Complete Description of Cervantes Mission

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CERVANTES MISSION

The Mission

Mission Name Mission Logo Mission Objectives Mission Key Reference Data Mission Timeline

The Crew

Pedro Duque Alexander Kaleri Michael Foale André Kuipers Valery Tokarev William McArthur Returning Crew

The Launcher and Spacecraft

Soyuz Launcher Soyuz TMA Spacecraft

The International Space Station

Current Configuration

Control and Support Centres

Erasmus Payload Operations Centre European Astronaut Centre European Space Operations Centre Spanish User Support and Operations Centre Belgian User Support and Operations Centre Mission Control Centre – Moscow Mission Control Center - Houston Payload Operations Center - Huntsville

Life Sciences Experiments

AGEING GENE ROOT MESSAGE BMI CARBON DIOXIDE SURVEY SSAS CARDIOCOG NEUROCOG SYMPATHO AORTA CHROMOSOMES

Physical Science Experiments

NANOSLAB PROMISS

Earth Observation Experiments

LSO

Technology Demonstrations

3D CAMERA CREW RESTRAINT

Educational Experiments

APIS CHONDRO THEBAS VIDEO-2 WINOGRAD ARISS

Launch, Flight and Landing Procedures

Launch Procedures Docking Procedures Undocking Procedures Re-entry Procedures Landing Procedures Post Landing Procedures

Acronyms

The Mission Mission Name

During his stay in prison beginning in 1597, Cervantes came up with the concept for Don Quijote. It is credited as being the first modern novel, countering the idealised heroes of previous literature with its use of satire and complex characters.

The first part of Don Quijote was published after his release and his literary career continued until his death in April 1616, just days after finishing his last novel, Persiles y Sigismunda.

The works of Cervantes have been set to ballet, music and cinema and he has influenced many writ- ers such as Dickens, Flaubert and Dostoyevsky.

Portrait of Miguel de Cervantes

The ‘CERVANTES’ mission takes its name from Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616), the famous Spanish poet, playwright and novelist whose works included La Galatea in 1585 and the first and second parts of Don Quijote in 1605 and 1615.

He was born in Alcalá de Henares, the son of a surgeon. After studying in Madrid he went to work for Cardinal Giulio Acquaviva in Rome in 1569 where, after several months, he joined the Spanish Army based in Naples.

He lost his left hand at the battle of Lepanto in 1571 against the Turkish forces and four years later after campaigns in Navarino, Corfu and Tunis he was captured at sea by pirates. He was held as a slave in Algiers until 1580 when his family was able to buy his freedom.

In 1584 he married the daughter of a real estate owner, a few months before La Galatea was published.

Hereafter Cervantes spent ten years carrying out administrative work for the Spanish Armada followed by work as a tax collector before being put into prison for financial problems in 1597.

The Mission Mission Logo

The mission logo was designed by Spanish artist Miguel Gallardo. It shows an astronaut looking into space with his hand held towards the stars, which he wishes to reach. Like Don Quijote, he hopes to win his search for the universe in order to discover the

mysteries of life. The largest star is the one Man has installed, the International Space Station, which shines above as a starship for modern pioneers.

This logo highlights the Spanish involvement in the mission and the drive of space research to improve humanity by reaching for and fulfilling its aspirations.

The logos of the mission partners are shown under- neath: The European Space Agency (ESA), Rosaviakosmos, the Russian Space Agency, the Energia Rocket and Space Corporation and CDTI, the Centre for Technological and Industrial Development, part of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Spain.

The Mission Mission Objectives

Spanish ESA astronaut Pedro Duque will fly into Station. Pedro Duque has worked previously on space in the framework of the Spanish Soyuz mission the development of Columbus. He reviewed its ‘Cervantes’. His 10-day flight will include 8 days on design in terms of operability and maintainability the International Space Station. and checked on ergonomic aspects of its structure. The ongoing development of Columbus and The Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, its research facilities will benefit from the ‘hands through the Centre for Technological and Industrial on’ experience Pedro will get during his stay on Development (CDTI), sponsored the mission within the ISS. the framework of an agreement between ESA and Rosaviakosmos. 3. To exchange the station lifeboat: the Soyuz TMA-2, for the Soyuz TMA-3. The Soyuz TMA The principle objectives of the mission are: spacecraft act as a lifeboat for the ISS for use in 1. To carry out a full scientific experiment pro- emergency situations. These are exchanged gramme. ESA’s astronaut Pedro Duque will carry every six months to maintain the integrity of the out a full scientific programme, spending some 40 on-board systems. The Soyuz TMA-2 spacecraft, hours of his eight days on the ISS on experimen- which bought the ISS Expedition 7 crew to the tal activity. Most of the experiments are sponsored International Space Station in April, will be by the Spanish government although there are exchanged for the Soyuz TMA-3, which will bring also a number of reflights of experiments from the Pedro Duque and the ISS Expedition 8 Crew to Belgian Odissea mission to the ISS in October the ISS. The Soyuz TMA-2 spacecraft will return 2002. with Pedro Duque and the Expedition 7 crew.

Duque will also participate in a number of educational and promotional activities with the aim of bringing the European human space programme and research performed in space to a wider public, and young people in particular.

2. To increase operational experience aboard the ISS. From a European perspective the Cervantes mission is important because it increases ESA’s astronaut experience ahead of the launch of Columbus, Europe’s own laboratory to the Space NASA image Soyuz TMA-2 spacecraft docked to the ISS

The Erasmus Payload Operations Centre at ESTEC in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, the centre of European operations for the Cervantes Mission.

The Mission

4. To exchange the current ISS Expedition 7 crew for the ISS Expedition 8 crew. In light of the Columbia accident in February 2003, the Soyuz TMA spacecraft are currently acting as the crew exchange vehicles for the ISS permanent crews. The current Expedition 7 crew of Edward Lu and Yuri Malenchenko arrived on the ISS on 28 April 2003. They will return with ESA astronaut Pedro Duque at the end of his 8-day stay on the ISS. NASA image ISS Expedition 8 crew ISS Flight Engineer Alexander Kaleri ISS Commander Michael Foale NASA image ISS Expedition 7 Crew ISS Commander Yuri Malenchenko ISS Flight Engineer Edward Lu

The expedition 8 crew will be stationed on the ISS for approximately 6 months and will return with ESA astronaut André Kuipers as part of his mission to the ISS in the April of 2004.

The Mission Mission Key Reference Data

CREWS: Ascent Flight (Flight ISS-7S):

Soyuz Commander: Alexander Yurievich Kaleri (Rosaviakosmos) Soyuz Flight Engineer: Pedro Duque (ESA) 2nd Soyuz Flight Engineer: Michael C. Foale (NASA)

Backup Soyuz Commander: Valery Ivanovich Tokarev (Rosaviakosmos) Backup Soyuz Flight Engineer: André Kuipers (ESA) Backup 2nd Soyuz Flight Engineer: William S. McArthur, jr (NASA)

Return Phase (Flight ISS-6S):

Soyuz Commander: Yuri Malenchenko (Rosaviakosmos) Soyuz Flight Engineer: Pedro Duque. Backup André Kuipers (ESA) 2nd Soyuz Flight Engineer: Edward Lu (NASA)

SPACECRAFT: Launcher: Soyuz FG Launch Spacecraft: Soyuz TMA-3 Return Spacecraft: Soyuz TMA-2

LAUNCH and LANDING SITES: Launch Site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan Landing Sites: Near town of Arkalyk or Dzhezkazgan in Kazakhstan

MISSION PARAMETERS: Launch Date: 07:37 Central European Time (CET), 18 October 2003

Time to ISS: 2 days 2 hours 34 minutes. Docking: 09:11 (CET), 20 October 2003 Altitude: ~400km Inclination: 51.6¡

Undocking: 00:20 (CET), 28 October 2003 Return Duration: 3 hours 16 minutes Landing: 03:36 (CET), 28 October 2003

The Mission Mission Timeline

The following information provides a day-by-day • Carry out Message experiment breakdown summary of ESA astronaut Pedro • Photo/Video session Duque’s work between docking and opening the • Ariss radio contact with school children Soyuz TMA-3 hatch on 20 October 2003 and closing • Take ISS images using 3D camera the Soyuz TMA-2 hatch and undocking on 28 • Set Nanoslab experiment to cool October. • Replace Video for Promiss experiment • Activate Solid Sorbent Air Sampler 20 October 2003 • Installation of the Ageing, Gene, and Chondro 23 October 2003 experiments • Public Affairs Events • Preparation and activation of Message experiment • Set up and test crew restraint hardware • Set up Promiss experiment hardware in • Photo/Video session Microgravity Science Glovebox • Set up and Carry out CO2 survey • Set up Nanoslab experiment hardware in • Carry out message experiment Microgravity Science Glovebox • Preparation and filming of Ageing experiment • Activate Microgravity Science Glovebox • Ariss radio contact with school children • Activate Promiss experiment • Replace Video for Promiss experiment • Set up the BMI (Blood Pressure Measurement • Set up and carry out Video-2 experiment with Instrument) hardware Alexander Kaleri • Installation of Root experiment in Aquarius • Deactivate, relocate and reactivate Solid Sorbent Incubator Air Sampler • Public Affairs Event • Emergency ISS training for visiting crew 24 October 2003 • Public Affairs Events with Spain and VIP 21 October 2003 • Set up and carry out Neurocog experiment in fixed • Take blood sample for Sympatho Experiment and floating positions with the help of Alexander • Activate the Blood Pressure Measurement Kaleri Instrument and complete associated question- • Carry out Message experiment naires (morning and evening) • Replace Video for Promiss experiment • Public Affairs Events with Spain and the United • Photo/Video session States and VIP • Deactivate Solid Sorbent Air Sampler • Prepare Cardiocog experiment, take measurements • Carry out Message experiment 25 October 2003 • Activate Nanoslab experiment • Take blood sample for Sympatho Experiment • Replace Video for Promiss experiment • Activate the Blood Pressure Measurement • Preparation of Ariss radio equipment Instrument and complete associated question- • Video session with the help of Alexander Kaleri naires (morning and evening) • Preparation and filming of the Ageing experiment • Public Affairs Events with Spain • Gene experiment frozen for return to Earth • Carry out CO2 surveys and download data • Take ISS images using 3D camera • Prepare Cardiocog experiment, take measurements and download data 22 October 2003 • Carry out Message experiment • Fill in Blood Pressure Measurement Instrument • Preparation and filming of the Ageing experiment questionnaire and deactivate experiment hardware • Photo/Video session • Public Affairs events with Russia and VIP • Take ISS images using 3D camera • Set up and carry out Neurocog experiment in fixed • Replace Video for Promiss experiment and floating positions with the help of Alexander • Set up, carry out and deinstall Thebas experiment Kaleri

The Mission

26 October 2003 • Fill in Blood Pressure Measurement Instrument questionnaire and deactivate experiment hardware • Public Affairs events with Spain • Set up, carry out and deinstall Apis experiment • Ariss radio contact with school children • Replace Video for Promiss experiment • Photo/Video session • Take ISS images using 3D camera

27 October 2003 • Promiss Experiment. Load data to computer for downloading to Earth • Take ISS images using 3D camera • Power down Microgravity Science Glovebox • Stow away Nanoslab Hardware • Stow away Promiss hardware • Public Affairs Event • Close out Aquarius Incubator • Finish Root experiment and Stow away for return to Earth • Deinstallation of Ageing experiment for return to Earth • Disconnect Winograd experiment and Stow away for return to Earth • Disconnect Chondro experimentand Stow away for return to Earth • Finalisation and transfer of Message experiment for return to Earth • Close out Sympatho experiment

The Crew Primary Crew: Pedro Duque (ESA)

between the European scientists on the ground and the Mir space station crew. Hereafter he received the Russian “Order of Friendship” from Boris Yeltsin in March 1995.

Pedro’s next mission was in June/July 1996, as part of the Life and Microgravity Spacelab mission (STS- 78) aboard the Columbia Space Shuttle. Duque was an alternate payload specialist for the mission and was one of the Crew Interface Coordinators for all experiment-related issues on the 17-day Spacelab mission. ESA had five major experiment facilities on this flight and was responsible for more than half of the experiments performed.

ESA astronaut Pedro Duque

ESA astronaut Pedro Duque is Europe’s key astronaut in the Cervantes mission. Born in Madrid, Spain on 14 March 1963, he is married with 3 children and

is an avid swimmer, diver and cyclist. NASA image Pedro Duque communicating with Ground Control during his STS-95 mission. After graduating in Aeronautical engineering in 1986, Duque soon moved to ESA’s European Space Duque became certified as a Shuttle mission spe- Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany, cialist in April 1998, which led to his first spaceflight where he spent six years helping to develop models, experience on board the 9-day STS-95 Shuttle mis- algorithms and software to determine correct orbiting sion as a mission specialist. Pedro was responsible, trajectories. He formed part of flight control teams for among others, for the five ESA scientific facilities on two scientific research missions using the ESA satel- board and for the extensive computer system and lites ERS-1 and EURECA. configurations used on the Shuttle.

