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The Arctic Council: 20 Years of Regional Cooperation and Policy-Shaping

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The Arctic Council: 20 Years of Regional Cooperation and Policy-Shaping ARCTIC YEARBOOK 2016 The Arctic Council: 20 Years of Regional Cooperation and Policy-Shaping Lassi Heininen Heather Exner-Pirot Joël Plouffe i 2 Arctic Yearbook 2016 Heininen, L., H. Exner-Pirot, & J. Plouffe. (Eds.). (2016). Arctic Yearbook 2016. Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research Forum. Available from http://www.arcticyearbook.com. ISSN 2298–2418 This is an open access volume distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY NC-4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. Cover Image Credit: Harald Finkler. Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting, Barrow, Alaska (12 October, 2000). Editor Lassi Heininen, University of Lapland | [email protected] Managing Editors Heather Exner-Pirot, University of Saskatchewan | [email protected] Joël Plouffe, École nationale d’Administration publique (Montréal) | [email protected] Editorial Board Chair Dr. Lawson Brigham (Distinguished Professor of Geography & Arctic Policy, University of Alaska Fairbanks; Senior Fellow, Institute of the North, United States of America) Members Dr. Gail Fondahl (Professor of Geography, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada) Dr. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (President of the Republic of Iceland) Ambassador Hannu Halinen (former SAO, Finland; Special Advisor to the IIASA Director General and Chief Executive Officer Exploratory and Special Projects) Dr. Steven E. Miller (Director of the International Security Program; Editor-in-Chief of International Security, Harvard University, United States) Dr. Alexander Pelyasov (Russian Academy of Sciences; Director of the Center of Northern and Arctic Economics; Ministry of Economic Development & Trade, Russian Federation) About Arctic Yearbook The Arctic Yearbook is the outcome of the Northern Research Forum (NRF) and UArctic joint Thematic Network (TN) on Geopolitics and Security. The TN also organizes the annual Calotte Academy. 3 Arctic Yearbook 2016 The Arctic Yearbook seeks to be the preeminent repository of critical analysis on the Arctic region, with a mandate to inform observers about the state of Arctic politics, governance and security. It is an international and interdisciplinary peer-reviewed publication, published online at [www.arcticyearbook.com] to ensure wide distribution and accessibility to a variety of stakeholders and observers. Arctic Yearbook material is obtained through a combination of invited contributions and an open call for papers. For more information on contributing to the Arctic Yearbook, or participating in the TN on Geopolitics and Security, contact the Editor, Lassi Heininen. Acknowledgments The Arctic Yearbook would like to acknowledge the Arctic Portal [http://arcticportal.org] for their generous technical and design support, as well as the scholars who provided peer review of the academic articles. We would also like to thank Global Affairs Canada – Circumpolar Affairs for their support of the launch event; and the University of the Arctic, with dedicated funding from the Government of Norway, for financial support of its planning and printing. 5 6 The Arctic Council: 20 Years of Regional Cooperation and Policy-Shaping Table of Contents Section I: Introduction 12 Introduction – The Arctic Council: Twenty Years of Policy Shaping 14 Lawson Brigham, Heather Exner-Pirot, Lassi Heininen & Joël Plouffe Year in Review: Timeline of 2016 Events 22 Heather Exner-Pirot & Joël Plouffe Commentary – The Arctic Council in Perspective: Moving Forward 28 Hannu Halinen Q & A: The 20th Anniversary of the Ottawa Declaration (interview) 34 With Harald Finkler & Robert Kadas Section II: The Arctic Council as an Institution 40 Environmental Decision-Making in the Arctic Council: What is the Role of Indigenous Peoples? 42 Michaela Louise Coote The Strength of Flexibility: The Arctic Council in the Arctic Norm-Setting Process 62 Camille Escudé Understanding Media Perceptions of the Arctic Council 75 Andrew Chater & Mathieu Landriault Finding a Place in the Arctic Council for Non-Arctic Actors: A Social Network Analysis of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme 90 Jennifer Spence Shaping Circumpolar Agendas: The Identification and Significance of “Emerging Issues” Addressed in the Arctic Council 108 Dorothea Wehrmann Briefing Notes Arctic Council Upgrade: WWF Arctic Programme Policy Note 122 Marc-André Dubois, Bill Eichbaum, Alexander Shestakov, Martin Sommerkorn & Clive Tesar Lessons Learned from Three Recent Chairmanships of the Arctic Council 128 Douglas Nord 7 Arctic Yearbook 2016 Commentaries U.S. Chairmanship of the Arctic Council: Mid-Point 137 David Balton The Establishment and Progress of the Standing Arctic Council Secretariat 141 Magnús Jóhannesson Arctic Economic Council: Creating Parameters for Sustainable Economic Development in the Arctic 146 Tara Sweeney & Tero Vauraste Launching the Norwich Model Arctic Council 150 Anthony Speca Section III: Arctic Science, Diplomacy and Policy 154 Science as Catalyst for Deeper Arctic Cooperation? Science Diplomacy and the Transformation of the Arctic Council 156 Clemens Binder Circumpolar Legislation on Pollutants: How Effective is Arctic Governance on Global Environmental Threats? 