A PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF THE CAMPING WORLD PARCEL, ST. LUCIE COUNTY, FLORIDA

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSERVANCY, INC.

AHC TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1197 AHC PROJECT NO. 2018.139 AUGUST 2018 A PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF THE CAMPING WORLD PARCEL, ST. LUCIE COUNTY, FLORIDA

By: Ryan Franklin, Ph.D. John Wesley White, B.A. John G. Beriault, B.A.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSERVANCY, INC. 4800 SW 64th Avenue, Suite 107 Davie, Florida 33314 [email protected] (954) 792-9776

For:

ENGINEERING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, INC.

AHC PROJECT NO. 2018.139 AHC TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 1197 AUGUST 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ii

CONSULTANT SUMMARY 1

PROJECT SETTING 3

PREVIOUS RESEARCH 9

CULTURAL SUMMARY 13

METHODOLOGY 20

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 22

REFERENCES CITED 23

APPENDICES 30

APPENDIX I: FLORIDA SURVEY LOG

APPENDIX II: FDHR LETTER OF 7/20/18

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. USGS map of the Camping World parcel 2

Figure 2. Portion of the 1853 plat map for Township 37S, Range 39E with the project parcel boundaries superimposed 4

Figure 3. 1944 black and white aerial photograph of the project parcel 5

Figure 4. 1958 black and white aerial photograph of the project parcel 6

Figure 5. 2018 color aerial orthophotograph of the project parcel 7

Figure 6. Southwest corner of property, looking west 8

Figure 7. Western part of parcel, looking southwest 8

Figure 8. USGS Map of the project parcel showing locations of previously- recorded archaeological and historic sites within one-mile radius 12

Figure 9. Aerial photograph showing shovel test locations 21

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CONSULTANT SUMMARY

In August 2018, the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc. (AHC) conducted a Phase I cultural resource assessment for Engineering Design and Construction, Inc. of the ± 48 acre Camping World parcel located in St. Lucie County. The parcel is in Township 37S, Range 39E, Section 13 (Figure 1). The parcel was surveyed to locate and assess any sites of archaeological and/or historical significance.

This assessment was conducted to satisfy the recommendations of FDHR (See Appendix II), Florida Statutes Chapter 267, and to satisfy the requirements for the Florida Environmental Resource Permit under the provisions of Florida Statute Chapter 267 (The Florida Historic Resources Act). The work and the report conform to the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code, and 36 CFR Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties.

Historically the area was slash pine/saw palmetto flatwoods with occasional grass marshes, located to the north of the Ten Mile Creek drainage. The parcel encompasses low-lying, formerly seasonally flooded wet prairie and was determined to have an overall low probability for archaeological resources. During the 20th century the project parcel was farmed as citrus groves, and is now highly disturbed. No structures occur on the project parcel.

Field work included a pedestrian survey and shovel testing. A total of 13 systematic and judgmental shovel tests were dug (Figure 9). None were positive for archaeological or historic cultural material.

It is the consultant’s opinion based on available data that no historic properties eligible for listing in the NRHP will be affected by the proposed development of the project parcel. However, if cultural materials are uncovered during development the project archaeologist should be notified. In the event that human remains are uncovered, the provisions of Statute 872.05 will apply.

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PROJECT SETTING

The Camping World parcel encompasses approximately ± 48 acres. The parcel is located east of and abuts Interstate 95 and west of Jenkins Road in south-central St. Lucie County. The project parcel is located in Township 35S, Range 39E, Section 13. The relevant USGS map is Fort Pierce NW (Figure 1). The parcel is bordered by sparse residential development and vacant fields.

The project parcel averages 15-20 feet above sea level. Water sources in the vicinity of the project parcel were seasonal ponds and grassy marshes (Figure 2).

All of the parcel has been farmed, specifically as citrus groves. Vintage aerial photographs indicate that the parcel was farmed in citrus as early as 1944, with parts of the northern extent appearing as natural pine flatwoods and a remnant pond (Figures 3, 4). After the 1960s the parcel continued to be farmed in citrus (Figure 5). Structures are visible on the 1958 and later aerials in the northeast and southeast portions of the parcel. By 2014, all structures on the parcel had been demolished.

The project parcel is within the southeastern range of the Eastern Valley physiographic district. To the west lies the Okeechobee Plain. The level mesic to hydric flatwoods areas are generally Pleistocene/early Holocene formation.