Duque joined the ESA Astronaut Corps based at the The following year Pedro received the "Great Cross European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany, in of Aeronautical Merit" from the King of Spain and the May 1992. He completed the one year Basic Training "Prince of Asturia" prize for International Programme at EAC plus a four-week training pro- Cooperation. He shared this prize with three other gram at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training centre astronauts (TsPK) in Star City, Russia. Since then Duque has worked as a crew integration In August 1993, Duque returned to TsPK to train for support specialist in development of the European the joint ESA-Russian Euromir 94 mission, which took Columbus Laboratory and Cupola observation window place in Oct/Nov 1994. For this mission, Pedro was for the ISS, providing design feedback on operability. the backup astronaut for Ulf Merbold, ESA astronaut from Germany, and was the Crew Interface Since 2001 Duque has been assigned to the first ISS Coordinator (CIC) at the Mission Control Centre in advanced training class to prepare for one of the first Russia. In the CIC function he was the interface European long-term flights onboard the ISS.

The Crew Primary Crew: Alexander Yurievich Kaleri (Rosaviakosmos)

The first of these, with Commander Alexander Viktorenkov (Mir-11 mission) lasted 145 days, being launched on board Soyuz TM-14, on 17 March 1992. This mission included two spacewalks.

During this mission, Kaleri flew with the European astronauts Klaus-Dietrich Flade from Germany and Michel Tognini from France, both on short-term missions.

The second Mir mission with Commander Valeri Grigorjevitch Korzun (Mir-22 mission) lasted 197 days returning to Earth on board Soyuz TM-24 on 12 February 1997. NASA astronaut John E. Blaha joined the Mir-22 crew from the Space Shuttle mission STS- 79.

During this mission Kaleri flew with European astro- NASA image Alexander Kaleri – Russian cosmonaut naut Claudie André-Deshays (now Claudie Haigneré) from France and European astronaut Kaleri was born 13 May 1956, in Yurmala, Latvia. He Reinhold Ewald from Germany, the Operations is married to Svetlana and they have one son. Manager for the Cervantes Mission. They were also Alexander enjoys running, reading, and gardening. on short-term missions.

He graduated from the Moscow State Institute of Kaleri’s last mission on Mir with Commander Sergej Mechanical Physics in 1979 and became a test cos- Zaljotin (Mir-28 mission) lasted 73 days, being monaut of the Energia Rocket/Space Corporation launched on board Soyuz TM-30 from Baikonur (RSC) in Moscow. Cosmodrome on 4 April 2000.

After participating in full-scale tests and developing Kaleri was assigned to ISS 5 and ISS 7 backup documentation for the Mir Space Station, Kaleri start- crews as Crew Commander and will be Commander ed Basic Cosmonaut training at the Gagarin for the launch, journey and return of the of the Soyuz Cosmonaut Training Centre in Star City near Moscow TMA-3 spacecraft. On the ISS, Kaleri will be the in 1984. Flight Engineer.

From April until December 1987, Alexander Kaleri During his astronaut career, Kaleri has received the took advanced training to meet the qualification for a honours of “Hero of the Russian Federation” and long-duration space flight aboard the Russian Mir gained the title of a “Pilot-cosmonaut of the Russian orbital complex. This led to his first assignment as a Federation”. backup crew flight engineer. After further periods of training Kaleri was nominated in February 1992 as a primary crew flight engineer for the 11th permanent crew aboard the Russian Mir space station.

Kaleri served as flight engineer on the Mir space station on three separate long-duration space flights lasting a total of 415 days, 3 hours, 19 minutes and 1 second including 4 spacewalks.

The Crew Primary Crew: Michael C. Foale (NASA)

Moscow in preparation for a long duration flight on the Mir Space Station.

Foale has over 178 days experience in space over 5 missions including 3 spacewalks lasting over 18 hours.

He was a mission specialist on the 8/9-day Shuttle missions: STS-45 (Mar/Apr 1992), STS-56 (Apr 1993) and STS-63 (Feb 1995), all of which covered atmospheric and solar research.

The STS-63 mission was the first mission where a non-Russian craft had docked with the Mir space station and during this mission Foale made his first spacewalk.

Foale’s next mission lasted 145 days, serving as NASA image NASA astronaut Michael Foale reports on his Flight Engineer 2 on the Mir-23 mission. It was on 25 last flight, STS-103. June during this mission that a Progress supply vehicle collided with the Mir space station sending it into Michael Foale was born in Louth, England on 6 an unplanned spin and causing depressurisation. January 1957 though considers Cambridge, England to be his hometown where his parents still Foale helped to reestablish Mir after the collision, live. His wife’s name is Rhonda and they have two including carrying out a 6-hour spacewalk to help children. He enjoys wind surfing, flying, scuba div- assess damage to the station’s Spektr module. ing, physics and writing children’s software. Foale’s last mission was on the 8-day STS-103 mis- He received a first class honours degree in Physics sion in December 1999, during which time he car- from the University of Cambridge, Queens College in ried out a spacewalk with ESA astronaut Claude 1978 where he also completed his doctorate in Nicollier from Switzerland for over 8 hours. The pur- Laboratory Astrophysics in 1982. pose of this was to upgrade systems on the Hubble Space Telescope including the telescope’s main Michael then moved to Houston, Texas to pursue a computer and Fine Guidance Sensor. career in the U.S. Space Program. After working on Space Shuttle navigation problems at the McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Corporation he joined NASA’s Mission Operations Directorate at the Johnson Space Center in June 1983. In his role as payload officer in the Mission Control Center, he was responsible for payload operations on Space Shuttle missions STS-51G, 51-I, 61-B and 61-C.

In June 1987 he was selected as an astronaut candidate. As well as testing Shuttle software and development of ISS crew rescue and integration procedures, he undertook additional training at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre in Star City,

The Crew Backup Crew: André Kuipers (ESA)

In 1996 he had responsibility for facilities, which flew on the LMS Spacelab Mission: The Torque Velocity Dynamometer (TVD), which measures muscle deconditioning; the Muscle Atrophy Research and Exercise System (MARES), a device used in muscle research on board the Space Station; and an electronic muscle stimulator (PEMS) to be used on astronauts.

In 1999 he joined ESA’s European Astronaut core based in Cologne, Germany and in 2002 completed the Basic Training Programme, which took place in Cologne and the Gagarin Cosmonaut training center in Star City Moscow. This includes science and technology, systems, survival and spacewalk training.

Besides training, André Kuipers provides support for the life science experiments during the ESA para- ESA astronaut André Kuipers from bolic flight campaigns, which are performed twice a The Netherlands year. He participates in flights as an experiment operator, technician, test subject and flight surgeon. André Kuipers is ESA’s backup astronaut for the Cervantes Mission. He was born on 5 October 1958, He coordinated the European experiments on lung in Amsterdam, The Netherlands and has two daugh- function and blood pressure regulation, which will be ters. He enjoys flying, scuba diving, skiing, hiking, performed using ESA’s specially developed appara- travelling and history. tus, the Advanced Respiratory Monitoring System (ARMS) He received a Medical Doctor’s degree from the University of Amsterdam in 1987. During his medical In October/November 2002 André acted as Crew studies, André Kuipers carried out research on the interface Officer on the Odissea mission, which body’s equilibrium system at the Academic Medical included Belgian astronaut Frank De Winne. For this Centre in Amsterdam. he was based in the Russian Mission Control Centre (TsUP) in Moscow. This was followed up after graduation by research into physiological areas including spatial disorienta- As well as being backup flight engineer for the tion and cerebral blood flow of pilots for the Royal Soyuz TMA-3 flight, André is assigned as primary Netherlands Air Force Medical Corps (in which he Board Engineer on the Soyuz TMA-4 scheduled for was an officer) and the Netherlands Aerospace launch in April 2004. Medical Centre.

Since 1991 André has been involved in the collection of baseline data for European Space Agency physiology experiments, and was project scientist for a human physiology experiment (Anthrorack) on the D-2 Spacelab Mission (1993), and two lung and bone physiology experiments on the 6-month Euromir-95 mission to the Mir space station.

The Crew Backup Crew: Valery Ivanovich Tokarev (Rosaviakosmos)

Since termination of the Buran programme in 1997, Tokarev has been assigned as a test cosmonaut at the Yuri A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre.

His first spaceflight experience was between 27 May to 6 June 1999 when he flew as a mission specialist on the 10-day STS-96 Mission on the Discovery Space Shuttle.

During the mission, the crew delivered 4 tonnes of logistics and supplies to the International Space Station in preparation for the arrival of the first long- term crew to live on the station.

Valery Tokarev is assigned on this mission as the backup Soyuz Commander and backup ISS Expedition-8 Flight Engineer. NASA image Valery Tokarev – test pilot and cosmonaut. He has been awarded the title “Hero of the Russian Federation” as well as other orders and medals of Valery Ivanovich Tokarev was born on 29 October Russia. 1952 in the town of Kap-Yar, Astrakhan Region in Russia. His wife is called Irina and they have two children: a daughter, Olya, and a son, Ivan. Valery enjoys nature, cars, airplanes, and sports.

He has a Masters degree in State Administration from the National Economy Academy, which is affiliated with the Russian Federal Government in Moscow.

In 1973, Tokarev graduated from the Stavropol Higher Military School of Fighter Pilots and in 1982, from the Test Pilot Training Centre with honours. He also went on to graduate from the Yuri A. Gagarin Air Force Academy in the town of Monino, near Moscow.

Tokarev is a 1st Class Air Force Pilot and Test Pilot. He has flight experience with 44 different types of air- plane and helicopter and has participated in tests of fourth-generation carrier-based aircraft and vertical/short takeoff and landing jets (Su-27K, MiG-29K, Yak-38M, Su-25UTG), as well as naval bombers and fleet jets.

In 1987, Valery Tokarev was selected to join the cosmonaut corps to test and fly the Buran spacecraft. Since 1994, he has served as commander of a group of cosmonauts of aerospace systems.

The Crew Backup Crew: William Surles McArthur, jr. (NASA)

(18 Oct - 1 Nov 1993). This mission principally covered physiological experiments.

His second mission (STS-74) was on board Shuttle Atlantis (12-20 Nov, 1995). This was NASA’s second Space Shuttle mission to dock with the Russian Mir Space Station. This mission included attaching a permanent docking module to Mir.

His last mission (STS-92) on the Shuttle Discovery (11-24 Oct, 2000) was a 13-day flight, during which the Z1 Truss and Pressurized Mating Adapter 3 were attached to the International Space Station.

McArthur has logged over 35 days in space during which time he has carried out two spacewalks totalling over 13 hours. NASA image NASA astronaut William Surles McArthur, jr. His non-spaceflight experience as an astronaut includes working issues relating to the solid rocket booster, redesigned solid rocket motor, and the William McArthur was born on 26 July 1951, in advanced solid rocket motor of the US Space Laurinburg, North Carolina and his hometown is Shuttle. He served as Chief of the Astronaut Office Wakulla, North Carolina. His wife is called Cynthia Flight Support Branch, supervising astronaut sup- and they have two daughters. He enjoys basketball, port of the Mission Control Center, pre-launch Space running, and working with personal computers. Shuttle processing, and launch and landing operations. McArthur also served as Director of McArthur received a bachelors degree in applied Operations, Russia, overseeing training activities for science and engineering from the US Military astronauts in Star City. Academy, West Point, New York, in 1973. Thereafter he entered the U.S. Army Aviation School in 1975 MacArthur retired from the Army in 2001 and has where he was the top graduate of his flight class and received a great degree of honours both military and in 1978 was assigned to the 24th Combat Aviation civilian. Section where he served as a company commander, platoon leader, and operations officer.

He received a masters degree in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1983, which led to a position as assistant professor at the Department of Mechanics at West Point.

McArthur was assigned to NASA at the Johnson Space Center in 1987 as a vehicle integration test engineer for the Space Shuttle, which involved engineering liaison for launch and landing operations.

