DOCSLIB.ORG

Greenland and Iceland Lance Boxer Itinerary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Greenland and Iceland Lance Boxer Itinerary GREENLAND AND ICELAND LANCE BOXER ITINERARY Day 1 - Sunday, July 20: Quebec City Schefferville (510 NM) Iqaluit, Canada (540 NM) Fly to Iqaluit (previously named Frobisher Bay) situated on the south coast of Baffin Island at the head of Frobisher Bay. There will be an optional technical stop in Schefferville. Upon arrival, transfer to the Frobisher Inn. Hotel: Frobisher Inn Day 2 - Monday, July 21: Iqaluit Ilulissat, Greenland (530 NM) Today you will fly to Ilulissat. Upon arrival, clear customs and transfer to the Hotel Arctic. Located about 150 miles north of the Arctic Circle, Ilulissat is the most accessible place to see both massive icebergs and the polar icecap. The town has a beautiful location at the mouth of the 35 mile long ice fjord that is filled with enormous icebergs from the most productive glacier in the northern hemisphere, Sermeq Kujalleq. The Ice Fjord surrounds Ilulissat with gigantic formations of icebergs, calving glaciers, and isolated settlements. It offers breathtaking Arctic experiences all year round. Experience the Midnight Sun illuminating the ice until late into the night, Hotel: Hotel Arctic Breakfast included Day 3 - Tuesday, July 22: Ilulissat Today we will enjoy a Glacier & Iceberg Cruise sailing past a fascinating variety of floes and icebergs. On a clear day, the landscape is truly surreal. Hundreds of icebergs surround Ilulissat. They vary in shape from flat- topped hunks to jagged mountain peaks and in size from small doghouses to mega-cruise ships and larger. And that's just the part above the surface! The Ice Fjord, which is close to Hotel Arctic, was included on UNESCO's World Heritage List at the 28th of The World Heritage Committee in the summer of 2004. The Ice Fjord contains one of the biggest and most active glaciers in the world. Its 3,000 square kilometre area advances at a rate of 20 metres per day. The glacier "calves" about 10 % of the inland ice that is pressed out into the sea from Greenland and there is nothing in the whole world that resembles it. Hotel: Hotel Arctic Breakfast included Air Journey LLC Tel. (561) 841-1551 Jupiter, FL 33458 www.airjourney.com Page 1 of 3 Day 4 - Wednesday, July 23: Ilulissat Nuuk, Greenland (305 NM) Fly to Nuuk. Upon arrival, transfer to the Hotel Hans Egede. Hotel: Hotel Hans Egede Breakfast included Day 5 - Thursday, July 24: Nuuk Today is at leisure to explore on your own. Nuuk has a large and impressive fjord system - the second largest in the world. It is a great place for whale safaris with three main species of whale in the fjords - humpback, minke and fin. Whales are a guaranteed sight from May to November. On rare occasions blue whales and killer whales have been spotted. Nuuk's giant fjord system has great possibilities for boating - take a trip to the ruins at Sandnes and discover Norse culture or sail to the settlement at Kapisillit (nearby to the inland ice cap) for a good insight into settlement life. Hotel: Hotel Hans Egede Breakfast included Day 6 - Friday, July 25: Nuuk Reykjavik, Iceland (775 NM) Fly to Reykjavik. Upon arrival, transfer to the Hotel Borg where you will enjoy luxury accommodations in the very center of Reykjavik. The Hotel Borg overlooks the beautiful square of Austurvöllur, and is situated across from Althingi, the Icelandic parliament and the cathedral. Hotel: Hotel Borg Breakfast included Day 7 - Saturday, July 26: Reykjavik Enjoy a full day of sightseeing with a visit to the famous Geysir hot spring area with numerous hot springs and geysers - one of them erupts every few minutes; take a look at the magnificent waterfall Gullfoss; visit the volcanic crater Kerid and the greenhouse village Hveragerdi; drive across Gjabakkavegur Pass to the Thingvellir National Park, a unique place of beauty, with its interesting geology and history; then cross Mosfellsheidi Heath to Reykjavik; visit the Blue Lagoon. It is certainly a great experience that is not to be missed. You will see volcanic craters, geysers, waterfalls and the national park Thingvellir, which is Iceland’s national treasure and one of its most beautiful spots. Hotel: Hotel Borg Breakfast included Day 8 - Sunday, July 27: Reykjavik Today is at leisure to relax or explore on your own. Hotel: Hotel Borg Breakfast included Air Journey LLC Tel. (561) 841-1551 Jupiter, FL 33458 www.airjourney.com Page 2 of 3 Day 9 - Monday, July 28: Reykjavik Narsarsuaq, Greenland (670 NM) Goose Bay, Canada (675 NM) Fly to Goose Bay in Canada. There will be a technical stop in Narsarsuaq. Hotel: Hotel North Breakfast included Day 10 - Tuesday, July 29: Goose Bay Bangor, ME (610 NM) After breakfast, transfer back to the airport and fly home. There will be a technical stop in Bangor, ME to clear US customs. Breakfast included Air Journey LLC Tel. (561) 841-1551 Jupiter, FL 33458 www.airjourney.com Page 3 of 3 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh-Day Adventist Church from the 1840S to 1889" (2010)
