February 2012. The Conference has attracted 200 participants from 39 countries. Over one hundred oral presentations will be given, and participants will have the opportunity to see approximately 85 poster presentations. We are sure that the selected topics will provide a wealth of information and many opportunities for discussions. The invited speakers’ papers will be published in a special issue of the Journal of Camelid Science. The theme for the 3rd ISOCARD Conference is “Challenges Facing Camelids in a Changing World”. It includes various sessions, namely: physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology, medicine, health and infectious diseases, immunology, reproduction, anatomy and surgery, pastoral systems, genetics and biotechnology, meat and products, milk and nutrition. The latest research findings by scientists from a broad range of camel research bodies around the world, including research, government agencies and industry are included in the proceedings. They reflect important advances pertaining to camelid health and production. We trust the proceedings will promote international communication in camelid science.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 0 0 Jahredeutscheindustri Egeschichte 1 9
    100 JAHRE DEUTSCHE INDUSTRIEGESCHICHTE 1910 – 2010 INHALT 4 12 Die Marken und Kampagnen Reemtsmas sind Im Interview reden Vorstandssprecher Richard einzigartig und treffen den Nerv der Zeit – Gretler und General Manager Deutschland einen Überblick der erfolgreichsten zeigen Titus Wouda Kuipers über den Reemtsma- wir hier. Geist, Erfolgsrezepte und Holzschuhe. 16 28 100 Jahre Erfolgsgeschichte auf dem deutschen Hinter jeder guten Idee steckt auch ein kluger Tabakmarkt – die prägendsten Ereignisse und Kopf. Die fünf wichtigsten Köpfe, die zur Entwicklungen eines erfolgreichen Familien- Erfolgsgeschichte Reemtsmas maßgeblich unternehmens. beigetragen haben, im Portrait. 1OO JAHRE REEMTSMA GRUSSWORT LIEBE LESERINNEN UND LESER, 100 Jahre Reemtsma in Deutschland sind ein Grund zurück- zublicken, um die Historie und Errungenschaften in der Unternehmens- und Markenfüh- rung Revue passieren zu lassen. Genau das soll in dieser Würdigung der Firmengeschichte geschehen. Reemtsma ist die Geschichte eines deutschen Traditionsunternehmens, das sich stets den Gegebenheiten einer veränderten und immer schneller agierenden Wirtschaft angepasst hat, ohne dabei seine hanseatischen Wurzeln zu vergessen. Was vor 100 Jahren als kleine Tabakmanufaktur in Erfurt begann und bis heute den deut- schen Tabakmarkt entscheidend geprägt hat, das ist eine industrielle Erfolgsgeschichte. Lesen Sie auf den folgenden Seiten ausführlich über die Geschichte Reemtsmas, über historische Werbekampagnen, von den frühen Machern und Gründern des Unternehmens und von vielen Zahlen,
    [Show full text]
  • The Passion of Max Von Oppenheim Archaeology and Intrigue in the Middle East from Wilhelm II to Hitler
    To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/163 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. Lionel Gossman is M. Taylor Pyne Professor of Romance Languages (Emeritus) at Princeton University. Most of his work has been on seventeenth and eighteenth-century French literature, nineteenth-century European cultural history, and the theory and practice of historiography. His publications include Men and Masks: A Study of Molière; Medievalism and the Ideologies of the Enlightenment: The World and Work of La Curne de Sainte- Palaye; French Society and Culture: Background for 18th Century Literature; Augustin Thierry and Liberal Historiography; The Empire Unpossess’d: An Essay on Gibbon’s “Decline and Fall”; Between History and Literature; Basel in the Age of Burckhardt: A Study in Unseasonable Ideas; The Making of a Romantic Icon: The Religious Context of Friedrich Overbeck’s “Italia und Germania”; Figuring History; and several edited volumes: The Charles Sanders Peirce Symposium on Semiotics and the Arts; Building a Profession: Autobiographical Perspectives on the Beginnings of Comparative Literature in the United States (with Mihai Spariosu); Geneva-Zurich-Basel: History, Culture, and National Identity, and Begegnungen mit Jacob Burckhardt (with Andreas Cesana). He is also the author of Brownshirt Princess: A Study of the ‘Nazi Conscience’, and the editor and translator of The End and the Beginning: The Book of My Life by Hermynia Zur Mühlen, both published by OBP.