He became an astronaut in July 1991 and his first spaceflight was on Shuttle Columbia mission STS-58

The Crew Returning Crew

Yuri Malenchenko (Rosaviakosmos) is the ISS Expedition 7 Commander and Edward Lu (NASA) the ISS Expedition 7 Flight Engineer. Yuri and Edward arrived at the ISS on 28 April 2003 in the Soyuz TMA-2 spacecraft. They will be returning with Pedro Duque in the Soyuz TMA-2 spacecraft currently docked at the ISS. NASA image NASA image Yuri Malenchenko, Soyuz TMA-2 and ISS Edward Lu, Soyuz TMA-2 and ISS Expedition Expedition 7 Commander 7 Flight Engineer

Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko Edward Tsang Lu Yuri was born on 22 December 1961, in Svetlovodsk, Lu was born on 1 July 1963 in Springfield, in Ukraine and has one son called Dmitri. Massachusetts and enjoys aerobatic flying, piano, tennis, surfing, skiing and travel. He graduated from two different Russian aviation academies and was chosen as an astronaut candi- After receiving a doctorate in applied physics in date in 1987. His first spaceflight was as 1989 he worked as a researcher in solar and astro- Commander on the Mir 16 mission (1 July- 4 Nov physics, having articles published. He was selected 1994), which included ESA astronaut Ulf Merbold. as an astronaut candidate in 1994. This was after being backup Commander on the Mir 15 mission. His first spaceflight was as mission specialist on Shuttle mission STS-84 in 1997, which docked with Yuri was also part of the STS-106 Shuttle mission the Mir Space Station. (Sep 2000) during which he performed a spacewalk with Edward Lu to connect power, data and commu- His second mission was on Shuttle mission STS-106 nications cables to the ISS Zvezda Service Module. as mission specialist and payload commander, also performing a 6 hour 14 minute spacewalk with Yuri He has logged 137 days in space including 18 hours Malenchenko. of spacewalks. Lu has logged over 504 hours in space.

The Launcher and Spacecraft Soyuz Launcher NASA image Soyuz launcher being transported by rail to the launch pad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome

The Soyuz TMA-3 spacecraft that Pedro Duque, orbits, and the Voskhod 2 launcher. This led to the Alexander Kaleri and Michael Foale will travel to the development of the Soyuz launcher, which used a ISS in will be launched into orbit by a Soyuz-FG stronger third rocket stage. It was first launched on launcher from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in 16 November 1963 and was named after the Kazakhstan. manned Soyuz spacecraft for the launch of which it was designed. The history of the Soyuz launcher developed from the Russian military rockets, which started production in The first manned Soyuz launch took place on 23 the late 1940’s with the R-1 and R-2 rockets, the R April 1967. A more powerful version called the standing for ‘Raketa’. Further developments led to Soyuz-U followed in 1971, which developed into the the launch of the first intercontinental ballistic missile, Soyuz-U2 in 1982, a rocket with a 7 tonnes maximum the R-7, or ‘Semyorka’ on 21 August 1957, Semyorka payload that used a new synthetic kerosene called meaning “The Seven” in Russian. It was the R-7 Sintin, whose use is now discontinued for cost rea- launcher configuration, which put Sputnik 1 into orbit sons. on 4 October 1957. The current version of launcher is the Soyuz FG, Russian launchers normally take their name from the which was used for the first time on 30 October 2002 payload or spacecraft they are launching. The R-7 to launch the Soyuz TMA-1 spacecraft on ISS flight that launched Sputnik 1 into orbit was therefore 5S with ESA astronaut Frank De Winne from Belgium called the ‘Sputnik launcher’. The Sputnik launcher on the Odissea Mission. The FG stands for thereafter developed into the three-stage Vostok-L ‘Forsunochnaya Golovka’ meaning injection head in launcher for launching lunar probes and then the Russian. It is an improved version of the Soyuz-U as Vostok launcher, which put Yuri Gagarin into orbit in the injection head in the FG has 1000 holes instead 1961. of 200 for distributing kerosene and liquid oxygen to the combustion chamber. This leads to a 1.3% high- After six further manned Vostok missions, the Vostok er specific impulse, which increases the thrust by launcher was developed into the 4-stage Molniya 500kN. This in turn leads to an increase of 250- launcher, for putting satellites into high elliptical 300kg in the payload.

The Launcher and Spacecraft

The Soyuz launcher and all its predecessors consist The central block, block A, is nearly 28 metres long of four conical lateral boosters, which first appeared and up to nearly 3 metres in diameter. It has an RD- on the R-7 rocket, arranged around a core stage. In 108A propulsion unit and an empty mass of 6 Russian terminology, the core stage and the lateral tonnes, which provides a capacity for 95 tonnes of boosters are called “blocks”. Each block of the fuel. It provides a thrust of 940kN and has finished launcher is designated a letter, which follows the burning 288 seconds after launch after which it sep- Cyrillic alphabet. The lateral boosters are called arates. blocks B,V,G and D. Together they make up what in western terminology we would call stage 1 as they At five minutes after launch the third stage is ignited. are the first stage to finish burning and separate after This third stage burns until eight minutes and 40 launch. The central block, or second stage, is called minutes after launch when it is cut-out and thereafter block A and the final block or third stage is called jettisoned. This third stage or block is just over 8 block I. Each block runs on a fuel mixture of kerosene metres long, (or just over 21.5 metres if the Soyuz and liquid oxygen. TMA and rescue system are also included). This stage has an empty mass of up to 2.5 tonnes with Each lateral booster is about 20 metres long by up to provision for up to 22 tonnes of fuel. It has a liquid 2.7 metres in diameter. Each has a RD-107A propul- fuel propulsion system, which prides nearly 300 kN sion unit. In combination the four boosters have an in thrust. empty mass of 15 tonnes and a capacity for 160 tonnes of fuel. Together the boosters provide nearly 3300kN thrust on launch when they are ignited together with the central stage. The boosters have finished burning after two minutes when they separate.

Soyuz launcher with clear view of lateral boosters arranged around central core stage

The Launcher and Spacecraft Soyuz Spacecraft (RSC Energia image)

Artists impression. Soyuz TMA Spacecraft

For more than 35 years Soyuz spacecraft have been Utility or Orbital Module launched into Earth orbit and are the longest serving access to space. Its design goes back to the Vostok This spherical module has a mass of 1.3 tonnes and spacecraft, which was used for the first ever manned can be classed as the astronauts living quarters as space flight in 1961 with Yuri Gagarin, and its suc- it is used for work, hygiene and sleeping during cessor, the Voskhod spacecraft. orbital free flight. It is the largest module of the Soyuz spacecraft with a volume of 6.5 m3. The Soyuz spacecraft is capable of accommodating 3 cosmonauts. It has the capability to actively Contained within this section are remote controls, manoeuvre, rendezvous and dock whilst in orbit. The food cupboards and the toilet. A hatch connects it to first launch of a manned Soyuz spacecraft took place the Command module, which together are com- on 23 April 1967. Since then it has gone through fur- pletely pressurised. Opposite this hatch is another ther improvements with the introduction of the Soyuz- hatch with associated docking mechanism, docking T series on 6 June 1980, the Soyuz TM series on 2 system (KURS), antennae and lamps for docking February 1987 to the current Soyuz TMA series, with the ISS. The orbital section is also equipped which was launched for the first time on 30 October with a hatch and airlock for provisional Extra 2002 with ESA astronaut Frank De Winne from Vehicular Activities (spacewalks). Belgium on board. Landing or Command Module The TMA series has a new soft landing system and allows for a greater height and weight range of astro- This module is the middle portion of the Soyuz nauts. The A in TMA stands for anthropomorphic. spacecraft. It is 2.7m high and 2.2m in diameter with a habitable volume of 4 m3 and a mass of about 2.9 Soyuz spacecraft consist of three compartments: tonnes. This is the only module to return to Earth The utility or orbital module; the landing or command after module separation and so is designed to resist module; and the instrument assembly or service the aerodynamic stresses of re-entry. module. It has a length of 6.9 metres, a maximum diameter of 2.7 metres (over 10 metres with solar Up to three individually moulded crew seats are sit- arrays attached to service module) and a total mass uated at the bottom of the landing module’s bell of 7.1 tonnes. shape. They are shock absorbing to provide a safe

The Launcher and Spacecraft (RSC Energia image)

Artists Impression of the Command/Landing Module landing together with the parachute system in the Instrument-assembly or service module outer shell and the soft landing engines. The cylindrical service module has a mass of 2.6 tonnes and a diameter of 2.7 metres, 10.7 metres The control panel in front of the crew can be used to wide with solar arrays. It contains oxygen storage control navigation and guidance, life support, energy tanks, the propellant tanks, attitude control thrusters, supply and communication systems. Environmental electronics for communication and the primary guid- systems keep the module’s temperature at around ance and navigation control. Cosmonauts have no 18-20°C, the humidity at 40% and constant nitro- access to the service module and all functions are gen/oxygen atmosphere like that on Earth controlled remotely.

Two engines are used to perform rendezvous, docking and de-orbit/orbit procedures before module separation occurs. These engines use a propellant of nitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetric dimethylhy- drazine.

Rescue system Soyuz rockets are equipped with a rescue system in case of an accident during the two hours before and first minutes after launch. In this case the utility and landing modules are separated from the instrument module and launcher and fired one kilometre higher within seconds. Soyuz TM-32 command module after landing in Kazakhstan This system performed successfully on the one time Up to 50kg of cargo can be returned in the module it had to be used, before take-off of Soyuz-T 10 in (150kg if there are only two crew members). 1983. The rescue system activated in response to a fire during the countdown. The launcher exploded after the module separation and both cosmonauts were rescued.

© Erasmus User Center and Communication Office - Directorate of Human Spaceflight www.esa.int/spaceflight - e-mail: [email protected] - October 2003 ISS CurrentConfiguration www.esa.int/spaceflight - e-mail: [email protected] -October 2003

© Erasmus User CenterandCommunication Office- Directorate ofHuman Spaceflight The Unity connecting module became the On 30 November 2000, the P6 second module of the ISS. It was launched on truss structure and photovoltaic 4 December 1998. Connecting modules are solar arrays were launched. In the Zarya, which means morning and used to join different laboratory, habitation and finished ISS assembly Radiators for heat dispersal evening light in English, was the very power modules together at a single point. Two configuration, the P6 truss segment first ISS module. It was launched on of the three connecting nodes in the final ISS will sit perpendicular to its current 20 November 1998. It supplied the configuration will be European built. position at the end of the truss. electrical power for the International Space Station until the arrival of the Zvezda service module in 2000. It still acts as a backup of electrical power supply and as a storage module. The InternationalSpaceStation

Zvezda, which means star in English, took over power supply and control of P1 truss section was launched to the critical systems from Zarya after its ISS on 24 November 2002. launch on 12 July 2000. At the heart of the control systems is the European- built DMS-R data management The Central S0 Truss section was CERVANTES system, the first European element launched on 8 April 2001. The to arrive at the ISS. Zvezda also acts completed truss with solar arrays will as the living and sleeping area for the give the ISS a maximum width of 108 MISSION crew. metres.

Canadarm 2 was an element taken to Progress supply vehicle the ISS on 19 April 2001. This Canadian Mobile Servicing System (MSS), or robotic arm, plays a key role in Space Station assembly and maintenance. It fulfils similar functions Launched on 15 September 2001the to the European Robotic Arm (ERA). Pirs module acts as a docking port for Russian spacecraft and an airlock for EVA's or spacewalks. Destiny is the US laboratory. This The Quest Airlock S1 truss section was was launched on 7 Feb 2001. The launched on 12 July launched to the ISS on 7 European-built Microgravity 2001, attached to the October 2002. Science Glovebox was later installed Soyuz spacecraft Unity connecting module. in this laboratory, which will also include European-built freezer units.

ISS Current Configuration (D. Ducros image) CERVANTES MISSION

Control and Support Centres Erasmus Payload Operations Centre, Noordwijk, The Netherlands (Overall Control of Mission activities)

The EPOC during the Odissea mission of ESA astronaut Frank De Winne

The Erasmus Payload Operations Centre (EPOC) for planners manning the EPOC during the mission. the Cervantes Mission is located at ESA's European Leading the European operations is ESA astronaut Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), in Reinhold Ewald, who was on the 18-day Mir 97 mis- Noordwijk, the Netherlands. The operations centre is sion (10 February to 2 March 1997) on the Russian hosted in the multimedia library of the Erasmus User Mir Space Station, flying there and back in a Soyuz Centre, which comes under the auspices of the TM series spacecraft. Human Spaceflight Directorate of ESA. Whilst on Mir he performed experiments in biomed- The function of this operations centre will be to: ical and material sciences, and carried out operational tests in preparation for the International Space • Coordinate the European experiment activities on Station. board the ISS • Act as an interface between European ISS crew As a member of the EAC Team, Reinhold Ewald was and Ground User Support and Operations Centres the Crew Operations manager for the two Soyuz mis- (USOCs) in Spain and Belgium. sions with ESA astronauts to the ISS in 2002. • Monitor activities undertaken by the European crewmember on the ISS

There will be a team of 15 engineers, scientists and

Control and Support Centres European Astronaut Centre, Cologne, Germany (Medical Operations Support Centre)

EAC - home base of the European Astronaut Corps

The European Astronaut Centre (EAC) of the As well as acting as an astronaut training centre, European Space Agency is situated in Cologne, EAC will be responsible during the Cervantes Germany. It was established in 1990 as a result of Mission for medical support and monitoring, and Europe's commitment to human space programmes crew safety of ESA astronaut Pedro Duque during and is the home base of the 15 European astronauts the mission. It will also provide medical support to who are members of the European Astronaut Corps. the astronauts and their families at their duty stations in the USA and Russia.