The geology of the southeastern St. Lucie County area is characterized fine-grained poorly to well drained sands that can be shallowly deposited and moderately permeable. The three soil types indicated for the parcel in the USDA Soils Survey are: Hilolo loamy sand; Wabasso sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes; and Winder loamy sand (United States Department of Agriculture 2016).

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Figure 6. Southwest corner of property, looking west.

Figure 7. Western part of parcel, looking southwest.

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PREVIOUS RESEARCH

East Central Florida has been the subject of archaeological investigations since the 1880s, but much of the early work was directed toward recovery of museum quality artifacts rather than understanding cultural processes. Early archaeological investigators such as Clarence Moore often confined their explorations to the areas in the portion of the region accessible by steamboat via rivers such as Indian River, the Ocklawaha and St. Johns (Moore 1894a, 1894b, 1896).

The present-day framework for chronological and cultural divisions and affiliation in Florida prehistory was begun by Matthew Stirling in 1936 and further refined by John M. Goggin in the 1940s (Goggin, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1952). Irving Rouse and Ripley P. Bullen further developed the idea of distinct culture areas through various papers and projects, Rouse studying the Indian River area (Rouse 1951) and Bullen in his classification of projectile points (Bullen 1975), the Orange period (Bullen 1972) and in his work at specific sites in North Central Florida and the Central Gulf Coast (Bullen et al. 1967, 1978). A revision to combine the St. Johns region lying to the north and west was made circa 1980 by Milanich and Fairbanks, but more recent research has reversed the model back to using the Indian River designation and retaining the previously- established Malabar sequencing.

John M. Goggin, G. Hale Smith, John W. Griffin, Adelaide and Ripley P. Bullen were among the prominent archaeologists performing work in Florida from the 1940s through the early 1960s. Many of these researchers worked through the National Park Service or through the University of Florida. John Goggin was instrumental in the establishment of a strong archaeological program at University of Florida from 1948 through to his death in 1963. Goggin was also involved in intensive fieldwork and research on the Indian/Spanish Mission system in Florida and Colonial Archaeology in the State. Goggin published a definitive study of the northern St, Johns River area (Goggin 1952).

In Martin, St. Lucie, Indian River, and Brevard Counties, archaeologists have documented sites dating from the Archaic Period (Doran and Dickel 1988; Milanich 1998; Doran 2002), to the historic period, such as the 16th century mission systems in the southern St. Johns River area (Hahn 1990, 2003).

LITERATURE REVIEW

A search was requested on 7/26/18 with FDHR for archives and literature associated with the project area. This included site forms and reports from the Master Site File of previously recorded archaeological sites and cultural resource assessments in and within one mile of the project parcel (Table 1).

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Table 1. Literature Review Summary Previously Recorded Sites: 11 (2 historic standing structures, 9 resource groups) Within Project Parcel 0 Within One Mile of Project Parcel 11 Previous Assessments: 17 Within Project Parcel 0 Within One Mile of Project Parcel 17

A review of Florida site files and archives determined that eleven previously recorded cultural resources occur within one mile of the project parcel. Two linear resources directly abut the property, Jenkins Road (8SL3143) and Canal No. 37 (8SL3140), neither of which are considered eligible for listing on the NRHP.

Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites Site In Out of Site Name Site Type References Number Parcel Parcel 1950 masonry 2190 South vernacular, 8SL1426 Janus Research, Inc., 2002 X Jenkins Road const. 1950 - destroyed 1941 frame 2144 South vernacular, 8SL1427 Janus Research, Inc., 2002 X Jenkins Road const. 1950 - destroyed Historic Okeechobee Road/Linear Southeastern Archaeological Research, 8SL1658 X Road Resource 2006 const. 1926 Historic Road/Linear 8SL3114 Kings Highway Janus Research, Inc., 2011 X Resource const. 1926 Historic Canal/Linear 8SL3115 Canal by Jai-Alai Janus Research, Inc., 2011 X Resource const. 1920 Historic Canal/Linear 8SL3120 Canal No.46 Janus Research, Inc., 2011 X Resource const. 1920 Historic Canal/Linear 8SL3121 Canal No. 47 Janus Research, Inc., 2011 X Resource const. 1920 Historic Canal/Linear 8SL3122 Canal No.48 Janus Research, Inc., 2012 X Resource const. 1920 Historic Canal/Linear 8SL3140 Canal No. 37 Janus Research, Inc., 2012 X Resource const. 1920 Historic Canal/Linear 8SL3141 Canal No. 38 Janus Research, Inc., 2012 X Resource const. 1920 Historic Road/Linear 8SL3143 Jenkins Road Janus Research, Inc., 2012 X Resource const. 1941 Note: 1Based on sites within one mile of the survey area

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A review of the state report files indicated that seventeen cultural resource assessments were previously conducted within one mile of the project parcel (Table 3).

