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Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Coast: Chronology and Function of Ceramics from Three Shell Middens in the Grand Bay Estuary

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Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Coast: Chronology and Function of Ceramics from Three Shell Middens in the Grand Bay Estuary The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Master's Theses Spring 5-2014 Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Coast: Chronology and Function of Ceramics from Three Shell Middens in the Grand Bay Estuary Samuel Michael Huey University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses Recommended Citation Huey, Samuel Michael, "Prehistoric Life on the Mississippi Coast: Chronology and Function of Ceramics from Three Shell Middens in the Grand Bay Estuary" (2014). Master's Theses. 4. https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/4 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi PREHISTORIC LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI COAST: CHRONOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF CERAMICS FROM THREE SHELL MIDDENS IN THE GRAND BAY ESTUARY by Samuel Michael Huey A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Approved: Edwin Homer Jackson ____________________________________ Director Jeffrey Kaufmann ____________________________________ Marie Elaine Danforth ____________________________________ Maureen A. Ryan ____________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School May 2014 ABSTRACT PREHISTORIC LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI COAST: CHRONOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF CERAMICS FROM THREE SHELL MIDDENS IN THE GRAND BAY ESTUARY by Samuel Michael Huey May 2014 This study analyzes ceramic assemblages with radio carbon dates produced from three archaeological sites, 22JA564, 22JA575, and 22JA633, with a view to determine the types and varieties of containers brought to and used at each site. The study area is located in the extreme eastern end of the Mississippi Sound in Jackson County, Mississippi. Methods employed in this research evaluate five variables: orifice diameter, vessel wall thickness, decoration, temper, and vessel shape. These variables were selected in order to determine the mechanical performance characteristics, as well as the formal and functional aspects of pottery assembled in this study. Determining form and function of recovered ceramics illuminates differences in site activity between each site and between periods. By correlating the results from the faunal analysis with ceramic analysis settlement patterns, subsistence patterns and a chronology of site use are constructed. This research evaluates prehistoric use of the Grand Bay estuary and documents how use of the estuary changed through time. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would have not been possible without the support of Mississippi Department of Archives and History and personnel at the Grand Bay Research Reserve. Ceramic type distinctions in this research are credited largely to recent studies and feedback received in response to the 2012 Grand Bay report. These contributions were made by Chip McGimmsey, Richard Weinstein, Ian Brown, John Belmont, and Rick Fuller. The faunal analysis conducted by Susan Scott was integral to the understanding of the Grand Bay ceramic assemblages. Otolith analysis conducted by Sam Butz clarified seasonality of prehistoric occupation in Grand Bay. Data gleaned from Butz’s work identified a change in subsistence that is also reflected by changes in the ceramic assemblage and changes in faunal assemblage noted by Scott. Being able to consider the ceramic data and faunal data together was a large part of this study’s success. My committee was supportive and provided the direction I needed to complete this work. Dr. Jeffrey Kaufmann and his contributions to my understanding of culture have helped me not to lose sight of the people whom the pottery represents. Working with Dr. Marie Danforth over the course of this research has immensely improved my writing and research abilities. A special thanks is owed to Dr. Ed Jackson who not only allowed me to center my thesis on the 2010 Grand Bay project, but also took me into the field, enabling me to see firsthand the sites and salt marsh. Crew members involved in the field portion of the 2010 Grand Bay project worked hard through adverse conditions, and the quality of work produced by the field technicians made the difference in the lab. Dr. Jackson secured funding for my graduate school career by providing me with a research assistantship through The University of Southern Mississippi that entailed the iii laboratory analysis of the artifacts produced by the 2010 Grand Bay project. For this I am very grateful because the assistantship allowed me to spend much more time analyzing the pottery than I otherwise would have. I am thankful that I was able to study under Dr. Jackson because he provided me with the tools I needed to conduct this research and the guidance I needed to finish it. An Acknowledgment is owed the Michael Fedoroff who introduced me to Dr. Jackson and offered his support at every turn down the long road to the completion of this thesis. The emotional expenditure, the monetary expense, and the time that graduate school requires has placed stress on nearly all of my personal relationships, and I want to thank my parents, Lorna and Michael Huey, for always believing in me and providing me with a constant support network. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ASTRACT .......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................1 Purpose of Study Organization of Study II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...................................................4 Late Gulf Formational (1200-100 BC) Middle Woodland (100 BC-500 AD) Early Late Woodland (550-800 AD) Later Late Woodland (800-1200 AD) Mississippi Period (1200-1500 AD) Proto-Historic (1550-1699 AD) Cultural Adaptations III. SITE BACKROUNDS...............................................................................35 Ford Site (22JA564) Kenny’s Island (22JA633) Crooked Bayou (22JA575) Ceramic Sample IV. METHODS ...............................................................................................42 Formal Typological Classifications Vessel Form Orifice Estimation Temper Considerations Sherd Thickness V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................54 v Formal Typological Classifications Temper Considerations Wall Thickness Vessel Form Orifice Estimation Chronological Assignment of Deposits and Intersite Analysis Bases Discussion VI. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................149 APPENDIX .....................................................................................................................162 REFERENCES CITED ...................................................................................................165 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Belmont’s Line Character Schema.........................................................................22 2. Total Ceramic Assemblage ....................................................................................41 3. Unidentified Decorated Pottery Recovered from 22JA564 ...................................75 4. Unidentified Decorated Pottery Recovered from 22JA575 ...................................75 5. Unidentified Decorated Pottery Recovered from 22JA633 ...................................76 6. 22JA633 Temper groups ........................................................................................77 7. 22JA575 Temper groups ........................................................................................78 8. 22JA564 Temper groups ........................................................................................78 9. Distribution of Plain Ware for 22JA564 ................................................................80 10. Distribution of Plain Ware for 22JA633 ................................................................81 11. Distribution of Plain Ware for 22JA575. ...............................................................81 12. Wall Thickness Measurement Mean and Standard Deviation by Vessel Shape Class ..........................................................................................................133 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Collared jar rim sherd profiles ...............................................................................84 2. Shortened collared jar rim sherd profiles ...............................................................85 3. Simple jar rim sherd profiles..................................................................................86 4. Flattened globular bowl rim sherd profiles ............................................................88 5. Collared globular bowl rim sherd profiles .............................................................91 6. Open bowl rim sherd profiles ................................................................................94 7. Open
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