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2010 The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh- day Adventist Church from the 1840s to 1889 Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik Snorrason Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Christianity Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Snorrason, Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik, "The Origin, Development, and History of the Norwegian Seventh-day Adventist Church from the 1840s to 1889" (2010). Dissertations. 144. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/144 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. ABSTRACT THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, AND HISTORY OF THE NORWEGIAN SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH FROM THE 1840s TO 1887 by Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik Snorrason Adviser: Jerry Moon ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: THE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT, AND HISTORY OF THE NORWEGIAN SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH FROM THE 1840s TO 1887 Name of researcher: Bjorgvin Martin Hjelvik Snorrason Name and degree of faculty adviser: Jerry Moon, Ph.D. Date completed: July 2010 This dissertation reconstructs chronologically the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Norway from the Haugian Pietist revival in the early 1800s to the establishment of the first Seventh-day Adventist Conference in Norway in 1887.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenland Explorer
    GREENLAND EXPLORER Valleys and Fjords EXPEDITION IN BRIEF The Trip Overview Meet locals along the west coast of Greenland and experience traditional Inuit settlements Visit the Ilulissat Icefjord, a UNESCO World Heritage Site The west coast of Greenland is Europe’s final frontier, and sailing along it is Explore historic places from Norse the best way to sample its captivating history, enthralling wildlife and distinct and Viking eras culture. Explore places from the Norse and Viking eras, experience the Spot arctic wildlife, such as whales, birds and seals Ilulissat Icefjord—a UNESCO World Heritage Site— and visit two Greenland Cruise in a Zodiac to get up close to communities, encountering an ancient culture surviving in a modern world. glaciers, fjords, icebergs and more For trip inquiries, speak to our Polar Travel Advisers at 1. 844.205.0837 | Visit QuarkExpeditions.com for more details or get a free quote here. and geography of Greenland, your next Itinerary stop. Join expedition staff on deck and on the bridge as they look out for whales and seabirds, get to know your fellow Ban Bay GREENLAND DAY 1 | ARRIVE IN guests or simply take in the natural REYKJAVIK, ICELAND ARCTIC beauty that surrounds you. CIRCLE Arrive in the Icelandic capital in the Eqip Sermia Ilulissat morning and make your way to your DAY 4 | EAST GREENLAND Sisimiut Kangerlussuaq Experience a true arctic ghost town Itilleq included hotel. You will have the day Scoresby Sund to explore the city on your own. In when we visit the abandoned settlement Nuuk of Skjoldungen, where inhabitants the evening, join us at your hotel for a Skjoldungen Denmark Strait welcome briefing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greenlander of Today 5
    Top-Sukkertoppen, a west Greenland settlement, is located on rocky terrain. It is the centre of a valuablesealing and cod-salting industry. Bottom-Godthaab, capital of Greenland, was founded by the Danish missionary Hans Egede in 1721. This view shows the older part of the town including the hospital to the left. .. THE GREENLANDER OFTODAY* By Eske Brun. The Greenland Administration, Copenhagen, Denmark. SHOULD like to begin by saying something about the first and most I serious error generally made about Greenland, and the one which is, I think, the most difficult to eradicate: It is popularly believed that it is cold in Greenland, so cold that wherever and whenever you are there you are frozen stiff, and that there is nothing there but ice and snow. This idea of Greenland as an enormous lump of ice is largely due to the ice-cap. Five-sixths of Greenland’s two million square kilometers are covered by this ice-cap. There is so much ice there that, if it melted, the oceans and seasall over theworld would rise eight meters. The existence of the ice-cap is not due to any excessive cold in Greenland, but mainly to the considerable height of the country, the average height of the surface of the ice-cap being about 2000 meters, and to the heavy snowfall. Paradoxical as it may seem ,the ice-cap is thicker in southern Greenland than in northern Greenland, because the snowfall is heavier in the south. The largest continuous tracts of land not covered with ice are to be found in Peg-yland on the northern coast of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenland's Project Independence
