Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 68 / Wednesday, April 9, 1997 / Notices

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 68 / Wednesday, April 9, 1997 / Notices 17216 Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 68 / Wednesday, April 9, 1997 / Notices NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND locations by contacting the pertinent of plutonium dioxide to generate SPACE ADMINISTRATION Freedom of Information Act Office: electric power for the spacecraft and its (d) NASA, Ames Research Center, instruments. The spacecraft would also [Notice 97±040] Moffett Field, CA 94035 (415±604± use approximately 130 RHU's, each National Environmental Policy Act; 4190). containing a small amount of plutonium Cassini Mission (e) NASA, Dryden Flight Research dioxide, to generate heat for controlling Center, Edwards, CA 93523 (805±258± the thermal environment of the AGENCY: National Aeronautics and 3448). spacecraft and several of its Space Administration (NASA). (f) NASA, Goddard Space Flight instruments. ACTION: Notice of availability of draft Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 (301±286± The action selected and documented supplemental environmental impact 0730). in the ROD consists of completing statement (DSEIS) for the Cassini (g) NASA, Johnson Space Center, preparations for and implementing the mission to Saturn and its moons. Houston, TX 77058 (713±483±8612). Cassini mission to Saturn and its (h) NASA, Langley Research Center, moons, with a launch of the Cassini SUMMARY: Pursuant to the National Hampton, VA 23665 (757±864±2497). spacecraft onboard a Titan IV (SRMU)/ Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (i) NASA, Lewis Research Center, Centaur. The launch would take place at (NEPA), as amended (42 U.S.C. 4321 et 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, OH CCAS during the primary launch seq.), the Council on Environmental 44135 (216±433±2222). opportunity that begins in early October Quality Regulations for Implementing (j) NASA, Marshall Space Flight 1997 and continues into mid-November the Procedural Provisions of NEPA (40 Center, AL 35812 (205±544±0031). 1997. A secondary launch opportunity CFR Parts 1500±1508), and NASA (k) NASA, Stennis Space Center, MS extends from the end of November 1997 policy and procedures (14 CFR Part 39529 (601±688±2164). to early January 1998, with a backup 1216, Subpart 1216.3), NASA has Limited copies of the DSEIS are opportunity from mid-March to early prepared and issued a DSEIS for the available, on a first request basis, by April 1999, both using the Titan IV Cassini mission. The DSEIS focuses on contacting Mark Dahl at the address or (SRMU)/Centaur. The primary launch updated information pertinent to the telephone number indicated herein. opportunity would employ a Venus- consequence and risk analyses of Venus-Earth-Jupiter-Gravity-Assist potential accidents during the launch FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mark Dahl, 202±358±1544. trajectory to Saturn; the secondary and and cruise phases of the mission. Such backup opportunities would both SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: accidents could result in the release of The employ a Venus-Earth-Earth-Gravity- plutonium dioxide from one or more of planned Cassini mission is an Assist (VEEGA) trajectory. The above the three Radioisotope Thermoelectric international cooperative effort of primary launch opportunity remains Generators (RTG's) and the NASA, the European Space Agency, and NASA's preferred alternative and approximately 130 Radioisotope Heater the Italian Space Agency, to explore the Proposed Action and would allow the Units (RHU's) onboard the Cassini planet Saturn and its environment. Cassini spacecraft to gather the full spacecraft. The currently planned Saturn is the second-largest and second- science return desired to accomplish mission involves the launch of the most massive plant in the solar system mission objectives. Cassini spacecraft from Cape Canaveral and has the largest, most visible Along with the No-Action alternative Air Station (CCAS), Florida, during the dynamic ring structure of all the (ceasing preparations and not primary launch opportunity that begins planets. The planned mission is an implementing the Cassini mission), the in early October 1997. important part of NASA's program for EIS evaluated in detail two other DATES: Comments on the DSEIS must be exploration of the solar system, the goal mission alternatives. The March 1999 submitted in writing and received by of which is to understand the system's alternative would have used two Shuttle NASA no later than May 27, 1997, or 45 birth and evolution. The Cassini