170 Doris Friedrich Briefing Notes The Arctic Council’s Task Force on Arctic Marine Cooperation 186 Peter Oppenheimer & Molly Ma Arctic Research Across the Baltic States: Re-Integrated in the Northern Europe, Getting Closer to the Arctic Frostbites 192 Zane Šime Fulbright Arctic Initiative: An Innovative Model for Policy Relevant Research and Public Outreach 210 Ross Virginia et al. The Polar Data Catalogue: A Vehicle for Collaboration, Northern Community Partnerships, and Policy-Making 224 Dana L. Church, Julie E. Friddell & Ellsworth F. LeDrew Calotte Academy 2016: Building Arctic Resilience through Open Communication 240 Gerald Zojer & Laura Olsén Commentaries The Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment: Key Arctic Council Framework for Protecting Arctic Communities and the Marine Environment 245 Lawson W. Brigham From Inspiration to Action, From Action to Institution: Some Early Interventions of Arctic Collaboration in Sustainable Development 250 Eeva Furman Table of Contents 8 Arctic Yearbook 2016 The Arctic Council Produces a New Arctic Science Cooperation Agreement 254 Evan Bloom Building Partnership for a Sustainable Future 256 Erica M. Dingman Section IV: Local and Indigenous Issues in Arctic Governance 260 Greenland and the Arctic Council: Sub-national Regions in a Time of Arctic Westphalianisation 262 Inuuteq Holm Olsen & Jessica Shadian Lessons from Dumpcano: Governance Issues in Solid Waste Management in Nunavut 282 Gloria Song Barents Region: The Arctic Council as a Stabilizing Magnet 304 Florian Vidal Briefing Notes Revisiting the Northern Forum: Lessons from Alaska’s Involvement 314 Emily Tsui Commentaries The Arctic Council Permanent Participants: A Giant Step Forward in Capacity and Support 322 Jim Gamble The Arctic Council: A Tool for Regional Development and Policy-Shaping 324 Vladimir Vasiliev The Role of Regions and Cities in Arctic Cooperation 328 Esko Lotvonen Overlooking a Regional Crux of Vulnerability: Missing Women in the Arctic 332 Rachel Kohut & Tahnee Prior Tour of Canadian North Highlights Richness, Diversity, and Challenges 338 Bruce Heyman Section V: Arctic Geopolitics & Security 340 Russian Air Patrols in the Arctic: Are Long-Range Bomber Patrols a Challenge to Canadian Security and Sovereignty? 342 Frédéric Lasserre & Pierre-Louis Têtu The Arctic as a Geopolitical Bond among the European Union, Norway and Russia 361 Matthaios Melas “An Arctic Great Power”? Recent Developments in Danish Arctic Policy 383 Jon Rahbek-Clemmensen Table of Contents 9 Arctic Yearbook 2016 The Political Economy of Russia’s Reimagined Arctic 397 George Soroka Briefing Notes The Arctic Five versus the Arctic Council 429 Andreas Kuersten The EU’s Arctic Future Following the Spring of Statements 438 Adam Stepien & Andreas Raspotnik Is there Scope for Scotland to develop its own Arctic Policy and What Would it Look Like? 443 Erik Kruse Stirred Waters Under the Ice Cap: An Analysis on A5’s Stewardship in the Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Management 453 Leilei Zou Arctic Council’s Impact on Arctic Shipping 467 Ilker Basaran Commentaries Crystal Serenity – A New Chapter in Arctic Shipping or Just “Doing it Right”? 474 David (Duke) Snider Transdisciplinary Dialogue on Board Between Eurasia and America: The 6th International Meeting of the State- Members of the Arctic Council, State-Observers to the Arctic Council and Foreign Scientific Community 478 Lassi Heininen An Arctic Forum for Security Co-operation? 483 Benjamin Schaller Epilogue 488 Dressing Up: Arctic Council at 20 490 Klaus Dodds Obituary – A Tribut to Alyson Bailes 494 Lassi Heininen Table of Contents 11 12 Section I: Introduction 13 14 Introduction The Arctic Council: Twenty Years of Policy Shaping Lawson Brigham, Heather Exner-Pirot, Lassi Heininen & Joël Plouffe This past Fall, the Arctic Council celebrated the 20th anniversary of the signing of the Ottawa Declaration, which established the Arctic Council as a high level forum for cooperation amongst the Arctic states, indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants, particularly with regards to sustainable development and environmental protection. We have chosen to focus this year’s edition of the Arctic Yearbook
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