Control and Support Centres European Space Operations Centre, Darmstadt, Germany (European Communications Network)

ESOC Main Control Room

Founded on 8 September 1967, the European This information will be routed between all the rele- Space Operations Centre (ESOC) is the main control vant locations to make sure that the mission runs as centre of ESA. It is responsible for the operation of smoothly as possible. numerous satellites as well as the necessary ground stations and the communication network. The extensive communications network not only provides a means of communication between all inter- For the Cervantes Mission, ESOC will be responsible national partners involved in the mission, it allows for the operation and maintenance of the European ESA to track every element of the mission as and communications infrastructure for operational, non- when it happens. operational and support communications. It also provides the scientists on the ground at the ESOC will be linked to and receiving visual, voice different User Support and Operations Centres and data information from the International Space (USOCs) to make adaptations to experiments taking Station, the Mission Control centres in Houston and place during the mission as and when necessary. Korolev and the different European locations: the Erasmus Payload Operations Centre; the European Astronaut Centre, and the Belgian and Spanish User Support and Operations Centres.

Control and Support Centres Spanish User Support and Operations Centre, Madrid, Spain (Coordination of Spanish experiments) Spanish USOC image The Spanish User Support and Operations Centre (USOC) at the Polytechnic University of Madrid.

The Spanish User Support and Operations Centre The work of the Institute dates back to the 1970’s (USOC) was formally created as an independent when experiments were carried out on fluids under institute in 1997 and is based in the “Ignacio Da reduced gravity conditions. Riva” University Institute of Microgravity at the Polytechnic University of Madrid. This institute car- The Institute has a staff of more than 25 people, ries out research and development in the field of including Ph.D.s, engineers and technicians. space science and engineering and has participated in several microgravity missions ranging from The Spanish USOC will be coordinating the opera- Spacelab, to mini- and micro-satellites, sounding tions for the Spanish experiments that will take place rockets, parabolic flights and drop towers. during the Cervantes mission. It will be responsible for managing data reception, data transmission, The “Ignacio Da Riva” Institute of Microgravity acts data storage and data archiving. as a support centre for scientists preparing or con- ducting experiments in the ESA facilities on board In the future, the “Ignacio Da Riva” Institute of the International Space Station (ISS). Microgravity will act as the Facility Support Centre for the Fluid Science Laboratory, which is due to be To help carry out experiments, the Centre includes a launched in the European Columbus Laboratory in Microgravity Fluid Physics Laboratory equipped with a drop 2004. Tower (15m in height), a Plateau Tank facility and several smaller facilities for performing capillary-driven experiments.

Control and Support Centres Belgian User Support and Operations Centre, Brussels, Belgium (Coordination of Belgium experiments) Belgian USOC image Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, home of the Belgian User Support and Operation Centre

The Belgian User Support and Operations Centre experiments, one at the Katholieke Universiteit in (USOC) was founded in February 1997 and exists as Leuven for material science experiments, one at the a separate unit within the offices of the Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium for solar Institute for Space Aeronomy. experiments and one at the Royal Observatory of Belgium for space science experiments. The Belgian USOC will be undertaking similar functions as it did for the Odissea mission, which involved The Belgian USOC supports the User Home Bases ESA astronaut Frank De Winne from Belgium. The for experiment preparation, simulations and opera- reason for the inclusion of the Belgian USOC in the tions; and manages data reception, data transmis- Spanish mission is to monitor reflights of some sion, data storage and data archiving. The Belgian Belgian experiments. USOC coordinates and controls the activities of all the Home bases. The Belgian USOC will be coordinating the operations for Belgian Experiments. This coordination process covers five home bases in Belgium. These are the locations from where the scientists can monitor their experiments.

There are two home bases at the Université Libre in Brussels covering life science and fluid science

Control and Support Centres Mission Control Centre Ð Moscow (Responsibility for Soyuz spacecraft launch, ascent and descent phases and Russian ISS modules) NASA image ISS Control Room at the Mission Control Centre in Korolev near Moscow

The Russian Mission Control Centre, also known as erals; the Mission Deputy Shift Manager for Ground TsUP in Russian, is situated in Korolev (formerly Control, who is responsible for communications, and Kaliningrad) near Moscow. TsNIIMash, the Russian the Mission Deputy Shift Manager for Crew Training. acronym for the Central Research Institute for Machine Building, operates the centre on behalf of The spaceflights are actually managed by numerous the Russian space agency, Rosaviakosmos. experts in control, space technology, ballistics, telemetry, communications, automated control, It was built in 1973 and is the same location for the tracking systems, and by experts of scientific institu- Mission Control Centre of the Mir and Salyut space tions who share the experiment and research. stations and further contains the flight control rooms for the Progress and Soyuz launches. A huge visual display in the centre of the Main Control Room is used to show information such as Flight control personnel are organized into teams, the current position of orbiting spacecraft. There are and each function has a NASA counterpart at several digital and character displays for actual mis- Mission Control Center - Houston. These functions sion elapsed time, counters, telemetry data, orbital include the Flight Director, who provides policy guid- characteristics, etc. Specific information comes ance and communicates with the mission manage- directly to each individual controller´s computer dis- ment team. This consists of the Flight Shift Director, play unit. who is responsible for real-time decisions, within a set of flight rules; the Mission Deputy Shift Manager The ISS Zarya module flight control room is also in for the Mission Control Centre, who is responsible for Korolev, in what was formerly the Mir flight control the control room's consoles, computers and periph- room.

Control and Support Centres Mission Control Center Ð Houston, Texas (Overall Control of ISS activities) NASA image Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas

The NASA Mission Control Center for the ble for the overall ISS mission operations. International Space Station (ISS) is located at the For infrastructure and communications, the Ground Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston. The Control function is responsible for all mission control focus for ISS operations is the ISS Flight Control systems, and ground to space communications net- Room, which began operations on 20 November work. There is a separate function responsible for 1998. It acts as the command and coordination cen- such communication functions on board the ISS and tre for all ISS activities, including ISS flight control. a communication officer responsible for managing There are consoles in the Control Room, which are systems, which provide uplink and downlink capa- associated with specific functions. A flight controller bility. occupies each console in the control centre, with secondary support supplied by other engineers and For the living environment inside the ISS there are flight controllers in different locations. three functions, which cover the station’s thermal control, power availability and life support systems. Work is undertaken in shift teams, monitoring ISS systems and activities 24 hours a day with the use of There are two further functions, which cover the sta- sophisticated communications, computer, and data tions trajectory, altitude and reboost activities, one handling equipment. The Control Room has large for assembly and activation operations, and two to display screens at the front and cameras for provi- monitor spacewalking tasks, and external robotic sion of live broadcasts to and from the ISS. arm tasks.

The individual functions at Mission Control Center - Other functions include a Flight Surgeon and a Houston start with the Flight Director. The Flight Public Affairs Officer. Director is the primary decision maker and responsi-

Control and Support Centres Payload Operations Center, Huntsville, Alabama (Overall Control of ISS Research activities) NASA image Payload Operations Center in Huntsville, Alabama

The ISS Payload Operations Center (POC) is located of its payloads in its on-orbit laboratory, as it falls at the Huntsville Operations Support Center on within the given payload timelines, under the guid- NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama. It ance of the Payload Operations Center. is responsible for the overall control of scientific research activities on the ISS. There are four additional centres, which are equivalent to the European User Support and Operations The Payload Operations Director at the POC is in centres that support the Payload Operations Center charge of coordinating all payload activity, together by managing certain scientific operations. with the Flight Director at Mission Control in Houston, international partners, crew and research facilities. These are the Marshall Space Flight Center, where From this interaction, timelines of scientific activity the POC is itself situated, for materials science, are drawn up. biotechnology and microgravity research, and space product development; the Ames Research The Payload Communications Manager at the POC Center in California, for gravitational biology and coordinates voice communications between the ecology; the John Glenn Research Center in Ohio for International Space Station crew and the POC on fluids and combustion research; and the Johnson payload matters, enabling researchers around the Space Center in Houston, Texas, for human life sci- world to talk directly with the crew about their exper- ences, including crew health and performance. iments.

There are further functions at the Payload Operations Center associated with separate elements of payload procedure. These functions cover the safety of experiments (and changes to them); coordinating experiment resources such as power; scheduling; prioritisation; and controlling and processing of voice, video and data channels.

The authority for the control of payloads and hence experiments is distributed around the world. Each International Partner is responsible for the operation

Life Science Experiments AGEING

What is the aim of the experiment?

The AGEING experiment aims to study the increased activity of fruit flies in weightlessness. This follows on from previous research, which linked accelerated ageing of the species to increased activity under weightless conditions. This is a phenomenon found to be more noticeable in the younger male fruit flies.

Three different strains of fruit fly will be studied: A long-living strain, a short-living strain and a strain, which shows an increased response to gravity on Internal part of experiment container containing flies Earth. All flies will be recently hatched except for one two-week old population of one strain to confirm the increased activity exhibited by the younger species What is it good for? members. This type of research is purely fundamental and Ground controlled experiments on Earth, with a simi- serves to gain further knowledge on how cells and lar population of flies, will complement the experi- organisms react to gravity. The main question that ment executed in space. scientists wish to answer is why cells tend to behave differently in an environment where gravity is not the same as on Earth. This could possibly, in the future, lead to a better understanding of general biological processes on Earth.

Experiment Container

Why do it in space?

The anomalous activity of fruit flies has been previ- Principal Investigator: ously studied in weightlessness. To be able to further Roberto Marco analyse and confirm this phenomenon, it becomes Departamento de Bioquimica clear that the only real environment to carry out these Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad experiments in, is on board a platform that repro- Autonoma de Madrid duces weightlessness. C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4 28049 Madrid, Spain.

Life Science Experiments GENE

What is the aim of the experiment? What is it good for?

The GENE experiment studies the effect that the Radiation is everywhere and the risks that are cou- space environment has on the gene expression of pled to its exposure are still not clearly understood. fruit fly pupae. Gene expression is the processing of This experiment can lead to the acquisition of more DNA information to yield biological active molecules, knowledge regarding the effects of radioactivity, and such as proteins. it can allow scientists to find out exactly the level of genome damage caused by radiation. Fruit flies are chosen for the experiment, as we Furthermore, it can also provide clues as to why bio- understand more about the genetics of the fruit fly logical systems react differently to radiation in a than any other higher organism. Also, they are small, weightless environment. require little storage space or maintenance, and can be grown in numbers large enough to support mean- ingful statistical analysis.

Because the entire DNA sequence of the fruit fly is now known and it is also easy to perform genetic interventions in this species, an almost limitless ability to control the biology of a multicellular organism is available.

The post-flight analysis of the data collected will be looking for increases, decreases and non-changes of gene expression levels when compared to similar ground experiments. If the results obtained in space are significantly different to those collected during Earth-based experimentation, a method will be used to map the molecular structure of the proteins.

Why do it in space?

Human space exploration requires unique approaches to life support, which necessitates a much deep- er understanding of how the high-radiation and weightless environment of space affects fundamental biological processes. Fruit flies and humans are actually more similar than was believed. Almost every gene discovered in the fruit fly has proven to have a counterpart in humans which functions in the Principal Investigator: same way. Roberto Marco Departamento de Bioquimica Although experiments involving mammals such as Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad mice undoubtedly provide essential information on Autonoma de Madrid the effects of space flight on physiological systems C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4 important to humans, experimentation with fruit flies 28049 Madrid, Spain. affords us the ability to probe the genetic and molecular basis of these effects.

Life Science Experiments ROOT

What is the aim of the experiment? is responsible for root cell elongation. These hormones are synthesized in tips of the shoots but they The ROOT experiment aims to study the effects of eventually migrate down to the roots where they the space environment on the structure and function accumulate because of gravity and stimulate the of root cells of plants. The particular type of plant growth of root cells. Hormones are similarly respon- used for this experimentation is a member of the sible for shoot tip growth away from gravity. mustard family. This is a model organism in plant biology, the first plant with a completely sequenced In space, however, the absence of gravity means genome or genetic map. The specific cells studied that the signals that are normally triggered by gravi- are those responsible for new cell production. ty will not be activated, or at least not from a specific direction. This means that even though plants do On return to Earth the roots will be processed for grow in space, most times they show unusual microscopic observation, determining changes in responses to zero gravity. The root cells of some structure and physiology by comparison against sim- plants have been observed to have changes in their ilar samples obtained from ground-based experi- chromosomes. ments, which take place at the same time as the experiments in space. An extremely interesting aspect observed in previous research, is that the measured root production in some specimen plants was markedly faster in space than in the same plants on Earth. Scientists still can- not fully explain these observations and further research needs to be conducted.

What is it good for?

