DOCSLIB.ORG

The Arctic Game

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Arctic Game University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2012 The Arctic Game Sarah E. Nuernberger University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Climate Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Nuernberger, Sarah E., "The Arctic Game" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 894. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/894 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. THE ARCTIC GAME __________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts __________ by Sarah E. Nuernberger June 2012 Advisor: Dr. Dale Rothman ©Copyright by Sarah E. Nuernberger 2012 All Rights Reserved Author: Sarah E. Nuernberger Title: THE ARCTIC GAME Advisor: Dr. Dale Rothman Degree Date: June 2012 Abstract Since outsiders first visited the Arctic, they have believed in man’s ability to conquer the region. Today’s Arctic conquest is not one of heroic exploration, but rather one of ownership and exploitation. This paper illustrates contestation in the Arctic through the metaphor of a game, with attendant prizes, players, and rules. It focuses on how to prevent the future destruction of the Arctic given the interactions of the Arctic’s landscape, prizes, players, and current management frameworks. In the wake of renewed resource exploitation and escalating climate change impacts, the current frameworks and mindsets are inadequate to support the precarious balance of cooperation and competition in the region. The presence of an indigenous population is a defining characteristic of the Arctic landscape, requiring a change from traditional policy methods as an appropriate management tool. Turning toward leadership from northern indigenous populations and following the example of cooperation initiated by the natural science community may be the best way forward to prevent a dystopian future for the Arctic. ii Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Chapter Two: History ......................................................................................................... 4 History Before There Was History ......................................................................... 4 Early Exploration .................................................................................................... 5 The Hunt for the Northwest Passage and Northern Sea Route ............................... 8 The Race to the North Pole ................................................................................... 11 Cold War Strategy................................................................................................. 14 Modern Day .......................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Three: Landscape of the Game............................................................................ 18 Rapid and Accelerating Change ............................................................................ 21 Local Impacts ........................................................................................................ 24 Global Impacts ...................................................................................................... 25 Chapter Four: Prizes of the Game ..................................................................................... 27 Living Marine Resources ...................................................................................... 27 Minerals ................................................................................................................ 29 Oil and Natural Gas .............................................................................................. 33 Shipping Routes .................................................................................................... 35 Tourism ................................................................................................................. 37 Chapter Five: Players of the Game I – State Actors ......................................................... 40 Security ................................................................................................................. 40 Arctic States .......................................................................................................... 41 Russia. ....................................................................................................... 41 United States. ............................................................................................ 44 Canada....................................................................................................... 46 Denmark. ................................................................................................... 48 Norway. ..................................................................................................... 49 Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. .................................................................. 52 The European Union ............................................................................................. 53 Other States ........................................................................................................... 54 Chapter Six: Players of the Game II – Non-State Actors ................................................. 57 Indigenous People’s Groups ................................................................................. 58 National Policy toward the Indigenous and Increased Autonomy ........................ 59 Greenland. ................................................................................................. 59 Canada....................................................................................................... 61 United States. ............................................................................................ 64 Russia. ....................................................................................................... 64 Scandinavia. .............................................................................................. 65 iii Chapter Seven: Current Rules of the Game ...................................................................... 