flights with on-orbit integration of the days from the date of publication in the mission would involve a 4-year spacecraft and upper stage, followed by Federal Register of the U.S. scientific exploration of Saturn, it's injection of the spacecraft into a VEEGA Environmental Protection Agency's atmosphere, moons, rings, and trajectory to Saturn. Due to the long notice of availability of the Cassini magnetosphere. The Cassini spacecraft lead-time in developing and certifying mission DSEIS, whichever is later. consists of the Cassini Orbiter and the the new upper stage that would be ADDRESSES: Written comments should detachable Huygens Probe. The needed to implement it, this alternative be addressed to Mr. Mark R. Dahl, Huygens Probe would be released for a is no longer considered reasonable. The NASA Headquarters, Code SD, parachute descent into the atmosphere other mission alternative considered in Washington, DC 20546±0001. The of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. The the EIS was the 2001 alternative which DSEIS may be reviewed at the following scientific information gathered by the would use a Titan IV (SRMU)/Centaur locations: Cassini mission could help provide to launch the spacecraft from CCAS in (a) NASA Headquarters, Library, clues to the evolution of the solar March 2001 on a Venus-Venus-Venus- Room 1J20, 300 E Street, SW., system and the origin of life on Earth. Gravity-Assist trajectory. A backup Washington, DC 20546. NASA issued the Final Environmental opportunity in May 2002 would use a (b) Spaceport U.S.A., Room 2001, Impact Statement for the Cassini VEEGA trajectory. The 2001 alternative John F. Kennedy Space Center, FL Mission in July 1995 (hereinafter the would require completing development 32899. Please call Lisa Fowler ``EIS'') followed by the associated and testing of a new high-performance beforehand at 407±867±2497 so that Record of Decision (ROD) to complete rhenium engine for the spacecraft, as arrangements can be made. preparation of the Cassini mission for well as adding about 20 percent more (c) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Visitors launch in the October 1997 opportunity, propellant to the spacecraft. Science Lobby, Building 249, 4800 Oak Grove or either the secondary or backup returns from this alternative would meet Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 (818±354± opportunities, and to implement the the minimum acceptable level for the 5179). mission. mission. In addition, the DSEIS may be The Cassini spacecraft would carry The EIS analyses demonstrated that examined at the following NASA three RTG's that use the heat of decay completing preparations for and Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 68 / Wednesday, April 9, 1997 / Notices 17217 implementing a normal Cassini mission DATES: Responses to this notice must be NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS would not significantly impact the received by June 9, 1997. ADMINISTRATION human environment. The principal FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: concern associated with all mission Ms. Kimberly A. Chasteen, Patent Records Schedules; Availability and alternatives (except No-Action) was Attorney, NASA Langley Research Request for Comments with accidents during launch and Center, Mail Stop 212, Hampton, VA AGENCY: Office of National Archives and operation of the mission that have the 23681±0001, telephone (757) 864±3227; Records Administration, Records potential to result in a release of fax (757) 864±9190. Services. plutonium dioxide from the RTG's and/ ACTION: or RHU's onboard the spacecraft. In Dated: April 2, 1997. Notice of availability of response, NASA and the U.S. Edward A. Frankle, proposed records schedules; request for Department of Energy (DOE), using the General Counsel. comments. best information available at that time, [FR Doc. 97±9103 Filed 4±8±97; 8:45 am] SUMMARY: The National Archives and developed an array of representative BILLING CODE 7510±01±M Records Administration (NARA) accident scenarios that could potentially publishes notice at least once monthly result in a release of plutonium dioxide of certain Federal agency requests for from the RTG's. NASA and DOE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND records disposition authority (records analyzed the representative accident SPACE ADMINISTRATION schedules). Records schedules identify scenarios with respect to the records of sufficient value to warrant consequences and risks. The results of [Notice 97±042] preservation in the National Archives of those analyses were presented in the the United States. Schedules also Notice of Prospective Patent License Cassini EIS. authorize agencies after a specified Updated results from the continuing AGENCY: National Aeronautics and period to dispose of records lacking tests and analyses have recently become Space Administration. administrative, legal, research, or other available for NASA review. This value. Notice is published for records updated data indicates that there is new ACTION: Notice of Prospective Patent License. schedules that (1) Propose the information relevant to the destruction of records not previously environmental impacts of the Proposed SUMMARY: NASA hereby gives notice authorized for disposal, or (2) reduce Action. that HITCO Technologies, Inc. of the retention period for