The fact that an improved growth rate of plant root cells has been observed under weightless conditions, could possibly lead to an understanding of the mechanisms that allow for a faster and therefore increased growth rate of plants on Earth. The advantage of this is an increased production of food Double sealed experiment bag on Earth.

Furthermore, for future long-term human space mis- Why do it in space? sions, the possibility of the astronauts growing their own food has always been an objective of space On Earth, gravity plays an important role in plant researchers. growth. The directional growth of a plant in response to a directional stimulus is called plant tropisms. One of these is gravitotropism, which is the growth stimu- lated by gravity. Plant roots grow in the direction of Principal Investigator: gravity and away from sunlight, while shoots grow Francisco Javier Medina against gravity and toward sunlight. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Velázquez 144 Plants sense gravity with the use of a specific cell 28006 Madrid, Spain. element called statolith, which produce hormones by gene expression. One particular class of hormones

Life Science Experiments MESSAGE

What is the aim of the experiment? cause damage to materials. The study of bacterial activity under space conditions is therefore highly The scientific research program MESSAGE stands important for the early detection of changes in bac- for Microbial Experiments in the Space Station About teria with medical or environmental consequences. Gene Expression. The main objective of this program is to study the effects of space conditions such as weightlessness and cosmic radiation on metabolic processes in bacteria.

The MESSAGE experiments will analyse many different aspects of bacterial activity using many different microbial and molecular methods.

The effects of space conditions on bacteria will be studied on 4 domains, i.e., the bacterial cell physiology, the ability of the bacteria to move, the genetic stability and rearrangements in bacteria, and the gene expression with special attention to genes Components of Message Experiment involved in the response to stress. This will lead to a unique view on the physiological and metabolic response of a whole organism to such a specific What is it good for? growth condition as space. The results obtained from these experiments will The results will be used to improve projects covering help better understand how bacteria grow in space, micro-organism detection devices and microbial life which is of fundamental importance to manned support systems. space missions, in particular long term missions. This will lead to a safer living environment for astro- The MESSAGE experiment is an improved re-flight of nauts, reducing the possibilities of unwanted infec- an experiment performed by ESA astronaut Frank De tions or even damaged material (bacteria on the Winne from Belgium on board the International Russian space stations have been known to con- Space Station (ISS) during the Odissea Mission in sume materials such as cables, creating the risk of November 2002. The MESSAGE experiment pro- short circuits). posed here is essential for reproducibility and statis- tic analysis of the scientific results obtained in the The ultimate objective will be to be able to develop original experiment. small equipment capable of detecting and identify- ing micro-organisms. An in-depth knowledge of how bacteria behave in space could also be useful in Why do it in space? recycling waste and producing food during long duration human space flight. In the confined environment of manned space missions like the ISS, safety from bacteria is a critical point to address. With prolonged missions, it Principal Investigators: becomes more important to study in detail the differ- Max Mergeay, Natalie Leys ent aspects of microbial activity in space environ- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK/CEN) ments. Division Radioactive Waste & Clean-up Laboratory of Radiobiology and Microbiology Micro-organisms that are present in manned space Boeretang 200, B-4000 Mol, Belgium. platforms could be of danger for the crew or could

Life Science Experiments BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT (BMI)

What is the aim of the experiment? keeps circulating throughout our body, which would otherwise pool in our lower extremities due to the The BMI experiment aims to investigate the modifi- pull of gravity. In space this stimulus is missing, but cations in blood pressure rhythms under weightless the heart keeps pumping as it would on Earth. conditions over a period of 24 hours, using a computer controlled blood pressure recorder specially The result is that most of the blood in our bodies developed for round-the-clock monitoring. remains in the upper parts, since the heart’s pump- Astronauts will be used as test subjects. ing force is not balanced by the pull of gravity. After 1-2 days the body begins to adapt to the weightless The Blood pressure Measurement Instrument (BMI) environment, with the heart pumping less, thereby is the first European commercially provided instru- reducing the phenomenon of liquids accumulating in ment. Tested for the first time during the Marco Polo the upper body. To understand this phenomenon Mission, it is used again during the Cervantes more, it is necessary to study the changes in blood Mission. It will remain stored on board of the pressure and to analyse more data provided by this Russian segment of the ISS, and thus be available type of experimentation. for future investigations in the area of human physiology on a rental basis. What is it good for? In order to gain tangible results from the experiment, blood pressure readings are taken pre-flight (40 days This type of research could lead to countermeasures and 30 days before launch), in-flight (beginning and for the phenomenon of upper extremities blood pool- end of flight) and post-flight (four days and ten days ing in space. It has been found that in long duration after return). missions the heart begins to adapt to the weightless environment, pumping with ever-decreasing intensity. During post-flight analysis, the results will also be Unfortunately, this can have severe consequences for compared to the data obtained during the Marco astronauts upon their return to Earth. Also, the differ- Polo mission, which took place in 2002 and where ent fluid balance (water loss) in space, which is cou- the test subject was the ESA astronaut Roberto Vittori pled to the fluid shifts, needs to be clarified. from Italy. Similar physiological behaviours have been identi- fied in patients who have been bed-ridden for long periods on Earth, and this research could provide answers in the search for suitable countermeasures.

Principal Investigators: Claude Gharib, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Grange Blanche, Lyon, France. John M. Karemaker, Univ. of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. BMI measurement unit with arm cuff Marc-Antoine Custaud, Faculté de Medicine d’Angers, Angers, France. Philippe Arbeille, CHU Trousseau, Tours Why do it in space? France. Jean Luc Elghozi, Faculté de Médecine In weightlessness, the almost total absence of gravi- 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine ty influences the way the blood in the human body Paris, France. behaves. On Earth, our heart pumps blood so that it

Life Science Experiments CARBON DIOXIDE SURVEY

What is the aim of this experiment? The measurements obviously have to take place in these compartments on the ISS to provide relevant Constant monitoring of environmental factors such as data. CO2 is of critical importance in the enclosed setting of the ISS. The purpose of this operational activity is to monitor the level of CO2 in the ISS sleeping quar- What is it good for? ters during times of potential CO2 accumulation i.e. sleep. This comes from the fact that ISS crew mem- Ensuring the ongoing safety and health of astronauts bers have experienced headaches after sleep. This on the ISS is clearly central to this experiment. This could be due to a build up of CO2. experiment helps to analyse and hence reduce a gas, which can effect the performance of astronauts The experiment utilises the Carbon Dioxide serving on the International Space Station. Monitoring Kit. This is part of the Crew Health Care System hardware on the ISS, which is used for the The data generated by this experiment will help to Medical Crew Operations. The monitoring takes design more effective ways of circulating air on the place in an enclosed sleeping compartment of the ISS and in similar enclosed locations on Earth such ISS for one hour. as on submarines where the environment is controlled.

The data generated can also impact on the design of such compartments in enclosed environment- controlled areas on the ISS or Earth.

Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Kit

Why do it in space?

The composition of the atmosphere on the ISS is constantly monitored to prevent the dangerous build up of gases such as carbon dioxide. However, localised built up of carbon dioxide could occur in the sleep- Team Coordinator: ing compartments during sleep. Frits de Jong ESA/European Astronaut Centre, MSM-AME Cologne, Germany.

Life Science Experiments SSAS

What is the aim of this experiment?

This experiment, or ISS medical activity, is one of two that will be carried out by Pedro Duque on the Cervantes Mission. The other is the carbon dioxide survey. The purpose of this task is to collect archival air samples, which will be analysed on the ground post flight. This activity is usually performed by the ISS crewmembers in regular intervals.

The Solid Sorbent Air Sampler is a battery powered air sampler containing 8 tubes. Each tube contains a dual sorbent material. Seven of the tubes use the sorbent material to absorb volatile organic compounds from the air on the ISS over a 24-hour period on con- secutive days, while one acts as a control for the experiment. Solid Sorbent Air Sampler

Why do it in space?

There is a long list of so-called ISS Medical Operations, which are undertaken when time is available. The composition of the atmosphere on the ISS is constantly monitored to prevent the dangerous build up of gases or organic compounds in the enclosed environment of the International Space Station.

What is it good for?

Ensuring the ongoing safety and health of astronauts on the ISS is clearly central to this activity. It helps to analyse and hence reduce airborne compounds, which can affect the performance of astronauts serving on the International Space Station.

The data generated by this operation will help to design more effective ways of circulating and recycling air on the ISS and in similar enclosed locations on Earth such as on submarines where the environment is controlled. Team Coordinator: The data generated can also impact on the design of Frits de Jong areas in enclosed environment-controlled areas on ESA/European Astronaut Centre, MSM-AME the ISS or Earth. Cologne, Germany.

Life Science Experiments CARDIOCOG

What is the aim of this experiment? measurements on more astronauts will increase the statistical validity of the data obtained. The Cardiocog experiment is a series of different experiments. The first part of the experiment deals What is it good for? with the cardiovascular system of the body. It aims to: study the changes to the body’s cardiovascular sys- By developing a greater understanding of the effect tem caused by weightlessness; monitor the restora- that weightlessness has on the body’s physiological tion of the body’s autonomic function e.g. functions processes and how the body readapts to normal such as heart beat, which are not controlled con- gravity, scientists will be able to develop methods or sciously; quantify changes to the physical aspects of technology, which will help reduce some of the neg- blood circulation caused by weightlessness; and ative physical and psychological effects that weight- compare the effect of weightlessness on the cardio- lessness has on the body both in space and there- vascular system as a function of the amount of time. after on return to Earth.

The second part of the experiment covers the body’s This research will therefore help to increase the respiratory system and its interaction with the body’s potential for work in space by helping to develop cardiac systems. Measurements are taken during ways for astronauts to stay in space for more extend- both normal and controlled breathing patterns to ed periods of time and open up more possibilities for evaluate the effect of this on the heart rate. In a nor- longer distance manned space flights and relevant mal healthy human being on Earth, heart rate research. increases when inhaling and decreases when exhal- ing. Measurements will be used to assess this effect The results of the last part of the experiment will be in weightlessness and how the interaction of the important to evaluate the ability to interpret complex body’s cardiac and respiratory systems readapts data and maintain orientation in stressful situations, from weightlessness to normal gravity. which is for example also relevant for pilots of com- mercial aircraft. The last part of the experiment aims to assess the effect that anxiety has on complex perceptive Results obtained will further help develop a greater processes using both mental and physical indica- understanding of certain illnesses on Earth, which tors. The psychological part of this experiment is car- show similar symptoms to those experienced tem- ried out using so called ‘Stroop tests’. These tests porarily by astronauts during and shortly after mis- include assessing reactions and reaction times for sions. example the time needed to correctly identify the word GREEN written in red ink with the addition of assessing the effect of using negative emotional ver- bal stimuli on response times.

Why do it in space?

This experiment has been performed before on different missions. To understand the processes and effects that the body undergoes under weightless conditions for extended periods, a research environ- Principal Investigator: ment such as the International Space Station is nec- André E Aubert essary. This provides scientists with credible results, University Hospital Gasthuisberg O-N which can be compared to ground measurements Leuven, Belgium. before launch and on return to Earth. Repeating the

Life Science Experiments NEUROCOG

What is the aim of the experiment? What is it good for?

The NEUROCOG experiment aims at expanding our Besides the benefits this research could have on knowledge in the field of neuroscience in weightless- reducing the discomfort felt by many astronauts dur- ness. The experiment is divided into two parts. ing the early phases of space flight caused by space sickness, this type of research could have The first part of this experiment investigates human positive implications for research on Earth. spatial perception and the role that the sensory information of sight, balance, motion and position play in These include: studies on the balance system car- this. ried out to help people with equilibrium disorders; motor function development in children; design of The second part measures the precision of the per- flight simulator and virtual reality vision systems; ceptual processes of the brain and tests the effect of development of new methods for evaluating a gravity on spatial perception and spatial memory. patient's ability to use visual and pressure cues for maintaining balance and orientation. The post-flight analysis will include a comparison of results obtained with similar ground experiments.

Why do it in space?

In the 40 years of human space flight, many astronauts have reported motion sickness of varying severity and it has been a matter of study since the Apollo missions. The human equilibrium system is composed of sensing elements called otoliths. Investigators have shown that a weightless environment provides a different stimulus to the otoliths of the inner ear, and therefore the signals from the otoliths no longer correspond with the visual and other sensory signals sent to the brain.

Neurocog hardware and experiment configuration Weightlessness offers a unique opportunity to study the various components of spatial orientation, which are intrinsically linked to gravity. It is the only condition in which the gravitational field can be removed for extended periods, and it provides the ability to manipulate spatial orientation and follow its adapta- tion during the early and late phases of flight and re- entry. Such experiments, which are of basic interest for understanding the organization and the neural basis for spatial orientation, could not be done without using weightlessness. Principal Investigators: G. Cheron, Université Libre de Bruxelles Belgium. A. Berthoz, J. McIntyre, CNRS-College de France, Paris, France.