67 Sovereignty of Marine Areas and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ................................................................................................................... 68 Disputes over Land Areas ..................................................................................... 75 Arctic Cooperation ................................................................................................ 75 Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS)................................... 76 Arctic Council. .......................................................................................... 77 A Role for Science - The International Polar Year ............................................... 82 Chapter Eight: The Rules Going Forward ........................................................................ 86 The Antarctic Treaty System – A Flawed Model for the Arctic ........................... 86 Antarctic Treaty Membership and Exclusivity. ........................................ 90 Mineral Resources. ................................................................................... 93 Arctic Treaty Opposition and the Ilulissat Declaration. ........................... 95 Alternatives ........................................................................................................... 96 Chapter Nine: Conclusion ............................................................................................... 101 References ....................................................................................................................... 104 iv Chapter One: Introduction The stories of Arctic exploration are dark, full of failure and defeat. With its subzero temperatures and brutal winds, the Arctic challenged even the toughest, most experienced explorers. At the same time, the Arctic is a place of incomparable beauty. In the summer months, the sun does not set, reflecting off the pristine white ice cap as far as the eye can see. In the winter, when the sun does not rise, the aurora borealis dances across the dark sky. This intriguing, yet injurious, environment brings its own idiosyncrasies. For centuries, indigenous survival techniques have prevailed over the influx of modern technologies. Long-distance travel via dogsled is preferred to snowmobile and reindeer skin parkas over synthetic fabrics for warmth. But, two intertwined forces are challenging this stability. Global climate change and technological advances have altered the landscape, leading to the growth of natural resource development. This increased activity brings a time of growing competition in the Arctic, pitting the interests of humans against the environment, countries against each other, and indigenous populations against national governments. These pressures are breaking down the Arctic’s natural defense system,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Second Norwegian Polar Expedition in the “Fram,” 1898–1902
    Scottish Geographical Magazine ISSN: 0036-9225 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsgj19 The second Norwegian Polar expedition in the “Fram,” 1898–1902 Captain Otto Sverdrup To cite this article: Captain Otto Sverdrup (1903) The second Norwegian Polar expedition in the “Fram,” 1898–1902, Scottish Geographical Magazine, 19:7, 337-353, DOI: 10.1080/14702540308554276 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702540308554276 Published online: 30 Jan 2008. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 6 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rsgj19 Download by: [University of Sydney Library] Date: 07 June 2016, At: 04:10 THE SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL MAGAZINE. THE SECOND NORWEGIAN POLAR EXPEDITION IN THE "FRAM," 1898-19022 By Captain OTTO SVERDRUP. UPON learning that Messrs. Axel Heiberg and Ringnes Brothers were willing to defray the costs of a Polar expedition under my guidance and direction, I petitioned the Norwegian Government to lend me the Arctic vessel Fram. The Government at once placed her at my service, while the Storthing generously granted 26,000 kroner (2 £1445)for the renovation of the ship and the construction of a new saloon forward, two working-cabins, and six berths for the officers and scientific staff. The Fram was a first-rate boat before these alterations were made. Prof. Nansen had asked Mr. Collin Archer to make her strong, and strong she unquestionably was. But now she was better than ever; and though she was not so severely tried on the second occasion as she was on the first, still she did not escape without two or three pretty severe tussles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh-Day Adventist Church from the 1840S to 1889" (2010)
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2010 The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh- day Adventist Church from the 1840s to 1889 Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik Snorrason Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Christianity Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Snorrason, Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik, "The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh-day Adventist Church from the 1840s to 1889" (2010). Dissertations. 144. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/144 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. ABSTRACT THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, AND HISTORY OF THE NORWEGIAN SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH FROM THE 1840s TO 1887 by Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik Snorrason Adviser: Jerry Moon ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, AND HISTORY OF THE NORWEGIAN SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH FROM THE 1840s TO 1887 Name of researcher: Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik Snorrason Name and degree of faculty adviser: Jerry Moon, Ph.D. Date completed: July 2010 This dissertation reconstructs chronologically the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Norway from the Haugian Pietist revival in the early 1800s to the establishment of the first Seventh-day Adventist Conference in Norway in 1887.
