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Plný Text Práce Fakulta sociálních studií Masarykovy univerzity Katedra environmentálních studií Obor Environmentální studia Magisterská diplomová práce Může současný režim vládnutí v Arktidě zajistit udržitelnost arktických ekosystémů? Komparace mezinárodního režimu Antarktidy a Arktidy. Bc. Gabriela Benešová Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Petr Daněk, Ph.D. Brno 2018 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou diplomovou práci zpracovala samostatně, všechny citované zdroje v textu řádně označila a veškeré použité zdroje uvedla v seznamu literatury. Brno, duben 2018 …….. Bc. Gabriela Benešová Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat vedoucímu mé diplomové práce panu RNDr. Petru Daňkovi, Ph.D. za vstřícný přístup, cenné rady, konstruktivní a pohotové připomínky, které mi poskytl při zpracování této práce. Anotace Oba polární regiony prochází změnami a jednotlivé státy na tyto změny reagují. Předkládaná diplomová práce se zabývá tím, jakými změnami regiony prochází, jak se s těmito změnami státy vypořádávají a jak efektivní jejich snahy jsou. Pro teoretické uchopení problematiky je využita teorie mezinárodních environmen- tálních režimů. Cílem práce je zhodnotit limity této teorie. Hlavním cílem práce je komparativní metodou zhodnotit efektivitu mezinárodního environmentálního režimu v Arktidě a Antarktidě a případně navrhnout možné způsoby zefektivně- ní arktického režimu. Na základě porovnání se ukázalo, že mezinárodní envi- ronmentální režim v Arktidě lze považovat za efektivní, z hlediska záchrany ark- tických ekosystému je však režim neúčinný. Klíčová slova: Antarktida, Arktida, efektivita, ekosystémy, mezinárodní envi- ronmentální režim, mezinárodní právo, životní prostředí. Annotation Both polar regions are changing and countries are responding to these chang- es. The thesis explores what the main threats are, how states respond to them and how effective their efforts are. Based on a theoretical approach of the inter- national environmental regime theory, the thesis aims to consider limitations of the chosen theory. The main goal is to assess the effectiveness of international environmental regime in the Arctic and find by comparing it with the internation- al environmental regime in the Antarctic what could make it more effective. By comparing these regimes, the thesis concludes that the Arctic international envi- ronmental regime seems effective. However, it might be ineffective in terms of the Arctic ecosystem conservation. Keywords: Antarctic, Arctic, ecosystems, effectiveness, environment interna- tional environmental regime, international law. OBSAH SEZNAM ZKRATEK ................................................................................................................................. 8 ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................................. 10 1 LITERÁRNÍ REŠERŠE .................................................................................................................... 13 2 TEORETICKÝ RÁMEC ................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 TEORIE MEZINÁRODNÍCH ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍCH REŽIMŮ .......................................................................... 18 2.2 DEFINICE A VYMEZENÍ TEORIE MEZINÁRODNÍCH REŽIMŮ ........................................................................... 20 2.3 TEORETICKÉ PŘÍSTUPY K MEZINÁRODNÍM REŽIMŮM ................................................................................. 22 2.4 STRUKTURA A FORMOVÁNÍ MEZINÁRODNÍCH REŽIMŮ ............................................................................... 23 2.5 PROČ VYTVÁŘET MEZINÁRODNÍ REŽIMY? ............................................................................................... 27 2.6 EFEKTIVITA MEZINÁRODNÍCH REŽIMŮ ................................................................................................... 28 2.7 KRITICKÉ ZHODNOCENÍ ....................................................................................................................... 31 3 METODICKÝ RÁMEC ................................................................................................................... 34 4 ARKTICKÝ ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ REŽIM ........................................................................................ 38 4.1 ARKTICKÝ REGION A HROZBY PRO ARKTICKÉ EKOSYSTÉMY .......................................................................... 38 4.2 FORMOVÁNÍ AGENDY ........................................................................................................................ 43 4.3 VYJEDNÁVÁNÍ .................................................................................................................................. 