Life Science Experiments SYMPATHO

What is the aim of the experiment? Ground based experiments have shown that the sympathetic activity is decreased in response to dis- This experiment will study the adrenal activity of the placement of the blood from the lower part of the sympathetic nervous system in weightlessness. The body to the heart-lung area after changing from the sympathetic system is that part of the nervous sys- upright or sitting position to the supine position. In tem that accelerates the heart rate, constricts blood space sympathetic activity was expected to be vessels, and raises blood pressure. decreased but experiments have shown that it actually increases during weightlessness. More results The experiment will test the hypothesis that after ini- need to be collected to study this phenomenon fur- tially low adrenal activity in the first 24 hours in ther, in the hope that they will provide clues to why space, the adrenal activity increases due to a fall in this type of behaviour is manifested in space. the volume of blood in the cardiovascular system.

Blood samples of the crew will be taken before flight What is it good for? and analysed. Shortly after arriving in space and just before the end of the mission further samples will be The conflicting results obtained from the studies that taken and stored in a freezer for return to Earth, at have been carried out thus far, highlight the fact that which point more samples will be taken and post- we do not as yet have a clear understanding of the flight analyses will begin. mechanisms involved in the sympathetic nervous This experiment is related to the BMI and system. Since this system controls the physiological CARDIOCOG experiments. elements that are linked to stress, clear scientific results can provide useful information in the clinical research of physical and mental stress patterns in patients. (RSC Energia Image)

On board sample freezer

Why do it in space?

Sympathetic activity is of major importance for the Principal Investigator: regulation of the cardiovascular system in human Niels Juel Christensen M.D., DMSc. subjects especially in the upright position. This is Department of Endocrinology due to gravitational stress, which results in pooling of Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen the blood in the lower part of the body. 2730 Herlev, Denmark.

Life Science Experiments AORTA

What is the aim of this experiment? What is it good for?

This ground experiment is a repeat of the experiment The results obtained from this research will aid sci- performed on the Belgian Odissea Mission of ESA entists to define a set of pre-flight tests that predicts astronaut Frank De Winne in 2002. who is more liable to manifest postflight orthostatic intolerance, and consequently to develop reliable in- The experiment ties in with the CARDIOCOG experi- flight countermeasures. ment, as the objective is to predict orthostatic intolerance, i.e. the inability to stand upright, of astro- These developments are also important for the clini- nauts who have spent a long period in a weightless cal medicine environment, where it is necessary to environment. improve the rehabilitation of patients after prolonged periods of bedrest. The predictions will be based on the measurements of physical parameters such as blood pressure, electro- cardiograms, and brain blood flow by ultrasound. The astronauts are tested pre-flight and post-flight in a ground-based lab using a computerised tilting table.

These parameters will act as predictors for the out- come of the test, where astronauts are asked to stand relaxed, leaning against a wall for a maximum of 10 minutes. Orthostatic intolerance is defined as the inability to stand for 10 minutes.

Why do it in space?

This experiment will not take place in space, but will use astronauts as test subjects pre-flight and post- flight. Orthostatic intolerance is a phenomenon, which has manifested itself in astronauts on their return to Earth. It is therefore important to understand the changes in certain human physiological parameters by comparing the data obtained before and after a flight.

Principal Investigator: John M. Karemaker Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam The Netherlands.

Life Science Experiments CHROMOSOMES

What is the aim of the experiment? What is it good for?

The aim is to study Chromosome damage in space Firstly, this type of research is of importance to the caused by ionising radiation, which comes from the future of human space flight, in particular for long Sun or cosmic rays. As ionising radiation is strong duration missions such as the ISS and, looking to the enough to change the atomic structure of cells, this future, a Mars mission. experiment will be looking at the effect of ionising radiation at a genetic level. It is of utmost importance not to put the lives of astronauts at risk, and the results of this experiment can This experiment will use astronauts as test subjects contribute to the development of proper shielding for but will not actually fly to the ISS. Scientifically the the astronauts who must endure the harshness of the research consists in analysing and comparing blood space environment. Furthermore, it can also provide samples drawn from the astronauts pre-flight and clues as to why biological systems react differently post-flight. to radiation in a weightless environment.

This experiment is linked to the GENE experiment. Radiation is everywhere and the risks that are cou- pled to its exposure are still not clearly understood. This experiment can lead to the acquisition of more Why do it in space? knowledge regarding the effects of radioactivity, and it can allow scientists to find out exactly the level of On Earth, our atmosphere provides some form of damage caused by radiation at a genetic level. protection from the intense levels of radiation ema- nating from space. In space, however the absence of this protective shield exposes astronauts to these higher levels of radiation. Even though astronauts find themselves within spacecrafts, the habitable modules usually have skins that are a few millimetres thick, and thus do not provide sufficient protection from this radiation. It is known that DNA is damaged by ionising radiation, which may lead to chromoso- mal aberrations. This in turn could lead to elevated risks of cancer. More results regarding the effects of radiation are still needed to fully understand its effects on the human body, and possibly to come up with suitable countermeasures.

Principal Investigator: Günter Obe, Ph.D. Universität Essen, FB 9 / Genetik Universitätsstraße 5 5117 Essen, Germany.

Physical Science Experiments NANOSLAB

What is the aim of the experiment? What is it good for?

The aim of this experiment is to analyse the process Zeolites contribute to a safer, cleaner environment in of formation of a zeolite structure from two separate numerous ways. In fact nearly every application of materials. The materials used in this experiment are zeolites has been driven by environmental concerns, an ammonium hydroxide and an aluminium silicate. or plays a significant role in reducing toxic waste and energy consumption. Zeolites are microporous crystalline solids with well- defined structures or pores in them. Many occur nat- In powder detergents, zeolites have replaced harm- urally as minerals, and are extensively mined in many ful phosphate builders, now banned in many parts of parts of the world. Others are synthetic, and are the world because of water pollution risks. Zeolites made commercially for specific uses, or produced make chemical processes more efficient, thus sav- by research scientists trying to understand more ing energy and indirectly reducing pollution. about their chemistry. Moreover, processes can be carried out in fewer steps, miminising unecessary waste and by-products. As solid acids, zeolites reduce the need for Why do it in space? corrosive liquid acids, and as sorbents they can also remove atmospheric pollutants, such as engine A main goal of zeolite synthesis research is the exhaust gases and ozone-depleting gases. Zeolites understanding of transport phenomena, which can can also be used to separate harmful organics from lead to non-negligible compositional non-uniformity water, and in removing heavy metal ions, including of the solution that would influence the final product those produced by nuclear fission, from water. of the synthesis. On the ground, the transport phenomenon is dominated by natural gravity induced convection. In addition sedimentation causes non- uniform growth conditions.

Under weightless conditions the transport is not influenced by convection and sedimentation is strongly suppressed. For this reason, it is expected that sys- tematic experimentation in space would give insights on the process dynamics.

Investigators: J. Martens / S. Kremer University of Leuven COK / KU-Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 Heverlee, Belgium

Physical Science Experiments PROMISS

What is the aim of the experiment? What is it good for?

PROMISS aims to investigate the growth processes Studies using space-grown protein crystals in par- of proteins in weightless conditions. The experiment ticular provide information for the understanding of will use special techniques, which produce efficient crystallisation processes. With the advent of genetic protein growth in weightlessness. information from humans and many other species, the role proteins play in diseases and degenerative The major objective of the present experiment is to conditions is becoming more clear and the need for see how the growth conditions influence the quality information about the structure of these proteins of the crystals by analyzing them using advanced more critical. imaging methods (digital holography). Benefits from protein growth experiments conducted in space have already been seen, and scientists Why do it in space? hope that space research may one day lead to the development of new drugs Convection, or fluid flow, is a phenomenon induced by gravity, and is suspected of being a culprit in unusable crystals. This convection takes place during crystal growth as protein molecules diffuse from the surrounding solution and add in an orderly way to the growing crystal lattice. These convective currents are harmful because they alter the orientation of the protein molecules as they add to the crystal lattice, thereby causing disorder of the lattice. This affects the resolution, or clarity, with which a crystallograph- er can "see" the precise position that each atom occupies in the three-dimensional structure of the protein.

Another adverse effect of gravity on growing crystal is sedimentation. Crystals drift to the bottom of the solution when they have grown to a mass larger than can be supported by suspension in the solution. When this happens, partially formed crystals fall on Example of protein crystals in solution top of one another and continue growing into each other. Since certain types of analysis require single crystals, sedimentation renders potentially high-quality crystals unusable for data collection.

Principal Investigator: I. Zegers Department of Ultrastructuur Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium.

Earth Observation Experiments LIGHTNING AND SPRIGHT OBSERVATION (LSO)

What is the aim of the experiment? What is it good for?

Sprites are a meteorological phenomenon discov- Since sprites are associated with thunderstorms and ered in 1989, which have the appearance of a lumi- lightning, scientists suspect the flashes may be a nous glow above lightning storms between 50-90km form of electrical discharge. If so, they could pres- above the Earth’s surface. Sprites have a duration of ent a concern to high-altitude research aircraft, only a few milliseconds and are caused as a result of which means that a more in-depth understanding of powerful lightning strikes, which affect the electrical this phenomenon is required. field in the ionosphere (part of the upper atmosphere). Lightning, on the other hand, is something we have always lived with, and yet it’s mechanisms are still The aim of this experiment is to observe sprites dur- not totally clear. This ever-fascinating phenomenon ing storms, determine the energy emitted by them of nature often plays havoc with radio communica- (and elves, which are similar phenomenon to tions and power lines and it is important to be able sprites), and compare this to nightly emissions of to predict when and where they will strike to take lightning. It is also planned to compile statistical data necessary precautions and countermeasures. to determine the frequency of sprites and their origin.

Why do it in space?

Due to the altitude at which sprites have been observed, and the fact that they occur above cloud tops extending in an upward direction, makes it impossible to view them from the ground. Low-earth orbit is an optimal vantage point for studying this phenomenon. NASA image

Sprite captured above a storm Investigators: E. Blance, CEA/DASE, Bruyères le Chatel, France. D. Chaput, A. Labarthe, CNES, Toulouse, France.

Technology Demonstrations 3D CAMERA

Purpose of Activity

The purpose of this activity is to test and evaluate a 3D still photo camera under weightless conditions in the ISS operational environment. This will provide illustrative aids for future technical mission aspects and astronaut training.

3D pictures will further help improve ISS simulators such as the virtual reality simulator at ESTEC in Noordwijk, The Netherlands and help to better satisfy the public interest in the International Space Station. 3D Camera (front view)

Activities with the 3D camera will also lead ESA fur- At the end of the mission only films in their container ther with future ISS development of 3D video images will be transported to the ground. The 3D CAMERA and help to forge cooperation with ISS partners will remain stowed in the Russian Segment of the ISS undertaking 3D research. in a location where radiation and ambient temperature are minimal.

How is the Research Done?

This activity will take place in the ISS after docking. This will include seven 20-minute sessions for the European astronaut and seven 20-minute sessions for the Russian cosmonaut onboard. This will have the following themes:

•Views outside of the ISS and the Earth through a well-located window with daylight. It is preferred that the pictures include both parts of the ISS and Earth view in the background for better 3D effect. • Russian Segment of the ISS and Russian facilities on the ISS. • American segment and facilities. • European experiments. • Astronauts.

Coordinator: Dieter Isakeit ESA/ESTEC, MSM-HE Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Technology Demonstrations CREW RESTRAINT

Purpose of Activity

The experiment is aimed at testing new crew restraint equipment, which uses astronaut’s knees to hold them in position during operational activities.

Almost all current restraint devices use the feet to restrain the body and it is generally perceived that this unnaturally overloads the smaller muscle groups of the feet.

Restraining the crewmember at the knee level lowers the forces needed since the knees are closer to the centre of gravity of the astronaut and larger muscle groups are relied upon to a greater extent. Crew Restraint concept. Isometric views

How is the Research Done?

The restraint parts are assembled and directly attached to one seat track. The crew restraint consists of a vertical Interface beam and a knee block, which is covered in elastic foam and thereafter Nomex fabric to resist abrasion. The form of the knee block has been designed, taking into account size, curve and relevant angles associated with the knee joint. All angles were defined by taking an astronaut in his neutral body orientation.

The vertical interface beam is attached to a fixed position at two points and designed to withstand maximum loads. The foam on the knee block has the flexibility to allow for accommodation of different sizes of crewmember legs.

For approximately 30 minutes the astronaut will carry out an operational activity such as using a laptop whilst in the position shown in the concept diagram. After use the crew restraint will be dismantled.

Crew Restraint.

Coordinator: Pia Mitschdoerfer ESA, ESTEC, MSM-MS Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Educational Experiments APIS

What is the aim of the experiment?

This experiment focuses on the behaviour of a rigid body rotating around its centre of mass. The rigid body used in the experiment can, for example, simu- late a rotating spacecraft.