Recommended publications
  • NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 October 1999 Volume 4, Issue 4
    A publication of The Orbital Debris Program Office NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 October 1999 Volume 4, Issue 4. NEWS Marshall Researchers Developing Patch Kit to Mitigate ISS Impact Damage Stephen B. Hall, FD23A procedure and developmental status. external patching for several reasons: time KERMIt Lead Engineer constraints, accessibility, work envelope, Marshall Space Flight Center External Repair Rationale collateral damage and EVA suit compatibility. KERMIt, a Kit for External Repair of The decision was made to develop a kit for A primary risk factor in repairing Module Impacts, is now punctured modules is the being developed at the time constraint involved. Marshall Space Flight Even given the relatively Center in Huntsville, Ala. large volume of air within Its purpose: to seal the Space Station upon punctures in the assembly completion, International Space Station analyses have shown that a caused by collisions with 1-inch-diameter hole can meteoroids or space cause pressure to drop to debris. The kit will enable unacceptable levels in just crewmembers to seal one hour. In that timeframe, punctures from outside the crew must conclude a damaged modules that module has been punctured, have lost atmospheric determine its location, pressure. Delivery of the remove obstructions kit for operational use is restricting access, obtain a scheduled for next year. repair kit and seal the leak. This article -- which This action would be a expands on material challenge even if the crew appearing in the July 1999 was not injured and no issue of “Orbital Debris significant subsystem Quarterly” -- discusses the damage had occurred. rationale for an externally applied patch, Astronaut installing toggle bolt in simulated puncture sample plate on Laboratory requirements influencing Module in Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • L AUNCH SYSTEMS Databk7 Collected.Book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM Databk7 Collected.Book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM
    databk7_collected.book Page 17 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS databk7_collected.book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM databk7_collected.book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS Introduction Launch systems provide access to space, necessary for the majority of NASA’s activities. During the decade from 1989–1998, NASA used two types of launch systems, one consisting of several families of expendable launch vehicles (ELV) and the second consisting of the world’s only partially reusable launch system—the Space Shuttle. A significant challenge NASA faced during the decade was the development of technologies needed to design and implement a new reusable launch system that would prove less expensive than the Shuttle. Although some attempts seemed promising, none succeeded. This chapter addresses most subjects relating to access to space and space transportation. It discusses and describes ELVs, the Space Shuttle in its launch vehicle function, and NASA’s attempts to develop new launch systems. Tables relating to each launch vehicle’s characteristics are included. The other functions of the Space Shuttle—as a scientific laboratory, staging area for repair missions, and a prime element of the Space Station program—are discussed in the next chapter, Human Spaceflight. This chapter also provides a brief review of launch systems in the past decade, an overview of policy relating to launch systems, a summary of the management of NASA’s launch systems programs, and tables of funding data. The Last Decade Reviewed (1979–1988) From 1979 through 1988, NASA used families of ELVs that had seen service during the previous decade.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.1 Discipline Science Results