    [Show full text]
  • Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis
    MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Legal and Political Aspects of the Beaufort Sea Maritime Boundary Dispute between The United States of America and Canada“ verfasst von / submitted by Mykhaylo Palahitskyy, BA BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2016 / Vienna 2016 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 805 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Globalgeschichte und Global Studies degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Friedrich Edelmayer, MAS Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor Professor Dr. Friedrich Edelmayer for guiding and supporting me over the years. Special thanks go to my parents, friends and fellow graduate students who constantly encouraged and motivated me. 2 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 7 2. THE LAW OF THE SEA ................................................................................................ 10 2.1. Division of the Ocean ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2. USA and UNCLOS .......................................................................................................... 16 3. NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE BEAUFORT SEA ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Frost Damage in Concrete - Experimental Studies of Destruction Mechanisms
    Internal frost damage in concrete - experimental studies of destruction mechanisms Fridh, Katja 2005 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Fridh, K. (2005). Internal frost damage in concrete - experimental studies of destruction mechanisms. Division of Building Materials, LTH, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 LUND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LUND UNIVERSITY Division of Building Materials INTERNAL FROST DAMAGE IN CONCRETE Experimental studies of destruction mechanisms Katja Fridh Report TVBM-1023 Doctoral thesis Lund 2005 ISRN LUTVDG/TVBM--05/1023--SE(1-276) ISSN 0348-7911 TVBM ISBN 91-628-6558-7 Lund Institute of Technology Telephone: 46-46-2227415 Division of Building Materials Telefax: 46-46-2224427 Box 118 www.byggnadsmaterial.lth.se SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Preface The work presented here was carried out at the Division of Building Materials at the Lund Institute of Technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenland Explorer
    GREENLAND EXPLORER Valleys and Fjords EXPEDITION IN BRIEF The Trip Overview Meet locals along the west coast of Greenland and experience traditional Inuit settlements Visit the Ilulissat Icefjord, a UNESCO World Heritage Site The west coast of Greenland is Europe’s final frontier, and sailing along it is Explore historic places from Norse the best way to sample its captivating history, enthralling wildlife and distinct and Viking eras culture. Explore places from the Norse and Viking eras, experience the Spot arctic wildlife, such as whales, birds and seals Ilulissat Icefjord—a UNESCO World Heritage Site— and visit two Greenland Cruise in a Zodiac to get up close to communities, encountering an ancient culture surviving in a modern world. glaciers, fjords, icebergs and more For trip inquiries, speak to our Polar Travel Advisers at 1. 844.205.0837 | Visit QuarkExpeditions.com for more details or get a free quote here. and geography of Greenland, your next Itinerary stop. Join expedition staff on deck and on the bridge as they look out for whales and seabirds, get to know your fellow Ban Bay GREENLAND DAY 1 | ARRIVE IN guests or simply take in the natural REYKJAVIK, ICELAND ARCTIC beauty that surrounds you. CIRCLE Arrive in the Icelandic capital in the Eqip Sermia Ilulissat morning and make your way to your DAY 4 | EAST GREENLAND Sisimiut Kangerlussuaq Experience a true arctic ghost town Itilleq included hotel. You will have the day Scoresby Sund to explore the city on your own. In when we visit the abandoned settlement Nuuk of Skjoldungen, where inhabitants the evening, join us at your hotel for a Skjoldungen Denmark Strait welcome briefing.
    [Show full text]
  • German Exploration of the Polar World: a History, 1870–1940, by David T. Murphy
    394 • REVIEWS the derived surnames are Scandinavian. Following each VARJOLA, P. 1990. The Etholén Collection: The ethnographic of these three divisions is a long list of names. In Madsen’s Alaskan collection of Adolf Etholén and his contemporaries in home, the women spoke English and Russian, and the men the National Museum of Finland. Helsinki: National Board of spoke English, various European languages, and some- Antiquities. times multiple Native languages, raising questions (espe- cially when combined with essays by Jeff Leer and Lydia Karen Wood Workman Black) about multilingualism in the past. In what situa- 3310 East 41st Avenue tions were which language(s) used, and by whom? Multi- Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A. ple language use is a foreign concept