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UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA Morocco Environmental Performance Reviews UNITED NATIONS ECE/CEP/170 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE in cooperation with UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA Office for North Africa ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS MOROCCO UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2014 Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 38 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This volume is issued in English and French. ECE/CEP/170 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales E.14.II.E.5 ISBN 978-92-1-117074-0 e-ISBN 978-92-1-056517-2 ISSN 1020-4563 iii Foreword In 1993, Environmental Performance Reviews (EPRs) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) were initiated at the second Environment for Europe Ministerial Conference, in Lucerne, Switzerland. They were intended to cover the ECE member States that are not members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Subsequently, the ECE Committee on Environmental Policy decided to make them part of its regular programme. Since then, the Ministers affirmed their support for the EPR Programme, and decided in 2003 that the Programme should continue with a second cycle of reviews, and lately they formally endorsed the third cycle of reviews in 2011. Through the peer review process, EPRs also promote dialogue among ECE member States and the harmonization of environmental conditions and policies throughout the region. As a voluntary exercise, an EPR is undertaken only at the request of the country concerned. The studies are carried out by international teams of experts from the region working closely with national experts from the reviewed country. The teams also benefit from close cooperation with other organizations in the United Nations system, for instance the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), as well as with the European Environment Agency (EEA), World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations. In 2010, the Government of Morocco requested ECE to conduct an EPR of Morocco. Although Morocco is not part of the ECE region, the ECE Committee on Environmental Policy agreed to carry out the environmental performance review of this country. This is the first EPR conducted by ECE beyond its region. In this regard, ECE sought the cooperation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), which confirmed its willingness to cooperate in the implementation of the EPR process through its Sub-Regional Office for North Africa. This is the EPR of Morocco published by ECE. This EPR also covers 13 issues of importance to the country related to policymaking, planning and implementation, the financing of environmental policies and projects, and the integration of environmental concerns into economic sectors, in particular agriculture, energy, health, industry, biodiversity and protected areas, water and waste management. The Morocco review was notable as it is the first country outside the region to request an EPR from ECE, and the process was undertaken in cooperation with the ECA. I hope that this EPR will be useful in supporting policymakers and representatives of civil society in their efforts to improve environmental management and to further promote sustainable development in Morocco, and that the lessons learned from the peer review process will also benefit other countries of the ECE and ECA regions. Sven Alkalaj Executive Secretary Economic Commission for Europe v Preface The EPR of Morocco began in February 2012 with a preparatory mission. During this mission, the structure of the review report was discussed and the time schedule established. A review mission took place on 7-14 November 2012. The review team included experts from France, Portugal and Switzerland, together with experts from the ECE Secretariat and experts provided by ECA and UNEP. The draft EPR report was submitted to Morocco for comment and to the ECE Expert Group on Environmental Performance Reviews for consideration in July 2013. During its meeting on 11 and 12 September 2013, held in Rabat, Morocco, the Expert Group discussed the report in detail with representatives of the Government of Morocco, focusing in particular on the conclusions and recommendations made by the international experts. The EPR recommendations, with suggested amendments from the Expert Group, were then submitted for peer review to the nineteenth session of the ECE Committee on Environmental Policy on 24 October 2013. A delegation from Morocco participated in the peer review. The Committee adopted the recommendations as set out in this report. The Committee on Environmental Policy and the ECE review team would like to thank the Government of Morocco and its experts who worked with the international experts and contributed their knowledge and assistance. ECE wishes the Government of Morocco further success in carrying out the tasks involved in meeting its environmental objectives, including the implementation of the recommendations in this review. ECE would also like to express its appreciation to France, Portugal, Switzerland, ECA and UNEP for having delegated their experts for the review, and the UNDP for its support of the EPR Programme and this review. vi Team of experts for