Table 3. Previous Cultural Resource Assessments1 Survey Out of Date Author Title In Parcel No. Parcel Southwind Archaeological Enterprises 1979 716 1979 Charles, Frank N. Phase I Reconnaissance Survey of Interstate X 95, St. Lucie County 9684 2003 Janus Research St. Lucie County Historic Resources Survey X Report on an Archaeological and Historical Survey of the United Homes Residential 10012 2004 Gary Beiter Development Property Located in Township35 X South, Range 40 East, Section 18, St. Lucie County, Florida A Phase One Archaeological Assessment of Archaeological and 10923 2004 the Bent Creek Parcel, St. Lucie County, X Historical Conservancy Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey State Southeastern Road 70 from McCarty Road (MP17.338) to 12033 2004 Archaeological X Kings Highway (SR 713), St. Lucie County, Research, Inc. Florida A Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey of Environmental Services, 12436 2005 the Neil Farm 74-Acre Parcel St. Lucie County, X Inc. Florida Archaeological Cultural Resource Assessment Survey 12733 2005 X Consultants, Inc. Wispering Oaks, St. Lucie County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the 12956 2006 Janus Research, Inc. Windsor Lakes Project Area, St. Lucie County, X Florida Archaeological Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Hawks 13379 2006 X Consultants, Inc. Pointe, St. Lucie County, Florida Technical Memorandum Cultural Resource Southeastern Assessment Survey of State Road 70 13415 2006 Archaeological (Okeechobee Road) from the Florida Turnpike X Research, Inc. to East of Jenkins Road, St. Lucie County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of Southeastern Proposed Improvements to SR 9 (I-95) South 14277 2006 Archaeological X of SR 70 (Okeechobee Road) to South of Indrio Research, Inc. Road, PD&E Study, St. Lucie County, Florida Fort Pierce Historic Properties Survey, Ft. 14380 2007 TRC Environmental, Inc. X Pierce, St. Lucie County, Florida An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the Panamerican 17383 2008 Indian River Community College Tower, St. X Consultants, Inc. Lucie County, Florida Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of 18836 2012 Janus Research, Inc. King’s Highway (SR 713) from Okeechobee X Road (SR 70) to Highway 1 (SR 5) Cultural Resource Assessment Survey 19093 2012 Janus Research, Inc. Addendum for the SR 70 and Jenkins Road X Project, St. Lucie County, Florida Proposed 150-Foot Monopole Environmental Telecommunications Structure including a 50- 22812 2015 X Corporation of America Foot Lease Area and 435-Foot Long by 20- Foot Wide Access/Utility Easement Reevaluation of Three Segments of Kings Highway and One Segment of Indrio Road, St. 23167 2014 Janus Research, Inc. Lucie County, Florida (Financial Management X Numbers 230256-6, 230256-7, 424143-1, and 424143-2) Note: 1Based on assessments within one mile of the project parcel.

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CULTURAL SUMMARY

Prehistoric cultures of East Florida were first characterized in 1936 when archaeologist Matthew W. Stirling defined a cultural area for the region (Stirling 1936). Subsequently John M. Goggin delineated more particular boundaries for east-central and northern Florida (Goggin 1947:114-127) and his work was further refined by Gordon R. Willey (Willey 1949) and Irving Rouse in the Indian River area.

Following Goggin’s study, subsequent researchers have refined or altered the cultural distinctions attributed to northern and east Florida’s prehistoric populations. There has been criticism that Goggin’s names and definitions were based on historic accounts of the main (proto) historic groups found in the respective regions of the state and not on the archaeological evidence of spatial/temporal/cultural differences (Sears 1982, Griffin 1974, Carr and Beriault 1984, Griffin 1988). Jerald T. Milanich and Charles Fairbanks (1980) synthesized the earlier work of Gordon Wiley, John Goggin, Irving Rouse, Ripley Bullen, and, more recently, Milanich updated this overview (Milanich 1998). A revision to combine the East-Central and St. Johns region lying to the north and west was made circa 1980 by Milanich and Fairbanks, but more recent research has reversed the model back to using the Indian River designation and retaining the previously- established Malabar sequencing.