    CASSINI FINAL MISSION REPORT 2019 1 SATURN Before Cassini, scientists viewed Saturn’s unique features only from Earth and from a few spacecraft flybys. During more than a decade orbiting the gas giant, Cassini studied the composition and temperature of Saturn’s upper atmosphere as the seasons changed there. Cassini also provided up-close observations of Saturn’s exotic storms and jet streams, and heard Saturn’s lightning, which cannot be detected from Earth. The Grand Finale orbits provided valuable data for understanding Saturn’s interior structure and magnetic dynamo, in addition to providing insight into material falling into the atmosphere from parts of the rings. Cassini’s Saturn science objectives were overseen by the Saturn Working Group (SWG). This group consisted of the scientists on the mission interested in studying the planet itself and phenomena which influenced it. The Saturn Atmospheric Modeling Working Group (SAMWG) was formed to specifically characterize Saturn’s uppermost atmosphere (thermosphere) and its variation with time, define the shape of Saturn’s 100 mbar and 1 bar pressure levels, and determine when the Saturn safely eclipsed Cassini from the Sun. Its membership consisted of experts in studying Saturn’s upper atmosphere and members of the engineering team. 2 VOLUME 1: MISSION OVERVIEW & SCIENCE OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS CONTENTS SATURN ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive
    [Show full text]
  • The Future Exploration of Saturn 417-441, in Saturn in the 21St Century (Eds. KH Baines, FM Flasar, N Krupp, T Stallard)
    The Future Exploration of Saturn By Kevin H. Baines, Sushil K. Atreya, Frank Crary, Scott G. Edgington, Thomas K. Greathouse, Henrik Melin, Olivier Mousis, Glenn S. Orton, Thomas R. Spilker, Anthony Wesley (2019). pp 417-441, in Saturn in the 21st Century (eds. KH Baines, FM Flasar, N Krupp, T Stallard), Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316227220.014 14 The Future Exploration of Saturn KEVIN H. BAINES, SUSHIL K. ATREYA, FRANK CRARY, SCOTT G. EDGINGTON, THOMAS K. GREATHOUSE, HENRIK MELIN, OLIVIER MOUSIS, GLENN S. ORTON, THOMAS R. SPILKER AND ANTHONY WESLEY Abstract missions, achieving a remarkable record of discoveries Despite the lack of another Flagship-class mission about the entire Saturn system, including its icy satel- such as Cassini–Huygens, prospects for the future lites, the large atmosphere-enshrouded moon Titan, the ’ exploration of Saturn are nevertheless encoura- planet s surprisingly intricate ring system and the pla- ’ ging. Both NASA and the European Space net s complex magnetosphere, atmosphere and interior. Agency (ESA) are exploring the possibilities of Far from being a small (500 km diameter) geologically focused interplanetary missions (1) to drop one or dead moon, Enceladus proved to be exceptionally more in situ atmospheric entry probes into Saturn active, erupting with numerous geysers that spew – and (2) to explore the satellites Titan and liquid water vapor and ice grains into space some of fi Enceladus, which would provide opportunities for which falls back to form nearly pure white snow elds both in situ investigations of Saturn’s magneto- and some of which escapes to form a distinctive ring sphere and detailed remote-sensing observations around Saturn (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • CASSINI Exploration of Saturn
    CASSINI Exploration of Saturn Launch Location Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Vehicle Titan IV-B Launch Date October 15, 1997 SATURN What do I see when I picture Saturn? Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and has been called “The Jewel of the Solar System.” Scientists be- lieve that Saturn formed more than four billion years ago from the same giant cloud of gas and dust whirling around the very young Sun that formed Earth and the other planets of our solar system. Saturn is much larg- er than Earth. Its mass is 95.18 times Earth’s mass. In other words, it would take over 95 Earths to equal the mass of Saturn. If you could weigh the planets on a giant scale, you would need slightly more than 95 Earths to equal the weight of Saturn. Saturn’s diameter is about 9.5 Earths across. At that ratio, if Saturn were as big as a baseball, Earth would be about half the size of a regular M&M candy. Saturn spins on its axis (rotates) just as our planet Earth spins on its axis. However, its period of rotation, or the time it takes Saturn to spin around one time, is only 10.2 Earth hours. A day on Saturn is just a little more than 10 hours long; so if you lived on Saturn, you would only have to be in school for a couple of hours each day! Because Saturn spins so fast, and its interior is gas, not rock, Saturn is noticeably flattened, top and bottom.
