Os Sistemas Nervoso E Imunitário Não Conhecem a “Realidade Externa”, Mas Constroem Uma Realidade Própria Auto- Referencial

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Os Sistemas Nervoso E Imunitário Não Conhecem a “Realidade Externa”, Mas Constroem Uma Realidade Própria Auto- Referencial 50 Neurociências • Volume 6 • Nº 1 • janeiro/março de 2010 Ia Jornada Fluminense sobre Cognição Imune e Neural Os sistemas nervoso e imunitário não conhecem a “realidade externa”, mas constroem uma realidade própria auto- referencial Henrique Leonel Lenzi “Eu posso fechar meus olhos e, numa fração de segundos, pensar em estrelas coloridas cintilando num céu azul escuro. Estrelas que nem sequer sei se existem, e que talvez estejam a muitos anos-luz de dis- tância. Eu posso imaginar uma vaca amarela ou então dizer que estou sentindo muito calor. Entretanto, se alguém pudesse abrir o meu cérebro e examiná-lo com o mais aperfeiçoado instrumento de observação de que a ciência dispõe, não veria estrelas coloridas nem uma vaca amarela. Veria apenas uma massa cinzenta, cheia de células ligadas entre si.” João Fernandes Teixeira [1] Rubens Alves, escritor com alma de poeta, após uma cirurgia de catarata, ouviu de um amigo seu a seguinte estória do escritor Aníbal Machado [2]: “Um rico empresário corria o risco de ficar cego. A única alternativa era um transplante de olhos. Sei que ainda não se fazem transplantes de olhos, mas na literatura se fazem. Na literatura tudo é possível. A operação se realizou com sucesso. Com os novos olhos, o empresário passou a ver como não via antes. Aí ele foi chamado pela direção de sua empresa para uma reunião urgente. Ele saiu do hospital para ir ao escritório. Mas – coisa estranha – o tempo passava e ele não FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, chegava. Saíram então à sua busca. Foi encontrado num jardim olhando Departamento de Patologia, Labora- árvores, flores, fontes com uma cara de encantamento. Lembrado de tório de Patologia seu compromisso com a empresa, ele se recusou. ‘Não irei. Vou ficar aqui neste jardim vendo coisas que nunca vi’. Os médicos, examinando Correspondência: Henrique Leo- o relatório de sua operação, viram que seus olhos tinham sido doação nel Lenzi, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, de um poeta...” Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365 Manguinhos 21045-900, Rio Esta estória irreal se aproxima bastante do experimento realizado de Janeiro RJ Tel: (21)2598-4350, por Roger Wolcott Sperry (1913-1994), que junto com David Hubel e E-mail: [email protected] Torsten Wiesel, foi agraciado com o Nobel em Fisiologia e Medicina de Neurociências • Volume 6 • Nº 1 • janeiro/março de 2010 51 1981, por pesquisas sobre a separação e identifica- No artigo intitulado What the frog’s eye tells ção das funções dos hemisférios esquerdo e direito the frog’s brain [7], os autores demonstraram, com do cérebro (split-brain). A partir de um experimento grande elegância, que o sistema visual da rã não surpreendente em salamandra, realizado em 1943, representa a realidade, mas sim a constrói. Isto é “a Effect of 180 degree rotation of the retinal field on rã fala com o cérebro numa linguagem já altamente visual motor coordination, [3], Sperry observou que organizada e interpretada em vez de transmitir cópia a rotação de 180 graus do campo retiniano resultou mais ou menos acurada da distribuição da luz sobre numa inversão e reversão completa da percepção os receptores”. O que é verdadeiro para a rã devia, visual claramente manifesta em reações errôneas então, ser transportado também para os humanos, deliberadas e em várias execuções anormais dire- já que não havia razão para acreditar que o sistema tamente correlacionadas com a rotação retiniana. nervoso humano fosse construído de forma peculiar As salamandras têm a capacidade de regeneração para detectar o mundo como ele “realmente” é [8]. e de restituição tissular, que possibilita que um olho Humberto Maturana, naquele momento um jovem retirado e rotado volte a cicatrizar suas conexões neurofisiologista chileno, também participou do refe- com a órbita, com regeneração do nervo óptico, rido artigo e passou a utilizá-lo como um trampolim conectando-se novamente com o cérebro. O animal para o desconhecido. Contrariando a objetividade recupera a visão, não apresentando diferença entre científica tradicional, ele desenvolveu, de forma um animal operado e um normal. Maturana reprodu- inovadora, uma nova forma de falar sobre a vida e ziu o experimento em 1955, quando era estudante sobre a função do observador em descrever sistemas na Inglaterra e se perguntou: “Em que consiste o fe- vivos [8]. nômeno da cognição? O que é que acontece nestas Tanto o sistema nervoso como o imunitário per- circunstâncias em que a salamandra normalmente cebem o “quanto” e não o “quê”. Heinz von Foerster lança sua língua quando há um bichinho em sua fren- [9] chamou a isso de Princípio da codificação não te? O que é que acontece quando eu, observador, diferenciada. Segundo ele: “Na resposta de uma ou qualquer observador vejo um bichinho lá, fora da célula nervosa não é a natureza física [o quê] da