The cultural chronology for the area is summarized below.

PALEO PERIOD (14,500 - 8,500 BP)

The first Native Americans began moving into the southeastern portion of North America and entering Florida by 14,500 BP. Until recently, Paleoindian evidence could only be dated back to about 11,000 BP, but recent investigations at Page-Ladson indicate an occupation as early as 14,500 BP (Halligan et al. 2016:1) in northwestern Florida. The Page-Ladson Site is in the Aucilla River 11 km from the Gulf of Mexico between Jefferson and Taylor Counties is presently the only documented pre-Clovis site in the southeastern United States. Many of the finds associated with paleo era sites in

northern Florida are sparse or redeposited with few provenienced features. Several later paleo sites are documented from areas in central and south Florida, including Warm Mineral Springs and Little Salt Spring in Sarasota County (Cockrell and Murphy, 1978; Clausen et al., 1979), Harney Flats in Hillsborough County (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987), and the Cutler Fossil Site in Dade County (Carr 1986, 2015).

During this period (terminal Wisconsian ice age) the climate was probably less extreme, with cooler summers and warmer winters. The climate also was drier, and sea levels were lower (Carbone 1983, Griffin 1988). Some estimates indicate the sea level was as much as 50+ meters below present levels (Milanich 1994:38).

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The Paleo Period in Florida are divided chronologically into four horizons and are based on lithic tool assemblages and recent radiocarbon dates from Page-Ladson: Pre-Clovis (15,500 BP-12,600 BP) ending with the extinction of megafauna; Clovis (12,500 BP- 11,000 BP) with the presence of fluted Clovis points; Suwanee 11,00-10500 BP with lanceolate, unfluted Suwanee and Simpson points and an expanded grouping of other lithic and bone tools; and the Late Paleo Horizon (10,500-10,000 BP) featuring smaller triangular Tallahassee, Santa Fe and Beaver Lake point types that may extend well into the Early Archaic.

There are few known Paleo-Indian sites in Martin, St. Lucie and Indian River Counties. A notable exception is the Vero site where human remains and megafaunal bones were discovered in 1913-1916 (Sellards 1916, Mitchem 2006, Purdy 2012). These discoveries were associated with an excavated canal located west of the FEC Railroad bridge. The site was discovered initially in 1913 by Elias H. Sellards and caused considerable scientific discussion, controversy and rebuke. Later finds in the vicinity include a detailed engraving of a mammoth on a piece of mammoth tusk discovered by local collector James Kennedy (Purdy 2012).

ARCHAIC PERIOD (8,500 - 2,500 BP)

By late Paleo period the large Pleistocene animals had disappeared, the climate changed and the sea level rose. The emergence of the Archaic period reflects a post-Pleistocene shift in adaptation marked by an increase in the seasonal exploitation of a broad spectrum of food resources, possibly a more restricted use of territory due to regional specialization, and more semi-sedentary habitation sites and a greater range of tool/artifact types indicating an expanding diversity of use/activities. The large lanceolate points considered diagnostic of the Paleoindian period were replaced by smaller side and corner notched varieties. No ceramics are known to exist until the Late Archaic.

During the Early Archaic (8500-7000 BP), there is evidence of an environment too arid to support scrub oak and characterized by shifting wind formed dunes (Watts 1973, Widmer 1983). By 7500 BP, the sea levels fluctuated near present levels and the Pleistocene/Holocene transition was complete (Anderson et al. 1996:4). By 5000 BP, the scrub oak/prairie vegetation of post-Pleistocene Florida had given way to extensive stands of longleaf pine, cypress swamps, and bayheads (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). Few early Archaic sites are known from interior Florida.

By about 6500 BP mesic conditions began to spread, although localized xeric conditions continued (and still exist in some areas) through northeastern Florida. Middle Archaic sites dating from this time are now found occurring near emerging perched lakes and riverine systems in the region. However, Griffin (1988) summarizes evidence indicating that despite the rise of available surface water, major modern landscape features had not formed, and population was still sparse.

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One significant mid-Archaic site, The Windover Site, 8BR246, a mortuary pond in Brevard County, yielded well-preserved human burials and offerings, including woven fabric, wood, ornaments, and other perishable cultural material. The site, which was investigated from 1984 through 1997 by Glen H. Doran and others from Florida State University has expanded knowledge and appreciation of the cultural level and technological achievements of middle Archaic Florida peoples (Doran et al. 2002).