    [Show full text]
  • Février 2020
    Bulletin fficiel Numéro 301 O FÉVRIER 2020 MINISTÈRE DE LA CULTURE Bulletin officiel Février 2020 Bulletin officiel 301 Directrice de la publication : Marie Villette Rédacteur en chef : Hugues Ghenassia-de Ferran Secrétaire de rédaction : Éric Rouard Contact : Véronique Van Temsche Ministère de la Culture Secrétariat général Service de la coordination des politiques culturelles et de l'innovation Mission de la politique documentaire 182, rue Saint-Honoré, 75033 Paris Cedex 1. Tél : 01 40 15 38 29 ISSN : 2556-0883 2 Bulletin officiel 301 SOMMAIRE Mesures de publication et de signalisation Administration générale Lignes directrices de gestion « mobilité » (janvier 2020). Page 7 Arrêté du 6 février 2020 portant nomination d’un haut fonctionnaire en charge du handicap Page 12 et de l’inclusion. Décision du 26 février 2020 modifiant la décision du 21 décembre 2018 fixant la composition Page 12 du comité technique d’administration centrale. Arrêté du 28 février 2020 portant désignation de la personne responsable de l’accès aux Page 12 documents administratifs et des questions relatives à la réutilisation des informations publiques. Centre national d’art et de culture Georges-Pompidou Décision du 25 février 2020 portant délégation de signature au Centre national d’art et de Page 13 culture-Georges-Pompidou. Création artistique - Administration générale Arrêté du 11 février 2020 désignant les experts pouvant être sollicités par les membres du jury Page 32 chargé de la sélection des pensionnaires de l’Académie de France à Rome pour l’année 2020. Arrêté du 11 février 2020 modifiant l’arrêté du 17 décembre 2019 nommant les membres Page 33 du jury chargé de la sélection des pensionnaires de l’Académie de France à Rome pour l’année 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • ILR Consolidated Table of Cases
    CONSOLIDATED TABLE OF CASES ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY VOLUMES 1—125 Notes : This table of cases lists as comprehensively as possible, in alphabetical order, all cases reproduced or reported in the Annual Digest /International Law Reports, entering cases under all common variants of their title. It should be noted that many cases appearing in the AD/ILR do not have a title as such in their original version (e.g. in jurisdictions where the practice is to use case numbers rather than titles). There are other circumstances (e.g. ICJ cases) where to include the full formal title (including the introductory ‘Case concerning’) would be misleading in an alphabetical table. Such cases are listed under the key element[s] (e.g. ‘Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955’ rather than ‘Case concerning ...’). The full formal titles are used, where they exist, in the table of cases by jurisdiction. ILR practice, in the presentation of cases and in the treatment of cases referred to and in the matter of cross-references, has varied considerably over the years. So far as practicable, the current table brings earlier tables into conformity with current practice. Page references in earlier tables have accordingly been deleted where they contained no more than a cross- reference or a direction to another part of the volume where treatment of the case could be found. Where, in the Annual Digest in particular, a long extract from a case has been included, this has been treated as a full report rather than a note – ‘long’, of course, being a variable concept. Current ILR practice is, wherever appropriate, to use English in case titles (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO State Expansion and Economic Integration: a Transnational History of Oriental Tobacco in Gree
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO State Expansion and Economic Integration: A Transnational History of Oriental Tobacco in Greece and Germany (1880-1941) A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Juan Carmona Zabala Committee in charge: Professor Thomas Gallant, Chair Professor Frank Biess Professor Jeffrey Haydu Professor Deborah Hertz Professor Hasan Kayalı 2018 © Juan Carmona Zabala, 2018 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Juan Carmona Zabala is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Chair University of California San Diego 2018 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page .............................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................... v Glossary of Terms ........................................................................................................ vii Note on Transliteration and Translation
    [Show full text]
  • Osmanen in Hamburg
    Stefan Rahner und Sandra Schürmann Die „deutsche Orientzigarette“ aus: Osmanen in Hamburg – eine Beziehungsgeschichte zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges, herausgegeben von Yavuz Köse, mit Beiträgen von Camilla Dawletschin-Linder, Malte Fuhrmann, Elke Hartmann, Yavuz Köse, Sabine Mangold-Will, Ulrich Moennig, Stefan Rahner, Sandra Schürmann, Tobias Völker. Hamburg 2016. S. 135 – 154 Hamburg University Press Verlag der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky Impressum Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über https://portal.dnb.de/ abrufbar. Die Online-Version dieser Publikation ist auf den Verlagswebseiten frei verfügbar (open access). Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek hat die Netzpublikation archiviert. Diese ist dauerhaft auf dem Archivserver der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek verfügbar. Frei verfügbar über die folgenden Webseiten: Hamburg University Press http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/purl/HamburgUP_Koese_Osmanen Archivserver der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek https://portal.dnb.de/ ISBN 978-3-943423-27-3 (Druckausgabe) © 2016 Hamburg University Press, Verlag der Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, Deutschland Produktion: Elbe-Werkstätten GmbH, Hamburg, Deutschland http://www.elbe-werkstaetten.de/ Covergestaltung: Philip Bartkowiak, Hamburg unter Verwendung der folgenden Abbildungen: • Hereke Teppich, ca. 1900 © Doris Leslie