    NO. 10 JANUARY 2021 Introduction Greenland’s Project Independence Ambitions and Prospects after 300 Years with the Kingdom of Denmark Michael Paul An important anniversary is coming up in the Kingdom of Denmark: 12 May 2021 marks exactly three hundred years since the Protestant preacher Hans Egede set sail, with the blessing of the Danish monarch, to missionise the island of Greenland. For some Greenlanders that date symbolises the end of their autonomy: not a date to celebrate but an occasion to declare independence from Denmark, after becoming an autonomous territory in 2009. Just as controversial as Egede’s statue in the capital Nuuk was US President Donald Trump’s offer to purchase the island from Denmark. His arrogance angered Greenlanders, but also unsettled them by exposing the shaky foundations of their independence ambitions. In the absence of governmental and economic preconditions, leaving the Realm of the Danish Crown would appear to be a decidedly long-term option. But an ambitious new prime minister in Nuuk could boost the independence process in 2021. Only one political current in Greenland, tice to finances. “In the Law on Self-Govern- the populist Partii Naleraq of former Prime ment the Danes granted us the right to take Minister Hans Enoksen, would like to over thirty-two sovereign responsibilities. declare independence imminently – on And in ten years we have taken on just one National Day (21 June) 2021, the anniver- of them, oversight over resources.” Many sary of the granting of self-government people just like to talk about independence, within Denmark in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Northwest Passage: in the Footsteps of Franklin
    NORTHWEST PASSAGE: IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF FRANKLIN Winding your way through the icy channels of the legendary Northwest Passage is history brought to life. On this compelling 17-day journey aboard the game-changing new vessel Ultramarine, passengers retrace the steps of the intrepid Franklin Expedition, which left the shores of England in 1845 in search of the last unexplored section of the Northwest Passage--only to become permanently icebound. Its discovery more than a century and a half later was a much-celebrated moment in polar history. On Ultramarine, guests benefit from two twin-engine helicopters that will provide spectacular aerial views of the Arctic landscape, the most extensive portfolio of adventure options in the industry, more outdoor wildlife viewing spaces than any other expedition ship its size, and 20 quick-launching Zodiacs to get you closer to ancient glaciers, dramatic fjords and towering icebergs. Explore colorful Greenlandic villages, and shop for traditional Inuit handicrafts. Hike the endless Arctic backdrop and marvel at the vast, colorful tundra. Keep your eyes peeled for the elusive and majestic creatures that make their home in this wilderness, such as whales, walrus, muskoxen and polar bears. Come aboard Ultramarine, follow in the footsteps of Franklin's legendary Arctic voyage, and return home with memories to last a lifetime. MANDATORY TRANSFER PACKAGE INCLUDES: One night's pre-expedition airport hotel accommodation in Toronto 01432 507 280 (within UK) [email protected] | small-cruise-ships.com Group
    [Show full text]
  • (Post) Colonial Relations on Display Contemporary Trends in Museums and Art Exhibitions Depicting Greenland
    Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education (Post) Colonial Relations on Display Contemporary Trends in Museums and Art Exhibitions depicting Greenland Vanessa Brune Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies May 2016 (Post) Colonial Relations on Display Contemporary Trends in Museums and Art Exhibitions depicting Greenland A Thesis submitted by: Vanessa Brune Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education UiT - The Arctic University of Norway Spring 2016 Cover Page: Statue of Hans Egede, a Danish pastor who introduced the Christian mission and thereby colonisation to Greenland, overlooking the colonial harbour of Nuuk. Picture taken by Vanessa Brune. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank everyone I had the pleasure to meet and/or conduct interviews with during my fieldwork in Copenhagen and Nuuk. This thesis would not have been possible without all your valuable help, insight, information and recommendations and I am so grateful that you took the time to answer my questions. In particular I want to thank: MARTI and the Greenlandic House in Copenhagen The National Museum of Denmark The North Atlantic House in Copenhagen The Photographic Centre in Copenhagen The National Museum of Greenland Nuuk Art Museum The Project “Inuit Now” Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor Bjørn Ola Tafjord for always being supportive, for taking so much time to help and guide me, and of course for constantly pushing me to go the extra mile. I know it was worth it. Also, thanks to the Centre of Sami Studies for the chance to conduct this study and for providing me with the opportunity to do research in Greenland.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 4-06 Slides H A&S 222A