During the Archaic period sea levels began to rise at a fairly rapid rate, estimated at 8.3 cm. per 100 years 6000-3000 BP, and 3.5 cm per 100 years afterwards (Scholl, Craighead, and Stuiver 1969), although whether sea levels were steadily rising or oscillating is still unclear (see Griffin 1988). Data is somewhat difficult to sort out as sea level rise was in places accompanied by both shore regression and transgression. Cypress swamps and hardwood sub-tropical forests had established by about 5000 BP as conditions became wetter (and warmer) in the interior (Carbone 1983, Delcourt and Delcourt 1981).

By late Middle or early Late Archaic times (4000 years BP) Indians in the northeast Florida were spending much of the year in villages along the St. Johns River and its tributaries and along prairies and areas that were seasonally inundated. Additionally, site patterns of small camps on uplands adjacent to streams and rivers were established that would hold true into the contact period (Baytun-Alpuche et al. 2009). A system of hunting/gathering had been established and was being utilized to provide the subsistence basis for denser populations and semi-sedentary settlements (Goggin 1952, Miller 1992). This portion of the Archaic is known as the Mount Taylor phase, named for a type site investigated by Goggin in Volusia County.

During the Archaic regional specializations became more marked, not only with material culture but also with distinct local utilization of local plant and animal resources. One evidence during the Mount Taylor phase was the dietary importance of freshwater snails (Cumbaa 1976) and the use of stemmed points with triangular blades, as well as bone points and tools. The early instance of mass burials in a possible charnel house situation was noted at the Tick Island Site in Volusia County by Bullen as part of this evidence of emerging specialization (Jahn and Bullen 1978).

Toward the end of the Archaic fiber-tempered pottery was introduced into the archaeological record. This is often used as a marker of the Orange Phase, commencing at about 4000 BP, either coinciding with or soon after the development of the extensive freshwater shell middens. The Late Archaic Orange Phase subsistence strategy appears to have intensified the use of shellfish and marine resources near the coast, rivers, or lakes as well as being marked by an accelerated trend toward regional specializations. Milanich and Fairbanks noted a seasonality of land use indicated by occupation of lowland villages near water sources from fall to spring with dispersal for upland hunting in the summer (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). Inland sites include lithic scatters, quarry sites, special usage sites and larger centrally based sites.

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Some interregional interaction among cultures has been noted for this late Archaic period. The exchange or importation of non-local items such as pottery forms, steatite vessels, spherical clay cooking “balls”, suggest contact with the Poverty Point culture of the Lower Mississippi River Valley, known in Florida as the Elliott’s Point Complex (White and Estabrook 1994:73).

FORMATIVE STAGE OR WOODLAND AND MISSISSIPPIAN PERIODS (2500 BP - 500 BP)

The Formative, or Woodland and Mississippian, adaptation based itself on hunting, fishing, and the harvesting of shellfish and plants and marks the beginning of formal settled communities with the gradual development of more complex forms of political and religious community organization. Earlier writers have typed certain hunter-gatherer societies in Florida as primitive (Kroeber, 1939 said the culture was “low-level”). The preceding Late Archaic late Orange phase (also known as the transitional phase) is marked by changes in pottery, and terminated with the relatively rapid replacement of fiber-tempered pottery with sand-tempered, limestone-tempered, and chalky ‘temperless’ pottery, as well as changes in style and often reduction in size of stone projectile points.

The Formative Stage (beginning about 2500 BP) was divided in northern and eastern Florida into the St. Johns periods sequence by John M. Goggin. Specifically, in northern Florida the sequencing is now Woodland subdivided into Deptford (ca. 2500-1800 BP), McKeithen Weeden Island (ca.1800-1300 BP), and Suwannee Valley/Indian Pond (ca. 1300-378 BP or 1585 the beginning year of the establishment of the Missions) by Dr. Jerald T. Milanich (Milanich 1984, 1985). Subsistence adaptation is marked by a narrowing spectrum of resource use, as well as continued trends toward regional diversity and ecological specializations, marked in part by the proliferation of inland resource extraction encampments.

More recent chronological adjustments made in the last twenty years divide the Woodland /Missisippian Periods into Deptford (550 BC to AD 500); Cades Pond (AD 110-600); and Alachua (AD 600-1539) based on the material (chiefly ceramic) artifact sequences; physical makeup of known sites; and patterns of resource utilization. The positioning of the project parcel would place it within the borders of the East-Central Region, coastal areas that had minimal to slight influence from Mississippian ceremonialism occurring further west.

