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KEMAS 14 (2) (2018) 172-177

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/kemas

Organophosphate Pesticide Residue in Fruits and Vegetables

Joko Sudarsono1, Setyo Sri Rahardjo1, Kisrini1

1Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia

Article Info Abstract Article History: The use of the pesticide which does not follow the procedure may potentially cause resi- Submitted November 2017 due of pesticide to be left on vegetables and fruits sold in supermarkets and traditional Accepted August 2018 markets. We aimed to find the pattern of pesticide usage and levels of residue found in Published November 2018 plants. This study was an analytical observation with a cross-sectional design using de- Keywords: tailed sampling procedure. We obtained the data of the pesticide residue concentration pesticide, by conducting laboratory examinations on eight samples of cabbage and eight samples residue, tomatoes, cabbage of tomatoes from traditional markets and supermarkets in the city of Solo. The data were tested using simple linear regression testing. The organophosphate measurement DOI results showed no residues were detected, because it was below the Limit of Detection https://doi.org/10.15294/ (LOD). We concluded that pesticides containing active substances were not used in the kemas.v14i2.11889 vegetables we tested or the active substances were no longer contained in the vegetables after harvesting.

Introductions PDO, raising the demands for pesticides One of the problems complained by among farmers. Multinational pesticide farmers is the existence of Plant-Disrupting companies dominated 64% of the total market, Organisms (PDO). There was never any about 5.7 trillion rupiahs. The largest pesticide solution that could solve the PDO problem user segments were paddy (41%) and palm completely, therefore causing the resulting plantation (27%) segments. The majority in crops to be below expectation. The low number pesticides market were herbicides (42.5%), of crops produced means a low income for pesticides (37.5%), fungicides (18%), and other farmers. The leading cause of the problem is the groups (2%) (BPS, 2012). incomplete implementation of the Integrated Today farmers still depend on pesticide (IPC) system. One of the IPC use because it is a fast, efficient, simple, safe, and components is a prudent, environmentally useful method even though the PDO problems sound, and sustainable use of pesticide. A were never solved completely. Some assume pesticide is all of chemical compounds, along that pesticide is an efficacious drug and it is hard with microorganisms and viruses, which are to increase their plant productivity without used for controlling various pests. it. It provokes overuse, imprecise, and unwise In recent years, there has been an use of a pesticide. As Untung stated in 2004, increasing use of pesticide because it is Indonesian farmers tended not to take a risk, considered the most effective way to control specifically plant commodities that are prone to  Correspondence Address: pISSN 1858-1196 Jl Ir. Sutami No.36A, Kentingan Surakarta-57126. eISSN 2355-3596 Email : [email protected] KEMAS 14 (2) (2018) 172-177 attack from PDO such as the vegetables. Many guava) and vegetables (red paprika) that of them still relied on periodic pesticide spray. contain beyond-threshold pesticide residue Uncontrolled and overuse of pesticide (, thiabendazole, and ) cause negative effects on the environment in India. Another study in Indonesia showed and humans. Pesticide intoxication is one of that the dosage of malathion consumed from the negative impacts on humans. Some of contaminated vegetables for 60 consecutive the organophosphate components will enter days caused a clear damage in the liver but a the body through oral, inhalation, and skin less clear damage to in the mice brain (Hamzah, absorbtion. Organophosphate pesticides 2009). Ray et al., (2008) stated that (DDPV, , malathion, and ) organophosphorus residue in the meat (0.0541 cause intoxication by ChE () mg/mL), egg (0.0506 mg/mL), and milk (0.0453 enzyme blocking. It ties ChE in the blood mg/mL), which is exactly at the threshold. plasma, red blood cell, and nerve synapse Farming results such as fruits and making it inactive and unable to hydrolyze vegetables are also sold in the market, instead (Ach). Consequently, it provokes of being directly consumed. Markets in Solo paralysis of the body because of Ach deposit City area stock their agricultural products in the muscle cell receptor and gland. It also from its nearby area, like Karanganyar and causes stimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic Boyolali Regency. It was assumed that the fruits because of Ach accumulation in and vegetables in Solo were contaminated by cholinergic nerve-ends, both neuro-effector organophosphate. Many traditional markets junction and ganglion. in Solo, such as Gede, Legi, Hardjodaksino, Muscarinic receptor stimulation causes Danukusuman Markets, and some hypersalivation, hypermotility of the digestive supermarkets collected their vegetables and system, hypersecretion of the airway, and fruits supplies from mentioned regencies. We bronchoconstriction. The sympathetic nerves do not know whether the vegetables contain innervate the sweat glands and has cholinergic pesticide residue or not. There has been no fiber. Therefore, there is a presence of excessive calculation of pesticide contained in the plants, sweating as the result of organophosphate which could potentially affect the health of the intoxication. On the other hand, nicotinic consumers. receptor stimulation in the autonomic ganglion From the description above, it raises will trigger excitation symptoms from both the question of how much organophosphate the nervous systems, although muscarinic pesticide residue is found in the fruits and symptoms will dominate it in the end. vegetables that were sold in supermarkets Muscarinic stimulation in the end-plate motor and traditional markets in Solo City. We also will provoke muscle spasm, fasciculation, and question whether there were any difference airway paralyzing, with the presence of dyspnea in residue level between produces sold in and cyanotic. Also, muscarinic stimulation in a supermarket and traditional market. the central nervous system will cause mental Our study aimed to observe the amount of tension, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, unstable organophosphate residue in the fruits and emotion, neurosis, and convulsion. Mortality of vegetables and the difference in residue level this intoxication is caused by respiratory failure, between produces sold in supermarkets and as the result of airway muscle paralyzing. traditional markets. Most of the pesticides used by the Methods farmers will reside in the fruits and vegetables We used an observational, analytical as a pesticide residue. One of the leftover study using cross-sectional with classified residues is the organophosphate. Improper sampling technique. Our research took place use of pesticide may leave high amounts of in Solo City area, where the traditional and the residue. According to Dasika, Tangirala supermarkets supplied their fruits and vegetable and Naishadham in 2012, there were many from Boyolali and Karanganyar Regency. Their fruits (green apple, yellow apple, crisp pink supplies were suspected to be contaminated by apple, green grape, black grape, pear, and organophosphate pesticide.