    [Show full text]
  • De Block 2021-10-09
    Regal Havana Mignot & de Block 2021-10-09 Regal Havana Mignot & de Block Kolekcja: Opakowanie po papierosach cygarach Muzeum: Muzeum użytkownika Hajer Właściciel: Hajer Stan eksponatu: Dostateczny Opis: REGAL Havana MIGNOT & DE BLOCK EINDHOVEN Stara pusta metalowa puszka po cygarach najprawdopodobniej przedwojenna Wymiar 11 cm x 10 cm x 2 cm 1 Cygara MUNDI VICTOR Mignot & de Block 2021-10-09 Cygara MUNDI VICTOR Mignot & de Block Kolekcja: Opakowanie po papierosach cygarach Muzeum: Muzeum użytkownika Hajer Właściciel: Hajer Stan eksponatu: Dobry Opis: MUNDI VICTOR Mignot & de Block Stara pusta metalowa puszka po cygarach najprawdopodobniej przedwojenna Wymiar 18,5 cm x 11,5 cm x 2,5 cm Stan dobry 1 Senoussi Reemtsma 50 Cigarettes puszka 2021-10-09 Senoussi Reemtsma 50 Cigarettes puszka Kolekcja: Opakowanie po papierosach cygarach Muzeum: Muzeum użytkownika Hajer Właściciel: Hajer Stan eksponatu: Dostateczny Opis: 50 CIGARETEES SENOUSSI No 16 STRAW - TOPPED REEMTSMA MANUFAKTORIES OF ORIENTAL CIGARETTES Stara metalowa puszka po papierosach - 50 sztuk Wymiar 11,5 cm x 7 cm x 3,5 cm 1 The Balkan Sobranie Smoking Mixture - tytoń 2021-10-09 The Balkan Sobranie Smoking Mixture - tytoń Kolekcja: Opakowanie po papierosach cygarach Muzeum: Muzeum użytkownika Hajer Właściciel: Hajer Stan eksponatu: Dobry Opis: THE BALKAN SOBRANIE SMOKING MIXTURE MADE BY SOBRANIE LIMITED LONDON , ENGLAND Stara pusta metalowa puszka na tytoń Średnica 10,5 cm Stan dobry 1 ORENDI Tabak-u Cigaretten Fabrik Berlin 2021-10-09 ORENDI Tabak-u Cigaretten Fabrik Berlin
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Consular Offices in the United States
    United States Department of State Foreign Consular Offices in the United States Fall/Winter2005 STATE DEPARTMENT ADDRESSEE *IF YOU DO NOT WISH TO CONTINUE RECEIVING THIS PUBLICATION PLEASE WRITE CANCEL ON THE ADDRESS LABEL *IF WE ARE ADDRESSING YOU INCORRECTLY PLEASE INDICATE CORRECTIONS ON LABEL RETURN LABEL AND NAME OF PUBLICATION TO THE OFFICE OF PROTOCOL, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20520-1853 DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 11106 Revised January 6, 2006 ______________________________________________________________________________ For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 FOREIGN CONSULAR OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES, 2006 viii PREFACE This publication contains a complete and official listing of the foreign consular offices in the United States, and recognized consular officers. Compiled by the U.S. Department of State, with the full cooperation of the foreign missions in Washington, it is offered as a convenience to organizations and persons who must deal with consular representatives of foreign governments. It has been designed with particular attention to the requirements of government agencies, state tax officials, international trade organizations, chambers of commerce, and judicial authorities who have a continuing need for handy access to this type of information. Trade with other regions of the world has become an increasingly vital element in the economy of the United States. The machinery of this essential commerce is complicated by numerous restrictions, license requirements, quotas, and other measures adopted by the individual countries. Since the regulations affecting both trade and travel are the particular province of the consular service of the nations involved, reliable information as to entrance requirements, consignment of goods, details of transshipment, and, in many instances, suggestions as to consumer needs and preferences may be obtained at the foreign consular offices throughout the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • 10/5/74 - Diplomatic Corps” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 2, folder “10/5/74 - Diplomatic Corps” of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald R. Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Some items in this folder were not digitized because it contains copyrighted materials. Please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library for access to these materials. Digitized from Box 2 of the Sheila Weidenfeld Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library Revised: 10/4/74 4:00 p. m. THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON RECEPTION FOR THE MEMBERS OF THE DIPLOMATIC CORPS October 5, 1974 9:00p.m. from: Lucy Winchester attire: White Tie 9:00 p. m. As your 'guests arrive they will be escorted to the East Room and. take their places for the receiving line. Champagne will be served. 9:15 p. m. Color Guard will request permission to remove the Colors. Descend Grand Staircase preceded by Color Guard. Proceed to the red carpet facing the East Room and pause for Ruffles and Flourishes and announcement.
    [Show full text]