Formative period cultural evolution eventually led to increased political sophistication, perhaps initially of modest dimensions but culminating in broad regional political alliances and regulation of materials and goods (i.e. resources) between the coast and inland areas (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). During the Formative periods, village sites grew to the proportions of large multi-use complexes, particularly along the St. Johns River and large lakes of east-central Florida. The farming of maize and other crops began in the early Formative.

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Recent studies suggest social stratification and complexity may extend further back into the past than the Formative period.

The Formative stage has been often termed the East-Central Florida cultural tradition. Much of this “tradition” is keyed to decorated ceramics that are usually in the minority in the archaeological record, the better part of recovered sherds being plainware. However, despite this, pottery (and its decorations) is usually utilized as the major temporal marker(s) for fitting sites into a temporal framework. Changes in pottery do not represent mere changes in artistic motifs, but reflect inter- and intra-regional trade contacts, outside cultural influences (possibly through exogamy, shifting of populations, and even the evolution of a culture through time). Whatever the influences, the regional tradition is continuous from post-Archaic times to contact times, contemporaneous with, and a peripheral part of the larger Woodland and Mississippian cultures found throughout the Eastern United States during these periods.

Despite the fact exogamy is likely to have been practiced, traders or other specialists probably moved between major cultural areas in small numbers, and genetic flow probably accompanied cultural exchange, although perhaps not on the same scale. This may have increased in later times due to use of traditional obligations of kinship and intermarriage to stabilize alliances that were not codified into a formal legal system.

The following table has been modified from several sources, but is in large part based on Milanich and Fairbanks (1980) and then modified by later researchers working in the Indian River area and acknowledges a modified sequencing has been created in part by Milanich (see reference above), although the Goggin terminology has been retained. Dates have been rounded somewhat and translated to Before Present (BP). There are some differences of opinion as to timing. Much of this may reflect both a regional and temporal mosaic of transitions that can be reconciled by further research. The rate or pace of change may vary even in a culturally-unified region such as the East-Central Florida area.

By European contact times (first half of the 16th century), the northeast-central portion of Florida was maintaining with a mixed agricultural/hunter-gatherer base, vigorous, possibly expanding political chiefdoms with a broad network of alliances, as well as a rich and ancient cultural tradition. Indians identified as the Ais or Jeaga were tribes centered in the Indian River area.

Direct conflict with Europeans and, more importantly, exposure to European diseases led to the rapid decline of the Timucuan, including their largest tribal group the Utina. By the mid 1700s their numbers had greatly diminished, and the remnants of this once- powerful tribe were absorbed into the Spanish mission and rancho systems. By this time most of the cultural identity of pre-contact times had been lost, although some of the Timucuan subsistence strategies may have been partly adopted by Seminoles.

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Table 1: East-Central Florida Cultural Sequence

Orange Period/Late Archaic (3000 BP - 2500 BP) First appearance of Orange Series fiber- tempered ware, both plain and decorated. Low burial mounds appear, Deptford ceramics from south Georgia coast indicate trade toward end of period.

Malabar I (further divided to Ia and Ib) in East Interaction with Weeden Island and Central Florida (1500 BP - 1200 BP) Cades Pond cultures to the northwest, (Early to Late Cades Pond in West Florida) limited occurrence of Weeden Island pottery in burial mounds. Area pottery limited to local types with some St. Johns Plain. Culture seems part of the larger Woodland tradition.

Malabar II/ Malabar IIa in East Central Florida St. Johns Check Stamped is diagnostic (1200 - 700 BP) (Hickory Pond/Early Alachua marker, burial mounds common, in West Florida) continued limited interaction with the Weeden Island culture, Weeden Island ceramics and/or copies present in area sites. Fiber cord marked pottery evolves to corncob scratched ware.

Malabar IIb and IIc in East Central Florida Introduction of European objects in (700 - 435 BP) (Middle to Late Alachua/Potano burial mounds. Historic accounts in West Florida) indicate tribal affiliations for area as the north-central Ais.

HISTORIC PERIOD

Raids into Spanish Florida by the English in the early 1700s by Colonel Moore with incursions by the allied Yemassee Indian resulted in the destruction of the Spanish mission system and the dispersal of Florida Indian tribes. The Seminoles began moving into the Florida peninsula and consolidating with other remnant Indian groups by the 1750s. The origins of the Seminoles were various Creek tribes. By the 1820s these Indians were in conflict with the expanding white American population.