to many Americans, 99508 and perhaps we pay too little attention to its possibilities. So many people are involved in this volume that no one person using it could know all of them. One deficit is that GERMAN EXPLORATION OF THE POLAR WORLD: the essays have only self-identification of the authors. A HISTORY, 1870–1940. By DAVID T. MURPHY. Lin- This is also and more expectably the case of the nine coln, Nebraska, and London: University of Nebraska Alutiiq Elders in the final chapter, although there is a Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8032-3205-5. xii + 273 p., maps, listing of Alutiiq Elders, their places of birth and present b&w illus., notes, bib., index. Hardbound. US$49.95; residences (xi–xii), and the three editors are given very UK£37.95. brief biographical sketches (p. 265). A list of contributors would have been helpful.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Marine Aviation Transportation
    SARA FRENCh, WAlTER AND DuNCAN GORDON FOundation Response CapacityandSustainableDevelopment Arctic Transportation Infrastructure: Transportation Arctic 3-6 December 2012 | Reykjavik, Iceland 3-6 December2012|Reykjavik, Prepared for the Sustainable Development Working Group Prepared fortheSustainableDevelopment Working By InstituteoftheNorth,Anchorage, Alaska,USA PROCEEDINGS: 20 Decem B er 2012 ICElANDIC coast GuARD INSTITuTE OF ThE NORTh INSTITuTE OF ThE NORTh SARA FRENCh, WAlTER AND DuNCAN GORDON FOundation Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgments ......................................................................... 6 Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................... 7 Executive Summary ....................................................................... 8 Chapters—Workshop Proceedings................................................. 10 1. Current infrastructure and response 2. Current and future activity 3. Infrastructure and investment 4. Infrastructure and sustainable development 5. Conclusions: What’s next? Appendices ................................................................................ 21 A. Arctic vignettes—innovative best practices B. Case studies—showcasing Arctic infrastructure C. Workshop materials 1) Workshop agenda 2) Workshop participants 3) Project-related terminology 4) List of data points and definitions 5) List of Arctic marine and aviation infrastructure AlASkA DepartmENT OF ENvIRONmental
    [Show full text]
  • The Greenlander of Today 5
    Top-Sukkertoppen, a west Greenland settlement, is located on rocky terrain. It is the centre of a valuablesealing and cod-salting industry. Bottom-Godthaab, capital of Greenland, was founded by the Danish missionary Hans Egede in 1721. This view shows the older part of the town including the hospital to the left. .. THE GREENLANDER OFTODAY* By Eske Brun. The Greenland Administration, Copenhagen, Denmark. SHOULD like to begin by saying something about the first and most I serious error generally made about Greenland, and the one which is, I think, the most difficult to eradicate: It is popularly believed that it is cold in Greenland, so cold that wherever and whenever you are there you are frozen stiff, and that there is nothing there but ice and snow. This idea of Greenland as an enormous lump of ice is largely due to the ice-cap. Five-sixths of Greenland’s two million square kilometers are covered by this ice-cap. There is so much ice there that, if it melted, the oceans and seasall over theworld would rise eight meters. The existence of the ice-cap is not due to any excessive cold in Greenland, but mainly to the considerable height of the country, the average height of the surface of the ice-cap being about 2000 meters, and to the heavy snowfall. Paradoxical as it may seem ,the ice-cap is thicker in southern Greenland than in northern Greenland, because the snowfall is heavier in the south. The largest continuous tracts of land not covered with ice are to be found in Peg-yland on the northern coast of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zoology of East Greenland
    /V ^^^tAx^^T^' MEDDELELSER OM GR0NLAND UDGIVNE AF ^ KOMMISSIONEN FOR VIDENSKABELIGE UNDERS0GELSERIGR0NLAND BD. 126 • NR. 6 THE ZOOLOGY OF EAST GREENLAND Edited by M. Degerbel, Ad. S. Jensen, R. Sparck and G. Thorson, Dr. phil. Professor, Dr. phil. Professor, Dr. phil. Dr. phil. in Cooperation with the Editorial Committee of »MeddeleIser om GronIand«. DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS BY P. E. HEEGAARD WITH 27 FIGURES IN THE TEXT 't! % K0BENHAVN C. A. REITZELS FORLAG BIANCO LUNOS BOGTRYKKKRI A/S 1941 Pris: Kr. 3.50. MEDDELELSER OM GR0NLAND UDGIVNE AF KOMMISSIONEN FOR VIDENSKABELIGE UNDERS0GELSER I GR0NLAND BD. 121 • NR. 6 THE ZOOLOGY OF EAST GREENLAND DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS BY P. E. HEEGAARD WITH 27 FIGURES IN THE TEXT K0BENHAVN C. A. REITZELS FORLAG BIANCO LUNOS BOGTRYKKERI A/S 1941 CONTENTS Pa Re Introduction 5 Brachyura Hyas coaretains Anornura Lithode.s- maja — grimaldii Paralomis spectabilis — bouvicri '5 Eupagurus pubescens !