The objective of this experiment is to prepare a video for educational purposes to demonstrate the dynamics of solid body rotation. This aims to show the different types of motion, which may occur depending on the distribution of mass of the body. Such factors can have the effect of changing the axis of rotation of a spacecraft. Experimental configuration The experiment consists of a handle, which holds a clear sphere made up of two hemispheres. Three dif- What is it good for? ferent experiment modules are fixed inside the sphere at different times to give it different character- The benefits provided by this experiment are purely istics whilst rotating. didactic, in that it will provide an educational tool (video material), which can be used for analytic pur- The sphere is rotated on the experiment handle poses in universities to help students to better about the central shaft of the internal module. The understand certain mechanical principles, and in handle is then released from the sphere, leaving the schools as a visual tool to help describe the envi- sphere to rotate in weightlessness. ronment of space. This kind of educational material increases the attention and comprehension of students towards topics of this nature. Why do it in space?

This kind of demonstration would be impossible in the 1g environment of Earth, and requires the 0g provided by the Space Station.

Principal Investigator: A. Laverón-Simavilla Instituto Universitario “Ignacio da Riva” Madrid, Spain.

ESA Coordinator: R. Schonenborg ESA/ESTEC MSM-GS Noordwijk, The Netherlands.

Educational Experiments CHONDRO

What is the aim of the experiment?

The objective of the Chondro space experiment is to find more stable bone cartilage structures, by dis- solving cartilage tissue from pig bones into its basic components and then re-growing these components into new cartilage.

Another purpose of this experiment is to test the student-developed experiment hardware.

Why do it in space?

Gravity plays a disturbing influence in the formation of cartilage on Earth, so much so that current methods do not completely satisfy the needs of today’s medical world.

Under the influence of gravity new cartilage tissue growth normally forms a 2-dimensional structure, due to sedimentation. By eliminating the sedimentation process the experiment should achieve 3-dimensional symmetrical growth.

Chondro experiment container What is it good for?

Cartilage problems are common on Earth and modern medicine is trying to develop methods to artifi- cially produce cartilage for surgical implantation. This would have an enormous impact on the lives of millions of people who suffer from problems related to permanent bone cartilage damage, either from injury or disease.

Student Investigators: G. Keller, V. Stamenkovic, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland

ESA Coordinator: R. Schonenborg ESA/ESTEC MSM-GS Noordwijk, The Netherlands.

Educational Experiments THEBAS

What is the aim of the experiment?

The experiment aims to illustrate with relatively simple hardware principles of dynamics. Experimental video data material will also be used for educational purposes.

The behaviour of transparent closed containers, which have the same size and total mass and filled with spherical bodies of different radii, will be analysed. The mass of the content of each container is the same in all the considered cases.

Why do it in space? Thebas hardware configuration The objective is to study the effect of the interaction between the container and the particles inside when the system is periodically oscillated in one dimension along a straight line. After completion, videotapes of the experiments will be returned to Earth and the per- formances will be compared with reference experiments, which have identical hardware, performed on the ground to quantify the effect of gravity on the system.

What is it good for? This experiment will provide video material of some principles of dynamics, which form the basis of fundamental mechanics taught in universities.

The use of audiovisual media in education is helping to improve educational techniques by providing students with a greater degree of stimulus. Audiovisual techniques of presenting information lead to a greater retention of that information when compared to traditional teaching techniques.

Principal Investigator: A. Laverón-Simavilla Instituto Universitario “Ignacio da Riva” Madrid, Spain.

ESA Coordinator: R. Schonenborg ESA/ESTEC MSM-GS Noordwijk, The Netherlands.

Educational Experiments VIDEO-2

What is the aim of the experiment? The fourth experiment highlights the near absence of gravity. A sealed coffee drinking bag is filled with water. A clip The objective of the experiment is to demonstrate basic is placed over the bag’s drinking straw. The bag is then physical phenomena i.e. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion, carefully held upside down (with the straw pointing down- by means of filming European astronauts performing relat- wards and without any pressure applied to the bag). The ed experiments on board the Space Station. clip is then removed to see whether the coffee will flow out or not. The experiment provides a simple, visual example of the fact that objects on board the Space Station are not Why do it in space? subject to gravity. The experiments are carried out in space to demonstrate Newton’s Laws of Motion in weightlessness, providing a The fifth experiment illustrates centripetal effects, as a sim- novel classroom environment to draw the attention of stu- ulation of gravitational forces. In the first part of the exper- dents. They will also visually demonstrate the near iment a ball filled with 10ml coffee is spun around an absence of gravity on board the Space Station and the dif- empty ball of exactly the same dimensions. The two balls ferences between the Earth and space environments. are attached by lacing tape. In the second part of the experiment the same two balls attached by lacing tape are The first experiment covers Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: rotated around a horizontal axis. This time, one of the balls ‘An object at rest, or in uniform motion, remains in this state is filled with 20ml coffee and the other is empty. The lacing until a force acts upon it.’ A wooden ball is released so that tape is then cut at the centre of mass and the trajectory of it ‘hangs’ in the air (at rest). It is then blown (applied force) the two balls is observed. so that it moves. Once this step has been completed, the ball is once again blown and follows a straight line (uniform motion). A crewmember then places his hand in front of What is it good for? the ball stopping it (applied force). The final task consists in the ball being blown following a The on board experiments will be complemented by com- straight line (uniform motion), after which a crewmember parable ground experiments performed by students. A blows (applied force) at 90 degrees to the direction of DVD of the experiments, with additional explanations and motion changing the ball’s direction. animations, fitting the European science curriculum of the age group 12-18 year olds, will be produced and distrib- The second experiment illustrates Newton’s 2nd Law of uted to schools in ESA Member States. Motion: ‘Force = mass x acceleration’. A wooden ball and a brass ball are positioned vertically in mid air and are The DVD will provide teachers with a novel and useful tool blown (with the same applied force) one immediately after for explaining Newton’s Laws of Motion and the concept of the other. The wooden ball will move faster as its mass is gravity, which are a fundamental part of the basic physics less and therefore its acceleration will be greater. curriculum.

The third experiment demonstrates Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion: ‘Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.’ In Principal Investigator: the first part of this experiment two astronauts are facing Prof. M. Paiva each other with their palms against each other at waist Free University of Brussels height. The first astronaut pushes against the second Faculty of Medicine (applied force). This will cause both astronauts to move Brussels, Belgium. away from each other with approximately the same velocity. ESA Coordinator: The second part of the experiment repeats the first but with S. Ijsselstein a heavy water container strapped to the second astronaut. ESA/ESTEC MSM-GS The second astronaut will move backwards more slowly Noordwijk, The Netherlands. than the first as his mass is disproportionately greater.

Educational Experiments WINOGRAD

What is the aim of the experiment?

The Winograd experiment will be used to grow Winogradski columns in a weightless environment.

A Winogradski column is a colony of different types of bacteria wherein the waste products of one bac- terium serve as the nutrients of the other. They are systems that are found in ordinary pond or lake water and need no other input than light for photosynthesis.

This experiment was launched to the ISS on the Progress mission 12P in August 2003 and thereafter started. It will be returned to Earth on Pedro Duque’s return flight. Winograd block holding sample containers with illumination block

On return these samples will be analysed to deter- What is it good for? mine where certain bacteria were located during flight and hence determine the effect of weightless- In future human space missions (particularly long ness on the formation of Winogradski columns. duration missions), bacteria could be used to help dispose of waste created by the astronauts. They could eat everything such as leftover food. As a Why do it in space? result of this consumption they could give off gases that may be used as fuel. Also they could be used as The space experiment should clarify if the bacteria in a part of the Environmental Life Support System, the water will organise themselves in a similar pattern playing an important role in the recycling of air and as they would do on Earth. water, both vital for a human space missions.

Since bacteria can also be useful during human space missions, it is important to know whether their behaviour is predictable in the space environment.

Student Investigators: R. Dhir, D. Smillie, T. Banergee. (Supported by Prof. Jim Deacon) Biology Teaching Organization, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland

ESA Coordinator: R. Schonenborg ESA/ESTEC MSM-GS Noordwijk, The Netherlands.

Educational Experiments ARISS (Amateur Radio on the ISS)

What is the aim of the experiment?

The objectives of this activity are to provide a live radio link from the ISS to selected Spanish children from primary schools. Students will put questions to ESA astronaut Pedro Duque.

Why do it in space?

The students who will take part in this live radio activity are: • The CEIP CEIXALBO primary school in Ourense, Spain, • The winners of the ‘Habla ISS’ contest for primary André Kuipers and Pedro Duque training with Ariss equipment schools. The contact will take place from the ‘VER- BUM’ museum in Vigo, Spain, contact, the text of the twenty questions (in Spanish) and a brief presentation of the school. Each school will receive one live broadcast. Excluding preparation, connection and cut-off time What is it good for? each location will have ten minutes of broadcast time. This exercise serves as an educational tool for mak- ing children aware of space, a topic that is often not Twenty children will be ready in each location to put covered in school syllabuses. It is important to bring their questions in the presence of many other space to the children to provide them with a better schoolchildren with parents and authorities in assis- understanding of the benefits of space and how sci- tance. ence in space can also improve life for us here on Earth. Also, space is all around us therefore acquir- These questions will be sent by radiogram to the ISS ing knowledge on it can lead to an appreciation of the day before to give the astronaut time to prepare life on our Blue planet. his answers and therefore use the broadcast time as efficiently as possible.

Ground stations will be provided by the members of the local amateur radio clubs of the Union de Radioaficionados Españoles in Spain and ARISS members in the Netherlands.

The total time for this activity is approximately 90 minutes.

Two weeks before this activity is due to take place, ARISS will provide the text of four messages (one per Coordinators: contact) to be radio-grammed to the astronaut the G. Bertels, ARISS-Europe, Belgium day before the contact. C. Pujol, ESA/ESTEC, ADM-AE These messages will include the radio call-sign to be The Netherlands used, the radio frequency, the exact day and time of

Launch, Flight and Landing Procedures Launch Procedures

The Soyuz crew begin their day with a careful clean- of the Soyuz spacecraft. They lower themselves into ing procedure of their bodies to avoid taking their seats in the landing module, which is nearly full pathogens to the space station. Before leaving their when they take their positions: The commander in rooms they sign the door, a tradition, which dates the middle (Alexander Kaleri), the flight engineer on from the time of Yuri Gagarin. the left (Pedro Duque) and the second flight engineer on the right (Michael Foale). The final countdown starts with six hours to go. The crew are taken by bus to the launch area where they put on their Sokol space suits with four hours 20 minutes to go. There is a formal military ceremony in which the crew receive official authorisation to leave for launch from the flight commission. This is the last chance to say goodbye to family, the media and the backup crew who now stay behind.

Soyuz launcher on the launch pad shortly before lift-off of Andromède Mission on 21 October 2001

After being strapped in, the crew carry out checks on communications equipment before the hatch is closed with just under two hours until launch. The command/landing module is then checked and the Soyuz spacecraft is pressurised. Checks are carried out on the on-board equipment, systems, pressure and temperature before the launcher’s inertial guidance systems are activated and the crew switch on their communications systems.

With one hour until launch the launcher teams are evacuated from the launch pad area. Fifteen minutes Soyuz TMA-1 crew on launch pad before take-off on 30 October 2002 later the flight programme is loaded into the on- board computers and the service gantries rolled back. The spacesuits are checked for air tightness Three hours and counting and the safety systems are activated with 30 minutes until launch. Around the same time with three hours to go the propellant tanks start to be filled. The crew arrive at the With 15 minutes until launch the launch site is totally launch pad 20 minutes later while thrust checks are evacuated and inertial guidance systems unlocked. being carried out on the different launch stages. The The automatic launch sequence becomes ready for Soyuz crew take a lift to the top of the Soyuz space- ignition with six minutes until launch followed by activa- craft and enter through the hatch of the utility module tion of ground and on-board telemetry one minute later.

Launch, Flight and Landing Procedures Launch Procedures (contd)

Soyuz TMA-1 crew in Soyuz command module just before the hatch is closed

At 2 minutes 40 seconds until launch the avionics on the 3rd stage switch to internal power supply and the umbilical mast is disconnected. With 29 seconds remaining, the four lateral boosters together with the central core are ignited.

Lift-off

The Soyuz launcher and spacecraft slowly raises, starting to roll into its trajectory 20 seconds after launch. It accelerates to 4g over the first few minutes, pushing the crew back in their seats. Lift off of Soyuz TMA-2 on 26 April 2003 on Flight 6S to the ISS. Two minutes after lift-off the four lateral boosters have finished burning and the acceleration drops from 4g third stage is extinct after 520 seconds and sepa- to 1.5g. These boosters and the launch escape sys- rates at 528 seconds (8 minutes 48 seconds) after tem are jettisoned. As soon as the core stage engines launch. fire on full thrust, the g-forces increase again. For the first two orbits, the cosmonauts remain in At about two and a half minutes, the crew get their their seats, checking all on board systems, most first view of space 84 km above the Earth as the importantly the attitude control systems that control launch fairing protecting the spacecraft against how the spacecraft is pointing. After checks are atmospheric drag is jettisoned leaving an open view completed, the Soyuz is orientated in a way that the through the spacecraft windows. This is almost solar arrays are always directed to the sun for power above the atmosphere. generation.