44 4.4 OPERACIONALIZACE .......................................................................................................................... 46 4.5 MEZINÁRODNÍ SMLOUVY S REGIONÁLNÍ PŮSOBNOSTÍ .............................................................................. 48 4.6 MEZINÁRODNÍ SMLOUVY S CELOSVĚTOVOU PŮSOBNOSTÍ .......................................................................... 50 4.7 STRATEGIE SMLUVNÍCH STRAN ............................................................................................................. 56 4.8 SHRNUTÍ POZNATKŮ O REŽIMU ............................................................................................................ 58 5 ANTARKTICKÝ ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ REŽIM ................................................................................. 62 5.1 VÝVOJ ANTARKTICKÉHO REŽIMU .......................................................................................................... 63 5.2 SMLOUVA O ANTARKTIDĚ ................................................................................................................... 64 5.3 SMLUVNÍ ANTARKTICKÝ SYSTÉM A MEZINÁRODNÍ SMLOUVY APLIKOVATELNÉ NA ANTARKTICKOU OBLAST ............ 65 5.4 ORGÁNY ANTARKTICKÉHO SMLUVNÍHO SYSTÉMU .................................................................................... 68 5.5 SHRNUTÍ POZNATKŮ O REŽIMU ............................................................................................................ 69 6 KOMPARACE .............................................................................................................................. 72 6.1 ZHODNOCENÍ VÝSLEDKŮ KOMPARACE ................................................................................................... 77 7 HODNOCENÍ EFEKTIVITY REŽIMŮ ............................................................................................... 79 ZÁVĚR .................................................................................................................................................. 82 JMENNÝ INDEX .................................................................................................................................... 85 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY ............................................................................................................ 86 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH .................................................................................................................................. 97 PŘÍLOHY .............................................................................................................................................. 98 7 Seznam zkratek AC – Arktická rada, Arctic council ACAP – Akční plán pro znečištění v Arktidě, Arctic Contaminants Action Pro- gram AEPS – Strategie ochrany životního prostředí Arktidy, Arctic Environmental Pro- tection Strategy AEWA – Dohoda o ochraně africko-euroasijských stěhovavých vodních ptáků, The African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement AMAP – Arktický monitorovací a hodnotící program, Arctic Monitoring and As- sessment Programme CAFF – Ochrana arktických živočichů a rostlin, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CCAMLR – Komise pro zachování živých mořských zdrojů, Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CCAMLR – Úmluva o zachování antarktických mořských živých zdrojů, Con- vention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Recources CITES – Úmluva o mezinárodním obchodu s ohroženými druhy volně žijících živočichů a rostlin, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMS – Úmluva o ochraně stěhovavých druhů volně žijících živočichů, Conven- tion on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals CRAMRA – Úmluva o regulaci činností týkajících se antarktických nerostných zdrojů, Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities DDT– Dichlordifenyltrichlorethan, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane EEZ – Exkluzivní ekonomická zóna, Exclusive Economic Zone EIA – Posuzování vlivu na životní prostředí, Environmental Impact Assessment EPPR – Prevence, připravenost a reakce na nouzové situace, Emergency Pre- vention Preparedness and Response HBC – Hexachlorbenzen, Hexachlorobenzene IMO – Mezinárodní námořní organizace, International Marine Organisation 8 IPCC – Mezivládní panel pro změnu klimatu, Intergovernmental Panel on Cli- mate Change LRTAP – Úmluva o dálkovém znečišťování ovzduší přesahujícím hranice států, Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution PAME – Ochrana mořského životního prostředí v Arktidě, Protection of the Arc- tic Marine Environment PCB – Polychlorované bifenyly, Polychlorinated biphenyl POPs – Perzistentní organické látky, Persistent Organic Pollutants SDWG – Pracovní skupina pro udržitelný rozvoj, Sustainable
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