*"> Munida lenuimana. Galacanta roslrata Munidopsis eurriroslra 1 — si His Macrura 20 Polycheles nanus Sclerocra.ngon jero.t: 20 — borcas 24 Neetocrangon lar 28 Sabinea, hystri.r sepleincannala 31 Pont o phi I us norvegieus 34 Glyphocrangon sculptus Spirontocaris gainiardu — spin us 39 — lilijeborgii 42 — turgida 42 — polar is 45 groenlandiea 47 Bythocaris payeri 50 — leucopis °2 — simplicirostris 53 Pandalus boreahs 54 — propinquus 5(> Pasiphae tarda. 57 Hymenodora glacial is 58 Amalopeneus elegans 59 Sergestes arclicus "0 General remarks Literature INTRODUCTION The present paper comprises an account of the Crustacean Decapods so far found off the coast of East Greenland. Tt is primarily based on collections made by Danish Expeditions during the last few years, amongst which can be mentioned: ,,Treaarsexpeditionen til Christian d.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenland's Project Independence
    NO. 10 JANUARY 2021 Introduction Greenland’s Project Independence Ambitions and Prospects after 300 Years with the Kingdom of Denmark Michael Paul An important anniversary is coming up in the Kingdom of Denmark: 12 May 2021 marks exactly three hundred years since the Protestant preacher Hans Egede set sail, with the blessing of the Danish monarch, to missionise the island of Greenland. For some Greenlanders that date symbolises the end of their autonomy: not a date to celebrate but an occasion to declare independence from Denmark, after becoming an autonomous territory in 2009. Just as controversial as Egede’s statue in the capital Nuuk was US President Donald Trump’s offer to purchase the island from Denmark. His arrogance angered Greenlanders, but also unsettled them by exposing the shaky foundations of their independence ambitions. In the absence of governmental and economic preconditions, leaving the Realm of the Danish Crown would appear to be a decidedly long-term option. But an ambitious new prime minister in Nuuk could boost the independence process in 2021. Only one political current in Greenland, tice to finances. “In the Law on Self-Govern- the populist Partii Naleraq of former Prime ment the Danes granted us the right to take Minister Hans Enoksen, would like to over thirty-two sovereign responsibilities. declare independence imminently – on And in ten years we have taken on just one National Day (21 June) 2021, the anniver- of them, oversight over resources.” Many sary of the granting of self-government people just like to talk about independence, within Denmark in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • An Experimental Study of Ice-Bed Separation During Glacial Sliding Benjamin Brett Etp Ersen Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 An experimental study of ice-bed separation during glacial sliding Benjamin Brett etP ersen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons, and the Geophysics and Seismology Commons Recommended Citation Petersen, Benjamin Brett, "An experimental study of ice-bed separation during glacial sliding" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12701. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12701 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An experimental study of ice-bed separation during glacial sliding by Benjamin Brett Petersen A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Geology Program of Study Committee: Neal R. Iverson, Major Professor Igor Beresnev Carl E. Jacobson Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Benjamin Brett Petersen, 2012. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABSTRACT iv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Ice-bed separation 1 1.2 Sliding models 2 1.3 Hydrology models 5 1.4 Quarrying 8 1.5 Experimental studies of cavitation 9 1.6 Motivation and objectives 10 CHAPTER 2. METHODS 12 2.1 The ring-shear device 12 2.2 Procedure 19 2.3 Data processing 25 CHAPTER 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Confluence Zone Between Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets Along the Rocky Mountain Foothills, Southwest Alberta
    This is a repository copy of Reconstructing the confluence zone between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets along the Rocky Mountain Foothills, southwest Alberta. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105138/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Utting, D., Atkinson, N., Pawley, S. et al. (1 more author) (2016) Reconstructing the confluence zone between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets along the Rocky Mountain Foothills, southwest Alberta. Journal of Quaternary Science, 31 (7). pp. 769-787. ISSN 0267-8179 https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2903 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reconstructing the confluence zone between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets along the Rocky Mountain Foothills, south-west Alberta Daniel J. Utting1, Nigel Atkinson1, Steven Pawley1, Stephen J.
    [Show full text]