The present survey did not locate Seminole period sites, although military records, survey plat maps, and, in particular, several sketch maps by military personnel done in the 1820s and 1830s show the Second Seminole War forts in the region. By 1842 at the close of the Second Seminole War, the Seminoles had been removed from or fled the area of Brevard/Indian River counties.

In the 1760s, with the transfer of Florida from Spain to Britain, a number of commercial plantation operations were established in eastern Florida. Large grants were made to Thomas Bradshaw and Col. William Faucitt along the Indian River. The Bisset plantation was located in north coastal Brevard County and grew indigo. These were 18

generally situated close to the coast, the interior remaining wilderness. In the Second Spanish Period (1763-1824) the Pouchard, Fontaine, Garvin, Acosta and Reyes Grants were awarded by the Spanish Government with the Fleming Grant close to San Sebastian Inlet/River.

When Florida became a United States Territory, several large plantations were established in north coastal Florida by the 1820s. The second Seminole War (1835- 1842) disrupted the settlement of northeast Florida and resulted in the destruction of most of the plantations. At the end of the war, the Seminoles had been driven south out of Brevard and Indian River Counties. The removal of the Indians from the region accelerated the advent of planters and the creation of many small coastal towns and settlements.

After the Civil War, Florida entered the period of Reconstruction, which by the 1880s saw an increase of tourism in the State. Resorts were located near springs and rivers in the belief bathing and drinking the water was therapeutic. Land companies actively promoted sales of land in the United States and abroad. A great interest was generated in the planting and cultivation of citrus groves.

By the 1890s the naval stores industry was harvesting timber and turpentine in the area and land was being cleared for citrus groves.

St. Lucie County was split from the southern portion of Brevard County in 1905 with portions later split off to form Martin and Okeechobee Counties by 1925. The county seat was established at Fort Pierce.

The Florida land boom of the 1920s was the beginning of large developments along the Florida coast although inland areas were generally unaffected. These ambitious projects had collapsed by 1928 in the Florida Land Bust and at the onset of the Great Depression.

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METHODOLOGY

Prior to conducting fieldwork in the project parcel, relevant archives and literature were reviewed. This included studying previous archaeological reports for sites in St. Lucie County, reviewing information from the Florida Master Site File concerning nearby sites, and examining USGS maps of the project area. Also, black and white as well as color aerial photographs of the project area, which could aid in revealing anthropogenic changes to the topography and floral communities, were interpreted.

The principal project goal was to locate and assess all historical or archaeological sites on the subject parcel. This Phase I cultural resource assessment incorporated the use of certain predictive models based on topographic and vegetative attributes that are associated with prehistoric and historic sites in St. Lucie County. These models postulate that live oak and cabbage palm hammocks in close proximity to drainage sloughs and marshes are medium to high probability areas for archaeological sites.

It was determined that the entire project parcel had a low probability for archaeological sites. It was noted that the parcel has been repeatedly farmed and plowed in the last 40 years, leaving a much of the soil profile heavily disturbed.

Fieldwork

Testing intervals used for low, medium, and high probability areas conform to FDHR Module 3 guidelines. A total of 13 shovel tests were excavated across the project parcel. Low probability areas were sampled at 100 meter intervals along transects and few specific locations were tested judgmentally based on vegetation indicators. Large agricultural furrows and ridges run north-south across the parcel—all tests were placed at the apex of a ridge. All shovel tests measured 50 cm diameter and were dug to a depth of 100 cm where possible. All dug sediments were screened through ¼”-mesh hardware cloth.

Collections

No cultural materials were collected from this survey.

Informants

No informants were identified for this parcel.

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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

A Phase I cultural resource assessment of the Camping World parcel resulted in no historic or archaeological sites being identified. Based on a review of historic aerial photographs, the entire parcel was determined to be low probability for archaeological sites, since it encompasses low-lying, former seasonally flooded wet prairie. No potential tree islands or significant geographic features were observed in our review of historic aerial photographs or during ground-truthing. No structures occur on the property.

The entire parcel has been in agricultural use since at least 1948 (Figure 3), evidenced today as large furrows leaving much of the soil intensely disturbed. A total of 13 shovel tests were dug across the parcel. All shovel tests were negative for cultural material. Sediments consist of a plow zone over sterile fine sands and deep grey clays, consistent with historic wetlands.