    Lecture 4-06 slides H A&S 222a I. Science Core: Solar radiation: some numbers the Greenhouse effect Themal energy: the equation of state of a gas relating pressure, volume, and temperature thermal energy as microscopic mechanical energy (plus…ability to radiate) the idea of an engine: something that converts one form of energy into another . Some Spherical Cow problems. Steady-state box models and residence time conservation-flux energy slaves II. The 1st Nations: arrival from Asia Settlement history in Greenland, Canada, Alaska, Asian coast home rule in Greenland (1979), Canada ( European exploration of the Arctic goals: Northwest Passage, North Pole, fur, whales…eventually oil. Frobisher, Hudson, Franklin, Amundson. Vikings and the sagas Vinland and Aix le Meadow later day: Hans Egede Gretel Ehrlich: Rasmusson’s 5th Thule expedition This is an image from an airplne of cold Arctic winds blowing over ice, then open ocean water. The air erupts in turbulent cloud, feeling the warmth and moisture of the ocean water. This cools the ocean and warms the atmosphere. This kind of heat transport from sea to air is a prime source of circulation of both atmosphere and ocean (although the tropics provide a huge amount of heating of the atmosphere in addition). today’s weather in west Greenland • Observed At:Ilulissat, GL • Elevation:102 ft / 31 m • 25 °F / -4 °C • Mostly CloudyHumidity:50% • Dew Point:9 °F / -13 °C • Wind:4 mph / 6 km/h from the NW • • Pressure:29.65 in / 1004 hPa • Windchill:20 °F / -6 °C Visibility:6.2 miles / • 10.0 kilometers UV:2 out of 16 • Clouds:Few 12000 ft / 3657 m Mostly Cloudy 18000 ft / 5486 m • (Above Ground Level) John Shelden in 1639 told of his discovery of the North Pole, supposedly made of iron, sticking several hundred feet up and surrounded by a ring of ice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reindeer Botanist: Alf Erling Porsild, 1901–1977
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2012 The Reindeer Botanist: Alf Erling Porsild, 1901–1977 Dathan, Wendy University of Calgary Press Dathan, Patricia Wendy. "The reindeer botanist: Alf Erling Porsild, 1901-1977". Series: Northern Lights Series; 14, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/49303 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca Part One REINDEER SURVEY / EXPLORATION, 1901–1928 ° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 0 R U S S I A Wrangel Island 8 d n I a H l C A R C T I C O C E A N s K I U H e B A r C E ° e 0 e S R E E N L A N D 7 r m G i s D E N M A R K n e l Kotzebue g l S Barrow E E A B E A U F O R T S E A D Little Diomede Nome A Island V I S Devon Island S Unalakleet T Disko Resolute R Island A I Egedesminde T Banks Island Tuktoyaktuk B a Holsteinsborg L A S K A Fairbanks A Aklavik f f U S A i n Victoria I s Island l a n Godthaab d (Nuuk) Seward Norman Iqaluit Wells (Frobisher Bay) Y U K O N ° T E R R I T O R Y 60 O R T H W E S T E R R I T O R I E S HUDSON N T STRAIT Southampton Island UNGAVA NUNAVUT BAY NORTHWEST (after 1999) TERRITORIES (after 1999) H U D S O N B A Y B R I T I S H Churchill C O L U M B I A Fort McMurray Q U É B E C A L B E R T A M A N I T O B A S A S K A T - C H E W A N J A M E S B A Y Jasper Edmonton National 0° Park N T A R I O 5 0 500 1000 O Km Banff National Park Northern North America and Greenland: A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arctic Game
    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2012 The Arctic Game Sarah E. Nuernberger University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Climate Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Nuernberger, Sarah E., "The Arctic Game" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 894. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/894 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. THE ARCTIC GAME __________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts __________ by Sarah E. Nuernberger June 2012 Advisor: Dr. Dale Rothman ©Copyright by Sarah E. Nuernberger 2012 All Rights Reserved Author: Sarah E. Nuernberger Title: THE ARCTIC GAME Advisor: Dr. Dale Rothman Degree Date: June 2012 Abstract Since outsiders first visited the Arctic, they have believed in man’s ability to conquer the region. Today’s Arctic conquest is not one of heroic exploration, but rather one of ownership and exploitation. This paper illustrates contestation in the Arctic through the metaphor of a game, with attendant prizes, players, and rules. It focuses on how to prevent the future destruction of the Arctic given the interactions of the Arctic’s landscape, prizes, players, and current management frameworks.