After separation of the core stage at 288 seconds After the tasks are completed the cosmonauts can after launch, the acceleration seams to stop until the get out of their seats and take off their pressurized third stage engines fire at 5 minutes after lift-off. The space suits. spacecraft is now 167 kilometres high. 7 seconds later the 2nd/3rd stage interface is jettisoned. The

Launch, Flight and Landing Procedures Docking Procedures

Gaining altitude The Soyuz crew watches this flight phase on a screen inside the descent capsule, dressed in their Nine minutes after launch and the Soyuz is in orbit. Sokol space suits. On the screen is an image gener- From now on the spacecraft is floating, or more cor- ated from the periscope outside the descent mod- rectly, free falling around the Earth at 28,000 km per ule. During the final approach the crew inside has to hour with an initial orbit altitude of 220 kilometres. It check all data and to make sure that the spacecraft now takes two days to reach the International Space is lined up properly with the docking port of the ISS. Station. This is because the chosen docking trajec- This is also monitored by Mission Control at Korolev, tory for the Soyuz is the most effective for fuel con- near Moscow. sumption. Soyuz usually docks with the station’s Pirs Docking

The cosmonauts cooperate with the ground controllers who calculate the trajectory parameters, which will enable the spacecraft to conduct orbital manoeuvres to get it onto a higher orbit. These parameters are sent to the spacecraft, whereafter commands are given to fire the spacecraft’s engines at certain times. Every burn of the engines increases the speed of the Soyuz vehicle and thus raises the orbit to near the trajectory of the International Space Station (380 to 400 km altitude). D. Ducros image Soyuz spacecraft docking with International Space Station

Compartment. It could also dock with the docking adapter between Zarya and Unity or at the rear end of the Zvezda module. The Progress supply vehicles almost always dock with Zvezda’s aft docking port,

NASA image as will Europe’s ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle) Progress M1 approaches the ISS. whose first launch is scheduled for 2004.

Each Soyuz spacecraft remains docked for about six Docking months to serve as a lifeboat. If necessary, Soyuz vehicles can change their docking location to clear The crew is busy with monitoring the spacecraft sys- the occupied docking port for another approaching tems and preparing themselves in case the automat- Soyuz or Progress supply spacecraft. ic rendezvous and docking systems fail and they have to take over manually. Mission Control on the Pedro Duque will be docking with the ISS in the ground can accurately track the spacecraft’s trajec- Soyuz-TMA-3 spacecraft and staying for 8 days tory, but there are still slight errors the crew has to before undocking and returning to Earth in the older correct with the help of the radar system and the cal- Soyuz TMA-2, which is currently stationed at the ISS. culations of the computer on board.

Launch, Flight and Landing Procedures Undocking Procedures

Undocking the Soyuz TMA-2 from the International Space Station 400km above the Earth, re-entry and landing on the grassy steppes of Kazakhstan is a relatively quick procedure, taking no longer than three and a half hours.

On the last day in orbit the cosmonauts dress again in their special Sokol space suits, needed for launch, docking, return and landing and enter the Soyuz capsule. NASA image First short burn to lower the Soyuz spacecraft orbit

During the first minutes the spacecraft gradually increases distance from the Station.

Nikolai Budarin of ISS Expedition Crew 6 in Sokol space suit preparing for undocking

The crew close the hatches and check the seals. All Soyuz board systems get activated and tested. The mission commander is responsible for pushing the undocking button. This command opens hooks and NASA image Main burn for re-entry into the denser layer of Earth’s atmosphere. latches, which hold the Soyuz to the docking port on the ISS. Spring forces are used to push the Soyuz slowly away from the ISS. At a 20 m distance, approximately 6 minutes after undocking, the crew fires small brake engines for 15 seconds, slowing it down. NASA image Undocking shortly after execution of separation command

Launch, Flight and Landing Procedures Re-entry Procedures

Two and a half hours after undocking, when Soyuz is entry direction, Re-entry occurs at an altitude of at a distance of 19 kilometres from the International approximately 120 kilometres where it enters the Space Station, the en-gines fire again for 4 minutes, upper layers of the atmosphere. This is half an hour 21 seconds. This is the deorbit burn, which gives the before landing. Soyuz is at this point over South Soyuz an impulse against the direction of flight. As a America. consequence the Soyuz vehicle slows down and its orbit decreases. It will follow a trajectory across the Atlantic Ocean, Africa and the Middle East and eventually land in Central Asia. The cosmonauts can see a red glowing outside the window during this period of descent caused by the friction from the airflow, which heats the outer spacecraft shell.

The speed is reduced dramatically and the crew is pushed back into their seats by a force of 4 to 5 g. This is equivalent to approximately four to five times their own body weight. NASA image Soyuz module separation.

Shortly afterwards at an altitude of 200 kilometres above the ground and still an hour before landing, the Soyuz spacecraft separates into its three parts. The utility section and the instrument-assembly module burn upon re-entry in the denser layers of Earth’s atmosphere. NASA image Soyuz landing module glowing during re-entry.

The same would happen to the landing module, however it is protected by a heat shield and further assumes a shallower aerodynamic flight profile on re- entry.

After separation, the landing module is given the command to rotate. This manoeuvre puts the strongest parts of the heat shield towards the re-

Launch, Flight and Landing Procedures Landing Procedures

craft possess two new engines, which reduce landing speed and forces by 15 to 30 %.

Further cushioning the impact of landing are the crew seats with their custom-fitted liners. The liners are individually moulded to each cosmonaut’s body. When permanent crew-members are brought to the International Space Station by a Space Shuttle mission, their Soyuz seats are brought with them and finally transferred to the docked Soyuz lifeboat in case of an emergency.

Immediately after ground contact the parachute The Andromedè Mission landing module after re-entry and before cords are automatically cut to avoid any wind distur- landing

Fifteen minutes prior landing at an altitude of 12 km the parachutes begin to deploy while Soyuz is still at a speed of 900 km/h. First, two pilot parachutes open followed by a 24 m2 drogue chute, at an altitude of 10.5 km. This slows the Soyuz to 360 km/h.

At this point the 1000 m main parachute opens, NASA image slowing the Soyuz to 7 m/s. Soyuz travels at an angle Soyuz landing module after touchdown of 30° for cooling purposes due to special parachute harness. The capsule then changes to a vertical descent. As a backup, there is an emergency para- bance. A communication antenna is hereafter chute half the size of the main parachute. This would deployed so that the recovery team will find the crew be released automatically at a certain height. as soon as possible.

At 4 km above ground the heat shield is jettisoned, further reducing descent speed until one second before touch down. This is at a distance of 80cm above the ground when six soft landing engines fire to reduce the speed to 2 m/s. The Soyuz TMA space- NASA image NASA image Touchdown of the Soyuz landing module Soyuz TM-33 after landing with ESA astronaut Roberto Vittori.

Launch, Flight and Landing Procedures Post-Landing Procedures

Ground control in Moscow and Baikonur follow the After leaving the capsule each cosmonaut is eased touch down of Soyuz. Recovery equipment, helicop- into a chair by the recovery team where they can ters, and tents, are prepared for the landing, with a relax and answer any first questions. In the mean- recovery and support team consisting of physicians, time, a medical tent is prepared for the first medical psychologists, officials and military personnel from checks, still on site. If everybody from the crew is in Baikonur. a good condition, the cosmonauts are brought to Baikonur by helicopter with an intermediate stop at After landing, the crew deploy at least one communication antenna, so that the recovery teams can pin- point their precise location on the vast expanse of the Kazakh Steppe. NASA image Soyuz TM-33 commander Yuri Gidzenko is helped into a chair after landing

Astana, the new capital of Kazakhstan. At the same NASA image Soyuz TM-33 landing site with ESA astronaut Roberto Vittori on time technicians prepare the Soyuz spacecraft for board. The communication antenna, extraction stand and chairs removal from the landing site. are visible. From Baikonur the crew then fly by plane to Star City, The landing accuracy is within a range of 30 km. near Moscow where they stay in quarantine for two Soyuz spacecraft land nominally on land, in two areas weeks for further medical checks, readaptation to in northern Kazakhstan, one near the town of Arkalyk, life on the ground and mission evaluations. The fam- the other near the town of Dzhezkazgan. ilies are also waiting there. Nevertheless a Russian manned mission could also touch down anywhere in the world including on water, as happened once before.

Recovery teams in helicopters approach the landing site soon after landing. Immediately after arrival the hatch is opened and an extraction stand is assembled to assist the Soyuz crewmembers to exit the spacecraft. Other helpers are responsible in cordon- ing off the area and gathering the spacecraft’s landing parachutes.

In case of a delay reaching the landing site the cosmonauts are trained to help themselves having had NASA image extensive survival training in the mountains and The medical tent, surrounded by a helicopter and landing Caspian Sea. parachute

Acronyms

ARISS Amateur Radio on the ISS DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

ARMS Advanced Respiratory DVD Digital Versatile Disk Monitoring System

ATV Automated Transfer Vehicle EAC European Astronaut Centre

EPOC Erasmus Payload Operations BMI Blood Pressure Centre Measurement Instrument ERA European Robotic Arm

ERS European Remote Sensing CDTI Centro para el Desarrollo Satellite Tecnológico Industrial (Spanish Centre for Technological and ESA European Space Agency Industrial Development) ESOC European Space Operations CEA/DASE Commissariat à l’Energie Centre Atomique/ Département d’analyses et de surveillance de l’envi- ESTEC European Space Research and ronnement (French Atomic Technology Centre Energy Commission/Department of Environmental Monitoring) EURECA European Retrievable Carrier

CET Central European Time EVA Extra Vehicular Activity (spacewalk) CIC Crew Interface Coordinator

CNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (French Space ISS International Space Station Agency)

CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (French National LMS Life and Microgravity Spacelab Scientific Research Centre) LSO Lightning and Sprite COK Centrum voor Observation Oppervlaktechemie en Katalyse (Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis) MARES Muscle Atrophy Research and CSIC Consejo Superior de Exercise System Investigaciones Científicas (Spanish Council for Scientific MESSAGE Microbial Experiments in the Research) Space Station About Gene Expression

Acronyms

MSM Manned Spaceflight and TsNIIMash Tsentralnyi Nauchno- Microgravity (ESA - internal mail- Issledovatelskiy Institut code for the Directorate of Mashinostroyeniya (Russian for Human Spaceflight) Central Research Institute for Machine Building) MSS Mobile Servicing System

TsPK Tsentr Podgotovka Kosmonavtov (Russian name for Gagarin NASA National Aeronautics and Space Cosmonaut Training Centre near Administration Moscow)

TsUP Tsentr Upravleniya Polyotami (Russian for Mission Control PEMS Percutaneous Electrical Muscle Centre) Stimulator TVD Torque Velocity Dynamometer POC Payload Operations Center

US(A) United States (of America) RSC Rocket and Space Corporation (as in RSC Energia) USOC User Support and Operations Centre

SCK/CEN Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie/Centre d’étude de VIP Very Important Person l’Energie Nucléaire (Belgian Nuclear Research Centre)

SSAS Solid Sorbent Air Sampler

Credits

This document has been produced by the Erasmus User Centre and Communication Office of the Directorate of Human Spaceflight of the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.

It has been compiled from internal ESA sources with additional images and information kindly supplied by the following organisations:

Russian Space Agency (Rosaviakosmos)

S.P.Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The Spanish User Support and Operations Centre at the Ignacio Da Riva University Institute of Microgravity

The Belgian User Support and Operations Centre at the Belgium Institute of Space Aeronomy

With relation to the scientific research programme of the Cervantes Mission the primary information sources and investigators are listed with each individual experiment. The image of Miguel de Cervantes for this information kit was kindly supplied by the Cushing Memorial Library at the Texas A&M University Cervantes Project in collaboration with the Cátedra Cervantes at the University of Castilla de la Mancha in Spain.

Contacts

European Space Agency (ESA) Erasmus User Centre and Communication Office Directorate of Human Spaceflight ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, PO Box 299 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 (0) 71 565 5566 Fax: +31 (0) 71 565 8008 [email protected] www.spaceflight.esa.int/users

Russian Space Agency (Rosaviakosmos) http://www.rosaviakosmos.ru

S.P.Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia http://www.energia.ru

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov

The Spanish User Support and Operations Centre at the Ignacio Da Riva University Institute of Microgravity http://www.idr.upm.es/es/fr_usoc.html

The Belgian User Support and Operations Centre at the Belgium Institute of Space Aeronomy http://www.busoc.be/

For the scientific research programme of the Cervantes Mission, the relevant contacts are listed with each individual experiment.