173 Joko Sudarsono, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, Kisrini / Organophosphate Pesticide Residue in Fruits and Vegetables

We collected cabbages and tomatoes form equipped with an Electron Capture Detector, eight locations, four of them were traditional according to AOAC (1990). The steps were: markets in Solo which were the Gede, extracting the cabbage, cleaning up, making Gemlegan, Karangasem, and Legi Markets. the standard solution, and doing quantitative The four supermarkets were LotteMart Tipes, analysis (residue level count). Recovery test Hypermart Grand Mall, Carrefour Paragon and was a standard to determine whether the used Super Indo, so we collected eight cabbages and methods were well enough. eight tomatoes. Results and Discussions The chemical ingredients used were The traditional and supermarkets in the solvent (acetone, CH2Cl2, and petroleum Solo City supplied their vegetables and fruits ether), sodium sulfate (anhydrous), floristic from the farmers in Central Java (Boyolali and (particle size 0.150-0.250 mm for column Salatiga) and East Java (Magetan and Jombang) chromatography), and pesticide. regions. Karanganyar Regency is one of the The analytical tools for this study were agricultural products-maker which is sold in blender, Erlenmeyer (size of 125 and 250 ml), Solo City. Two Sub-districts, Mojogedang and beaker glass (volume of 25 and 50 ml), funnel, Karangpandan, are the tomatoes and cabbages absorbent paper, measuring cups (size of 10 producing area. and 100 ml), micropipette, syringe (10 µl), scale There are many benefits from the use of (Mettler Toledo), evaporator (Airflow monitor, pesticide, even though they are unknown to Mach aire Ltd), testing tube, chromatography the public. Its clear and a more accessible to column, and gas chromatography (model 8000 count advantage is the economic benefits from TOP). the farmers in the form of product protection We collected the samples from the and quality. Without it, the number of food traditional and supermarkets. The procedures products will decrease, and the price will were similar to pesticide residue testing in continue to rise. Consequently, the farmers agricultural products. The samples were sent to will not be competitive in the market. The use the laboratory and measured using thin-layer of pesticide is a method to reduce loss caused chromatography method (Kanasawa, Sutrisno, by pests. It may increase the number of crops and Otorita, 1983). with an accessible price for the customers, Later, the organophosphate pesticide which is necessary for them (Damalas, 2009). analysis was conducted using the gas Nevertheless, many farmers in Karanganyar chromatography (model 8000 TOP) which and Boyolali used pesticide to control PDO.