    [Show full text]
  • *Pres Report 97
    42 APPENDIX C U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 1961–September 30, 1997 Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights (days:hrs:min) Vostok 1 Apr. 12, 1961 Yury A. Gagarin 0:1:48 First human flight. Mercury-Redstone 3 May 5, 1961 Alan B. Shepard, Jr. 0:0:15 First U.S. flight; suborbital. Mercury-Redstone 4 July 21, 1961 Virgil I. Grissom 0:0:16 Suborbital; capsule sank after landing; astronaut safe. Vostok 2 Aug. 6, 1961 German S. Titov 1:1:18 First flight exceeding 24 hrs. Mercury-Atlas 6 Feb. 20, 1962 John H. Glenn, Jr. 0:4:55 First American to orbit. Mercury-Atlas 7 May 24, 1962 M. Scott Carpenter 0:4:56 Landed 400 km beyond target. Vostok 3 Aug. 11, 1962 Andriyan G. Nikolayev 3:22:25 First dual mission (with Vostok 4). Vostok 4 Aug. 12, 1962 Pavel R. Popovich 2:22:59 Came within 6 km of Vostok 3. Mercury-Atlas 8 Oct. 3, 1962 Walter M. Schirra, Jr. 0:9:13 Landed 8 km from target. Mercury-Atlas 9 May 15, 1963 L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. 1:10:20 First U.S. flight exceeding 24 hrs. Vostok 5 June 14, 1963 Valery F. Bykovskiy 4:23:6 Second dual mission (withVostok 6). Vostok 6 June 16, 1963 Valentina V. Tereshkova 2:22:50 First woman in space; within 5 km of Vostok 5. Voskhod 1 Oct. 12, 1964 Vladimir M. Komarov 1:0:17 First three-person crew. Konstantin P. Feoktistov Boris G. Yegorov Voskhod 2 Mar. 18, 1965 Pavel I.
    [Show full text]
  • Securing Japan an Assessment of Japan´S Strategy for Space
    Full Report Securing Japan An assessment of Japan´s strategy for space Report: Title: “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report” Published: July 2020 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print) • 2076-6688 (online) Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria Phone: +43 1 718 11 18 -0 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.espi.or.at Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report, July 2020. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, incidental or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: copylot.at Cover page picture credit: European Space Agency (ESA) TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and rationales ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodology
    [Show full text]
  • In Situ Exploration of the Giant Planets Olivier Mousis, David H
    In situ Exploration of the Giant Planets Olivier Mousis, David H. Atkinson, Richard Ambrosi, Sushil Atreya, Don Banfield, Stas Barabash, Michel Blanc, T. Cavalié, Athena Coustenis, Magali Deleuil, et al. To cite this version: Olivier Mousis, David H. Atkinson, Richard Ambrosi, Sushil Atreya, Don Banfield, et al.. In situ Exploration of the Giant Planets. 2019. hal-02282409 HAL Id: hal-02282409 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02282409 Submitted on 2 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. In Situ Exploration of the Giant Planets A White Paper Submitted to ESA’s Voyage 2050 Call arXiv:1908.00917v1 [astro-ph.EP] 31 Jul 2019 Olivier Mousis Contact Person: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM, Marseille, France ([email protected]) July 31, 2019 WHITE PAPER RESPONSE TO ESA CALL FOR VOYAGE 2050 SCIENCE THEME In Situ Exploration of the Giant Planets Abstract Remote sensing observations suffer significant limitations when used to study the bulk atmospheric composition of the giant planets of our solar system. This impacts our knowledge of the formation of these planets and the physics of their atmospheres. A remarkable example of the superiority of in situ probe measurements was illustrated by the exploration of Jupiter, where key measurements such as the determination of the noble gases’ abundances and the precise measurement of the helium mixing ratio were only made available through in situ measurements by the Galileo probe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cassini-Huygens Mission Overview
    SpaceOps 2006 Conference AIAA 2006-5502 The Cassini-Huygens Mission Overview N. Vandermey and B. G. Paczkowski Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 The Cassini-Huygens Program is an international science mission to the Saturnian system. Three space agencies and seventeen nations contributed to building the Cassini spacecraft and Huygens probe. The Cassini orbiter is managed and operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Huygens probe was built and operated by the European Space Agency. The mission design for Cassini-Huygens calls for a four-year orbital survey of Saturn, its rings, magnetosphere, and satellites, and the descent into Titan’s atmosphere of the Huygens probe. The Cassini orbiter tour consists of 76 orbits around Saturn with 45 close Titan flybys and 8 targeted icy satellite flybys. The Cassini orbiter spacecraft carries twelve scientific instruments that are performing a wide range of observations on a multitude of designated targets. The Huygens probe carried six additional instruments that provided in-situ sampling of the atmosphere and surface of Titan. The multi-national nature of this mission poses significant challenges in the area of flight operations. This paper will provide an overview of the mission, spacecraft, organization and flight operations environment used for the Cassini-Huygens Mission. It will address the operational complexities of the spacecraft and the science instruments and the approach used by Cassini- Huygens to address these issues. I. The Mission Saturn has fascinated observers for over 300 years. The only planet whose rings were visible from Earth with primitive telescopes, it was not until the age of robotic spacecraft that questions about the Saturnian system’s composition could be answered.