salamandra, e a salamandra lança sua língua e o causa da excitação que está codificada. Somente captura? O que é isto de dizer que há um bichinho é codificada a quantidade [quanto] de intensidade lá, no momento em que a salamandra lança sua lín- da causa da excitação... Assim como para a retina, gua?” [4]. Maturana, em seu próprio depoimento, só o mesmo é válido para todas as demais células veio a compreender o sentido desse experimento em sensoriais, como as papilas gustativas da língua, 1968, portanto 13 anos após reproduzi-lo na Inglater- células táteis ou qualquer tipo dos demais receptores ra [4,5]. Retirou disso a conclusão forte e definitiva que estão relacionados com sensações tais como de que a reação da salamandra não é determinada cheiro, calor e frio, som e outros. Todos são ‘cegos’ por algo externo, mas por sua estrutura interna. Em à qualidade da excitação e respondem unicamente vez de apontar para algo externo, realiza “correlação à quantidade dela. Isto é assombroso, porém não interna” [6]. Ou seja, Maturana percebeu que desde deve surpreender-nos, já que ‘ali fora’ efetivamente o momento em que a salamandra joga sua língua não há luz, nem calor, somente existem ondas ele- para capturar um verme ou larva, estabelece uma tromagnéticas; tampouco há ‘ali fora’ som e música, correlação interna entre a atividade de uma parte da somente existem flutuações periódicas da pressão retina e a parte do sistema nervoso motor ou efetor, do ar; ‘ali fora’ não há nem calor, nem frio, somente que gera o movimento de lançamento da língua. existem moléculas que se movem com maior ou Segundo Maturana [5], “para o operar do sistema menor energia cinética média. Finalmente, ‘ali fora’, nervoso da salamandra é indiferente que se tenha com toda a certeza, não há dor. rotado ou não o olho depois que se restabelece a Uma vez que a natureza física da excitação, isto conexão retina-cérebro. É para o observador que é, sua qualidade, não intervém na atividade nervosa, a salamandra aparece apontando com um desvio apresenta-se a seguinte interrogação fundamental: de 180º, porém ela não aponta. A salamandra faz como nosso cérebro evoca a assombrosa multiplici- exatamente o mesmo que fazia antes: uma correla- dade deste mundo multicolorido que experimentamos ção sensório-motora entre a atividade de uma área em todo o momento durante a vigília e, em ocasiões, particular da retina e o sistema motor da língua e também em sonhos? Aqui reside o ‘problema do do corpo”. Logo, segundo Maturana [5], o sistema conhecimento’, a busca da compreensão dos pro- nervoso opera fazendo correlações internas. cessos do conhecimento.” 52 Neurociências • Volume 6 • Nº 1 • janeiro/março de 2010 Para Von Foerster [9], conhecer não é computar sões; e podemos selecionar uma resposta motora a realidade, nem computar descrições de uma reali- a partir do elenco disponível no cérebro ou formular dade, mas sim computar descrições de descrições, uma resposta motora nova, que é uma composição eliminando a ‘realidade’. Segundo ele, “a realidade desejada e deliberada de ações que pode ir desde só se apresenta aqui implicitamente como a opera- uma expressão de cólera até abraçar uma criança, ção de descrições recursivas. Além disso, podemos desde escrever uma carta para o editor até tocar uma aproveitar a noção de que computando descrições sonata de Mozart ao piano” [13]. não significa nada mais que uma computação... Com esses apetrechos sensoriais e cerebrais Resumidamente, proponho considerar os processos conseguimos lidar com a “realidade exterior” do do conhecimento como processos ilimitadamente mesocosmos, não percebendo, sem utensílios ade- recursivos de cálculo.” quados, o que se passa no micro e macrocosmos. Os mundos dos bilhões de galáxias e das partículas Na realidade, o sistema nervoso nunca entra em quânticas não fazem sentido para o nosso mundo. contato direto com o exterior. Todos os estímulos ex- Como conseqüência da existência de aproximada- ternos são percebidos por células sensoriais, localiza- mente 20mg de potássio radioativo 40 em nosso or- das estrategicamente em diferentes partes do corpo, ganismo, emitimos cerca de 20 milhões de neutrinos que funcionam como detectores do ambiente [10]. por hora e, em direção oposta, somos atravessados, Por exemplo, existem receptores sensoriais para a cada segundo, por cerca de 50 bilhões dessas partí- vários tipos de estímulos, tais como os mecanorecep- culas, produzidas em fontes radioativas da Terra [14]. tores (sensíveis a estímulos mecânicos contínuos ou Mas nossos receptores desconhecem essa realidade vibratórios: estiramento, vibração, pressão, toque), subatômica. Não fazem parte do mundo que criamos quimioreceptores (sensíveis a estímulos químicos), no cérebro ao vivermos no mesocosmos. Então, cria- termoreceptores (sensíveis a variações térmicas: mos nosso mundo, que é individual para cada pessoa calor, frio), fotoreceptores (sensíveis a estímulos e para cada animal dotado de cérebro. Nosso mundo luminosos) e nocireceptores (sensíveis a diferentes não constitui a imagem de nada: é uma construção, formas de energia: dor) [11].
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