Table 1. Organophosphate pesticide residue levels in the tomato samples from the traditional markets of Solo City Level of Detection No Test Parameter TR(B) TR(S) SP(B) SP(S) (LoD) (mg/ kg) 1 Diazinon <3.84x10-3 <3.84x10-3 <3.84x10-3 <3.84x10-3 3.84x10-3 2 Parathion <0.82 x10-3 <0.82 x10-3 <0.82 x10-3 <0.82 x10-3 0.82 x10-3 3 Ethion <2.76 x10-3 <2.76 x10-3 <2.76 x10-3 <2.76 x10-3 2.76 x10-3 4 Profenofos <0.80 x10-3 <0.80 x10-3 <0.80 x10-3 <0.80 x10-3 0.80 x10-3 5 Malathion <0.50 x10-3 <0.50 x10-3 <0.50 x10-3 <0.50 x10-3 0.50 x10-3 6 Chlorpyrifos <0.33 x10-3 <0.33 x10-3 <0.33 x10-3 <0.33 x10-3 0.33 x10-3

Legends: TR(B) : Tomato samples from Gede, Gemblegan, Karangasem, and Legi Market TR(S) : Cabbage samples from Gede, Gemblegan, Karangasem, and Legi Market SP(B) : Tomato samples from LotteMart, Hypermart Grand Mall, Carrefour Paragon, and Super Indo Banjarsari SP(S) : Cabbage samples from LotteMart, Hypermart Grand Mall, Carrefour Paragon, and Super Indo Banjarsari

174 KEMAS 14 (2) (2018) 172-177

They mostly use organophosphatelevels (diazinon, parathion, , , pesticides, such as Azinphosmethyl, Chloryfos, malathion, and chlorpyrifos) were below the Methyl, Dichlorovos, , LoD because they were undetected by the tools , Ethion, Parathion, Malathion, (Hartini, 2014). Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, , Temefos, There were some studies that showed and metil-pirimifos. This pesticide was first a different result. Chandra et al., (2014) introduced in Germany during the World War described chlorpyrifos, , and II. During its early synthesis, the substances pesticide residue levels in the (TEPP), parathion, eggplants, capsicums, and cabbages using gas and schordan were produced which were chromatography which was detected below useful as pesticide, but they were also toxic to the maximum limit. Another study in India mammals (Prijanto, Nurjazuli, and Sulistiyani, revealed the levels were beyond the threshold 2009). The study regarding this issue is still being in some fruits (green apple, yellow apple, crisps developed. They found an active component for pink apple, green grape, black grape, pear, and the , such as malathion, that had a less guava) and vegetables (red paprika) (Dasika toxic effect to the humans (Alegantina et al., et al., 2012). A study using 1,423 samples 2005). consisted of 573 fruits and 830 vegetables We examined the pesticide residue level conducted in Aegean, Turkey, demonstrated as by checking the cabbages and tomatoes in many as 84 (4.8%) of the fruits and 83 (9.8%) eight places; four traditional markets in Solo of the vegetables contained , City: Gede, Gemblegan, Karangasem, and Legi , and chlorpyrifos pesticide Market, and four supermarkets: LotteMart beyond the threshold (Bakirci et al., 2014). Tipes, Hypermart Grand Mall, Carrefour The reason for undetected residue or Paragon and Super Indo. levels below the LoD in mentioned studies, The table above showed that all the samples including ours, was either the absence of did not contain organophosphate pesticide. pesticide’s active ingredients or the harvested The table also showed that organophosphate vegetables no longer contain residue. The was not detected in any of the samples. The residues were affected by many factors, such diazinon level was <3.84x10-3 mg/kg, which as persistence and application technique of was below the threshold, Parathion <0.82 x10-3 pesticide, climate, also the weather. mg/kg, Ethion <2.76 x10-3 mg/kg, Profenofos There is an unstandardized pesticide <0.80 x10-3 mg/kg, Malathion <0.50 x10-3 mg/ handling practiced by the farmers in kg, and Chlorpyrifos <0.33 x10-3 mg/kg. All of Karanganyar and Boyolali, such as mixing over them were under the threshold level (LoD). one type of pesticides with the help of water as Alegantina et al., (2005) described a solvent. It is common to find farmers who mix a negative result or absence of the pesticides at their homes, starting from opening organophosphate residue, such as diazinon, its packaging, pouring into the container, until chlorpyrifos, metidation, phention, phenitroin, stirring it, which can potentially harm their , profenofos, protiofos, triazophos, family members. It can potentially harm the and dimethoate, within farmers themselves and society (Prijanto et al., tomatoes and lettuces from various traditional 2009). Yuantari et al., (2015) study at Curut and supermarkets in Jakarta. Srivastava Village, Penawangan Sub-district, Grobogan et al., (2014) showed the presence of low Regency using 54 melon farmers also described level organophosphate residue, Malathion the farmers unstandardized behavior, which and chlorpyrifos, in the mango examined were combining over one type of pesticide, in Lucknow, India. Putu et al., (2016) some even mixed more than ten active analyzed the presence of benzophenone, ingredients into one tank. Moreover, this action 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene, and ftalat acid, will lead to undetected pesticide residue, as gas instead of organophosphate, in the strawberry chromatography is unable to read the mixed samples from Candikuning Market, Bedugul, formula (Hartini, 2014). Bali. According to our results, organophosphate The farmers in Karanganyar and Boyolali