It is the consultant’s opinion that no significant cultural resources occur on the project parcel. However, if cultural materials are uncovered during development the project archaeologist should be notified. In the event that human remains are uncovered, the provisions of Statute 872.05 will apply.

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REFERENCES CITED

Anderson, David G., Lisa D. O’Steen, and Kenneth Sassman 1996 Environmental and Chronological Considerations. In The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast. DG Anderson and KE Sassman Eds. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 2006 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Wispering Oaks, St. Lucie County, Florida. Survey #12733 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

2006 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Hawks Pointe, St. Lucie County, Florida. Survey #13379 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

Archaeological and Historical Conservancy 2004 A Phase One Archaeological Assessment of the Bent Creek Parcel, St. Lucie County, Florida. Survey #10923 on file, Division of Historic Resources, Tallahassee, Florida.

Ashley, Keith and Nancy Marie White 2012 Late Prehistoric Florida: Archaeology at the Edge of the Mississippian World. University Presses of Florida: Gainesville, Florida.

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APPENDIX I: FLORIDA SURVEY LOG

30

Camping World - Phase I 2018.139 A Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment of the Camping World Parcel, St. Lucie County, Florida ! " # $. Franklin,Ryan %. Beriault. John G. &. White, John Wesley '. ( 2018 )( # * " #" (" # 30 ( +# , " ( " ( . " (. - # . AHC Technical Report #1197 # # ) Robert S. Carr ## # Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc. Davie, Florida " " " $. Ft. Pierce %. . . &. Okeechobee Road '. . .

" " # # ). . !. # John G. Beriault 8-11-2018

#  ) 

# # $. St. Lucie %. . &. '. .

, $&'" ) # * # $. ) FORT PIERCE NW 1983 '. ) &. ) . ) %. ) . )

# 8-5-18 8-6-2018 ! # 48 ( # ! 1 # # # #

**$ " # *" , " " " %&%& &'''" ! &''%" ..#.

# (. + 13 systematic and judgmental shovel tests

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!  # .  (   (  (          (.

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# * & !* - $!%& ! ! , * *!

# ! ! *! * * * * (" . ! *! ,

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**$ " # *" , " " " %&%& &'''" ! &''%" ..#. PROJECT PARCEL

USGS Map of the Camping World parcel.

N

TOWNSHIP 35S, RANGE 39E, SECTION 13

USGS Map: FORT PIERCE NW, REV. 1983 0 750 1500 3000 Feet approx. 0 270 450 900 Meters approx.

APPENDIX II: FDHS LETTER OF 7/20/2018

34

RICK SCOTT KEN DETZNER Governor Secretary of State

South Florida Water Management District July 20, 2018 3301 Gun Club Road West Palm Beach, Florida 33406

RE: DHR Project File No.: 2018-3264, Received by DHR: June 25, 2018 Application No.: 180622-650 Project: Camping World County: St. Lucie

To Whom It May Concern:

Our office reviewed the referenced project in accordance with Chapters 267.061 and 373.414, Florida Statutes, and implementing state regulations, for possible effects on historic properties listed, or eligible for listing, in the National Register of Historic Places, or otherwise of historical, architectural or archaeological value.

A review of the Florida Master Site File indicates that the project area has not been surveyed for archaeological and historical properties. Since conditions in the area are favorable for the presence of these kinds of resources, we recommend that the project area be subjected to a professional cultural resources assessment survey. The resultant survey report should conform to the provisions of Chapter 1A- 46, Florida Administrative Code, and should be sent to our office upon completion. The report will help us complete the review process and provide comments or recommendations to the permitting agency in a timely fashion.

The Division of Historical Resources cannot endorse specific archaeological or historic preservation consultants. However, the American Cultural Resources Association maintains a listing of professional consultants at www.acra-crm.org, and the Register of Professional Archaeologists maintains a membership directory at www.rpanet.org. The Division encourages checking references and recent work history.

If you have any questions, please contact Rachel Thompson, Historic Preservationist, by email at [email protected], or by telephone at 850.245.6453 or 800.847.7278.

Sincerely,

Timothy A Parsons, Ph.D. Director, Division of Historical Resources & State Historic Preservation Officer

Division of Historical Resources R.A. Gray Building • 500 South Bronough Street• Tallahassee, Florida 32399 850.245.6300 • 850.245.6436 (Fax) FLHeritage.com