the EPR of Morocco, 2012 vii LIST OF TEAM MEMBERS Mr. Antoine Nunes ECE Team Leader Ms. Oksana Rott ECE Logistics coordinator Mr. Jyrki Hirvonen ECE Introduction Mr. George Georgiadis ECE Chapter 1 Mr. Valeriu Mosanu ECE consultant Chapter 2 Ms. Angela Sochirca ECE Chapter 3 Mr. Dieter Hesse ECE consultant Chapter 4 Mr. Yaroslav Bulych ECE Chapter 5 Ms. Catherine Masson ECE consultant Chapter 6 Mr. António Guerreiro de Brito Portugal Chapter 7 Mr. António Torres Portugal Ms. Christiane Wermeille Switzerland Chapter 8 Mr. Louis F. Cassar UNEP consultant Chapter 9 Ms. Elisabeth Conrad UNEP consultant Mr. Didier Louis France Chapter 10 Mr. Lukasz Wyrowski ECE Chapter 11 Ms. Nadia Bechraoui ECA consultant Chapter 12 Mr. Karim Laraki ECA consultant Chapter 13 Mr. Mohamed Abdel-Monem, Regional Office for Africa, UNEP, reviewed chapter 9 on biodiversity and protected areas. Mr. Mikhail Kokine, Chief of the Operational Activities and Review Section of the ECE Environment Division, undertook a full substantive review of this publication. Information cut-off date: 30 November 2013. ECE Information Unit Tel.: +41 (0)22 917 44 44 Palais des Nations Fax: +41 (0)22 917 05 05 CH-1211 Geneva 10 E-mail: [email protected] Switzerland Website: http://www.unece.org viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS National contributors Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment Ms. Hakima EL Haite Mr. Jamal Mahfoud Mr. Mohamed Nbou Mr. Mohammed Maktit Mr. Slimane Maliki Ms. Smahan Khouribache Mr. Baouan Lhou Mr. Jamal Abboud Ms. Houda Bilgha Ms. Bouchra Rhazali Ms. Aziza Bennani Ms. Amel El M’ssari Mr. Abdallah Ratal Ms. Latifa Lakfifi Ms. Saida Bourous Ms. Samira Azzaoui Mr. Hssain Adad Ms. Dalal Afa Ms. Fatima Agzar Ms. Amaziane Saloua Mr. Mohammed Banzahra Mr. Farah Bouqartacha Ms. Ouafae Bouchouata Mr. Hassan Bahhar Mr. Farid Djekmani Mr. El Hassane Doumi Mr. Mohammed Elbouch Mr. Ahmed Elbachiri Mr. Rachid Firadi Ms. Amina Halim Ms. Chakroun Hanane Mr. Abdelmjid Hatimi Mr. Lalami Khalid Ms. Amal Lemsioui Mr. Mohamed Medhi Ms. Wafaa Ouahbi Mr. Hafid El Oualja Ms. Amina Drissi Mr. Agir Abdelkader Mr. Hamid Rhiouani Mr. El Hachmi Tazarni Mr. Fouad Zyadi Mr. Brahim Zyani Mr. Abdelaziz Zine Mr. Hassan Ouahidi Ms. Maryem Azzaoui Ms. Fatima Sbaï Ms. Siham Laraichi Mr. Touria Jaouhar Mr. Mohamed Makhoukh Ms. Fatiha El Allam Mr. Abdelkader Ben Omar ix Mr. Abdeslam Ziyad Mr. Abdel Aziz El Houjjaji Ministry of Agriculture and Maritime Fisheries Mr. Belghiti M’Hamed Mr. Marghi Moha Mr. El Yacoubi Zakariae Ministry of Economics and Finance Mr. Said Addi Ms. Haddouchi Amal Ms. Elbakkaly Asmae Mr. Adil Hidane Mr. Bousselmame Hassan Ministry of Equipment and Transport Ms. Zahrea Ouacifi Mr. Hassan Taleb Ms. Nezha Tlemçani Mekaoui Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Ms. Boutaina Benmoussa Ms. Bouchra Ray Ms. Nadia Smaili Ministry of Industry, Trade and New Technologies Mr. Abderrahim Chakour Ms. Fatima Zohra Elkamraoui Ms. Bouchra Ihlal Mr. Yassine Rezzak Ministry of the Interior Ms. Anass Laraichi Ms. Fadwa Lamaalem Mr. Mohamed Rifki Mr. Moulay El Hassan Zoubir Idrissi Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs Mr. Mohamed Belekbir Ministry of Handicrafts Mr. Abdelkader Hssaini Mr. Khalid Rahel Mr. Mohamed Talha Naciri Ministry of Health Dr. Bouchareb Fouad Mr. Mustapha Kaddaf Mr. Mohamed Khallaf Mr. El Habib Omary Mr. Wahabi Rachid Mr. Bribri Rahlid Mr. Sebban Zakia Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Executive Training Mr. Abdelkader Hioui Ms. Ghizlan Kaichouh x Ministry of Housing, Town Planning and Urban Policy Mr. Abdelouahed Fikrat Mr. Jaouad Mouabid Ms. Latifa Nehnahi Ministry of National Education Mr. Abdelaziz Ankouri Ministry of Public Function and Modernization of the Administration Mr. Jamal Echiguer Ministry of Tourism Ms. Salma Chekkouri Ms. Ajemma Ghizlane Ms. Bellile Naoual High Commission for Planning Mr. Mustapha Abdeli Mr. Khalil Boussedra Ms. Houdi Khadija Mr. Mohammed Salimi High Commission for Water, Forestry and Desertification Control Mr. Abdennadi Abarkach Ms. Masbah Hajat Ms. Samira Ouhabi Mr. Mohammed Ribi Mr. Mohammed Sadik Mr. Abderrahim Derrou Mr. Rachid Rhafouri National Institute of Hygiene Mr. Fouad Mimouni National Institute of Urban Planning Mr. Noureddine Saber National Agency for the Development of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Mr. Abdelali Dakkina Mr. Said Mouline Mr. Abdelkrim Touzani National Directorate of Meteorology Ms.
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    Morocco’s Jobs Landscape Identifying Constraints to an Inclusive Labor Market Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Gordon Betcherman, Ayache Khellaf, and Vasco Molini INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOCUS Morocco’s Jobs Landscape Identifying Constraints to an Inclusive Labor Market GLADYS LOPEZ-ACEVEDO, GORDON BETCHERMAN, AYACHE KHELLAF, AND VASCO MOLINI © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 24 23 22 21 Books in this series are published to communicate the results of World Bank research, analysis, and operational experience with the least possible delay. The extent of language editing varies from book to book. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorse- ment or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute, imply, or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.