175 Joko Sudarsono, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, Kisrini / Organophosphate Pesticide Residue in Fruits and Vegetables sprayed the pesticide during the beginning of more careful in choosing vegetables. We also the cabbage and tomato planting. They did not recommend farmers using pesticide to follow spray it when the harvesting time had arrived. the predetermined rules and give socialization The last spraying was done way before the for proper use the pesticide. Lastly, we harvesting time. This caused a low, or even an acknowledged LPPM UNS and LPPT UGM for absent, pesticide level because it had already their generous help in our study. dissolved. References The vegetables and fruits were cleaned Alegantina, S., Raini, M., & Lastari, P., 2005. using water before being distributed to the Penelitian Kandungan Organofosfat Dalam traditional and supermarkets in Solo City. The Tomat dan Slada Yang Beredar di Beberapa cleaning process is not only conducted before Jenis Pasar di DKI Jakarta. Media Litbang harvesting but also during the distribution from Kesehatan, XV, pp.44–49. Alen, Y., Zulhidayanti, & Netty, S., 2015. the farmers to the merchants or customers. Pemeriksaan Residu Pestisida Profenofos Farmers usually clean the vegetables before Pada Selada (Lactuca sativa L.) Dengan handing them to the merchant; and they Metode Kromatografi Gas. Jurnal Sains will clean them again using water to keep its Farmasi & Klinis, 1(2), pp. 140–149. freshness. This action will lead to a decreasing Bakirci, D. Yaman, A.D.B., Bakirci, F., & Otles, number of pesticide residue. A study by Alen S., 2014. Pesticide Residues in Fruits and et al., (2015), showed a decreasing number Vegetables from the Aegean Region, Turkey. of residue in lettuce after being cleaned by Food Chemistry, 160, pp.397–92. antiseptic solution, as much as 0.061 ppm from BPS. 2012. Statistik Indonesia. 0.204 ppm, reduced by 70.1%. Chandra, S., Mahidrakhar, A., & Shinde, L., 2014. Rainfall cleansing would also reduce the Analysis of Pesticides Residue in Vegetables Local Market Nanded, India. Int. J. ChemTech residue. Furthermore, the organophosphate Res, 6(5), pp.2760. will evaporate after being sprayed because Damalas, C., 2009. Understanding Benefits and organophosphate is volatile when exposed to Risks of Pesticide Use. Scientific Research and sunlight, photodecomposition, and chemical Essay, 4(10), pp.945–949. reaction, and it also easily decompose. The Dasika, R., Tangirala, S., & Naishadham., 2012. half-life for profenofos pesticide is only one Pestisides Residue Analysis of Fruits and week. It is also volatile when exposed to Vegetables. J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol, sunlight. Moreover, the residue may decrease 4(2), pp.19–28. as the distribution process occurs between the Hamzah, R.A., 2009. Tracer Pathway dari Insektisida farmers and consumers because of sunlight or Malathion dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Organ rain. Hati dan Otak Tikus. Makara Kesehatan, 13(2), pp.69–73. The farmers in Karanganyar have also Hartini, E., 2014. Kontaminasi Residu Pestisida added the limestone into the cabbages which dalam Buah Melon (Studi Kasus pada contained calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in Petani di Kecamatan Penawangan). Jurnal the form of calcite mineral. They discarded Kesehatan Masyarakat, 10(1), pp.96–102. the outer layer before putting them on sale to Kanasawa, J., Sutrisno., & Otorita, S., 1983. Residu remove the limestone preservative. It is also a of Diazinon in Rice Plant and Paddy Soil. reason for undetected residue because the inner Penelitian Pertanian, 3(2), pp.83–84. layer of cabbage is not affected by pesticide Prijanto, B.T., Nurjazuli., & Sulistiyani., 2009. spraying. Analisis Faktor Risiko Keracunan Pestisida Conclusions Organofosfat Pada Keluarga Petani Our organophosphate residue test Hortikultura Di Kecamatan Ngablak Kabupaten Magelang. Jurnal Kesehatan revealed all the samples did not contain Lingkungan Indonesia, 8(2), pp.73–78. organophosphate because all of them were Putu, S.N.P., Suprihatin, I.E., Suastuti, A., & Dwi, below the level of detection (LoD). It is N.G.A.M., 2016. Analisis Residu Pestisida necessary to conduct a further study with Organofosfat pada Buah Stawberry a more significant number of samples and (Fragaria ananassa rosalinda) Menggunakan different places. We suggest consumers to be Kromatografi Gas. E-Journal of Applied

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