    [Show full text]
  • Clarence Leroy Andrews
    CLARENCE LEROY ANDREWS Books and papers from his personal library and manuscript collection. From a bibliography compiled by the Sheldon Jackson College Library, Sitka, Alaska Collection housed in the Sitka Public Library CLARENCE LEROY ANDREWS i862 - 1948 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sheldon Jackson College - C. L. Andrews Collection Annotated Bibliography [How to use this finding aid.] [Library of Congress Classification Outline] SECTION ONE: Introduction SECTION TWO: Biographical Sketch [Provenance timeline for Andrews Collection] [Errata notes from physical inventory Aug.-Nov. 2013] SECTION THREE: Listing of Books and Periodicals SECTION FOUR: Unpublished Documents SECTION FIVE: Listing of Maps in Collection SECTION SIX:** [Archive box contents] [ ] Indicate materials added for finding aid, which were not part of original CLA bibliography. ** Original section six, Special Collection pages, were removed. Special Collections were not transferred to the Sitka Public Library. How to use the C. L. Andrews finding aid. This finding aid is a digitized copy of an original bibliography. It has been formatted to allow ‘ctrl F’ search strings for keywords. This collection was cataloged using the Library of Congress (LOC) call number classification system. A general outline is provided in this aid, and more detail about the LOC classification system is available at loc.gov. Please contact Sitka Public Library staff to make arrangements for research using this collection. To find an item: Once an item of interest is located in the finding aid, make note of the complete CALL NUM, a title and an author name. The CALL NUM will be most important to locate the item box number. The title/author information will confirm the correct item of interest.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lost Western Settlement of Greenland, 1342
    THE LOST WESTERN SETTLEMENT OF GREENLAND, 1342 Carol S. Francis B.S., University of California, Davis, 1972 B.A., University of California, Davis, 1972 M.S., California State University, Sacramento, 1981 THESIS Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO FALL 2011 THE LOST WESTERN SETTLEMENT OF GREENLAND, 1342 A Thesis by Carol S. Francis Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Candace Gregory-Abbott __________________________________, Second Reader Jeffrey K. Wilson ____________________________ Date ii Student: Carol S. Francis I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Mona Siegel Date Department of History iii Abstract of THE LOST WESTERN SETTLEMENT OF GREENLAND, 1342 by Carol S. Francis The Western Norse Settlement in Greenland disappeared suddenly, probably in 1342. Research in the area includes medieval sources, archeological studies of the ruins, climatic data from the Greenlandic icecap, oral stories from the Inuit in Greenland and Canada, and possible sightings of ancestors of the Norse in the Canadian Arctic. Feeling threatened both physically by the Thule (ancestors of the Inuit) and a cooling climate, and economically by the Norwegian crown, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Eastern Settlement in Greenland, the Western Settlement voluntarily left en masse for the new world, probably in 1342 based on sailing dates. _______________________, Committee Chair Candace Gregory-Abbott _______________________ Date iv PREFACE I was volunteering on a trip from Hudson Bay to Baffin Island with Students on Ice in 2007, when I heard the zodiac driver say, “there is a Viking trading site in the South Savage Islands.” That made me curious, as trading sites take time and trust to develop.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Eighteenth Century, the General View of Nature Was Only One of the Areas in Which This Trend Became Apparent
    2. Preparing for Take-Off : Th e Early Eighteenth Century Northern Politics and Peter the Great On the political stage, the seventeenth century in northern Europe had not been lacking in drama and bloodshed, and the eighteenth similarly started with major military turbulence, especially in the north-eastern corner. Th e Great Northern War, which lasted from 1700 till 1721, was to have far- reaching consequences for many years to follow. Largely connected with Sweden’s Baltic supremacy in the previous century, the war started with a number of states – Russia, Denmark-Norway, Poland-Lithuania and Saxony – uniting in a Northern Alliance against Sweden. But the architect of the war was Russia. In July 1700, the country negotiated a thirty-year truce with the Turks, providing security to the south, but the fi reworks on 18 August to celebrate the happy event actually carried an ominous warning, because the very next day Russia declared war on Sweden (Wilson 2009, 71). In Russia as well as Sweden there was a young and extremely ambitious monarch on the throne. Both were destined to leave indelible marks on national as well as European history. When the war broke out, the Swedish King Carl XII was no more than eighteen and had only acquired the reins of power three years earlier; Russia’s Peter I, who was later to earn the epithet “the Great”, was twenty-eight, and had eff ectively only ruled the country since 1696. Carl XII has been called the last of the great Swedish warrior kings, and in the fi rst phase of the war he certainly achieved some stunning military victories.
    [Show full text]