    [Show full text]
  • Cassini-Huygens
    High Ambitions for an Outstanding Planetary Mission: Cassini-Huygens Composite image of Titan in ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths taken by Cassini’s imaging science subsystem on 26 October. Red and green colours show areas where atmospheric methane absorbs light and reveal a brighter (redder) northern hemisphere. Blue colours show the high atmosphere and detached hazes (Courtesy of JPL /Univ. of Arizona) Cassini-Huygens Jean-Pierre Lebreton1, Claudio Sollazzo2, Thierry Blancquaert13, Olivier Witasse1 and the Huygens Mission Team 1 ESA Directorate of Scientific Programmes, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands 2 ESA Directorate of Operations and Infrastructure, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany 3 ESA Directorate of Technical and Quality Management, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Earl Maize, Dennis Matson, Robert Mitchell, Linda Spilker Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA/JPL), Pasadena, California Enrico Flamini Italian Space Agency (ASI), Rome, Italy Monica Talevi Science Programme Communication Service, ESA Directorate of Scientific Programmes, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands assini-Huygens, named after the two celebrated scientists, is the joint NASA/ESA/ASI mission to Saturn Cand its giant moon Titan. It is designed to shed light on many of the unsolved mysteries arising from previous observations and to pursue the detailed exploration of the gas giants after Galileo’s successful mission at Jupiter. The exploration of the Saturnian planetary system, the most complex in our Solar System, will help us to make significant progress in our understanding
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Space Commerce
    Foreword from the Secretary of Commerce As the United States seeks opportunities to expand our economy, commercial use of space resources continues to increase in importance. The use of space as a platform for increasing the benefits of our technological evolution continues to increase in a way that profoundly affects us all. Whether we use these resources to synchronize communications networks, to improve agriculture through precision farming assisted by imagery and positioning data from satellites, or to receive entertainment from direct-to-home satellite transmissions, commercial space is an increasingly large and important part of our economy and our information infrastructure. Once dominated by government investment, commercial interests play an increasing role in the space industry. As the voice of industry within the U.S. Government, the Department of Commerce plays a critical role in commercial space. Through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Department of Commerce licenses the operation of commercial remote sensing satellites. Through the International Trade Administration, the Department of Commerce seeks to improve U.S. industrial exports in the global space market. Through the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, the Department of Commerce assists in the coordination of the radio spectrum used by satellites. And, through the Technology Administration's Office of Space Commercialization, the Department of Commerce plays a central role in the management of the Global Positioning System and advocates the views of industry within U.S. Government policy making processes. I am pleased to commend for your review the Office of Space Commercialization's most recent publication, Trends in Space Commerce. The report presents a snapshot of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Collision Avoidance Maneuvers
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration U.S. Space Debris Environment, Operations, and Research Updates J.-C. Liou, Ph.D. Chief Scientist for Orbital Debris National Aeronautics and Space Administration United States 55th Session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, United Nations 29 January – 9 February 2018, Vienna National Aeronautics and Space Administration Presentation Outline • Space Missions in 2017 • Earth Satellite Population • Collision Avoidance Maneuvers • Postmission Disposal of U.S. Spacecraft • Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and the Space Debris Sensor (SDS) 2/12 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Worldwide Space Activity in 2017 • A total of 86 space launches placed more than 400 spacecraft into Earth orbits during 2017, following the trend of increase over the past decade 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Worldwide LaunchesWorldwide (Earth Orbit orBeyond) 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 3/12 • Number of Objects 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Space and Aeronautics National objects Earth orbitcontinued in to increase 2017 in According Satellite to theCatalog, U.S. the number of10 cm andlarger 2000 4000 6000 8000 Evolution of the Cataloged Satellite Population 0 1956 1958 1960 Mission-relatedDebris Rocket Bodies Spacecraft Fragmentation Debris TotalObjects 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 Iridiumand 33 Collision2251 Cosmos of 1982 4 Year /12 1984 1986
    [Show full text]