KEMAS 14 (2) (2018) 172-177 Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/kemas Organophosphate Pesticide Residue in Fruits and Vegetables Joko Sudarsono1, Setyo Sri Rahardjo1, Kisrini1 1Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia Article Info Abstract Article History: The use of the pesticide which does not follow the procedure may potentially cause resi- Submitted November 2017 due of pesticide to be left on vegetables and fruits sold in supermarkets and traditional Accepted August 2018 markets. We aimed to find the pattern of pesticide usage and levels of residue found in Published November 2018 plants. This study was an analytical observation with a cross-sectional design using de- Keywords: tailed sampling procedure. We obtained the data of the pesticide residue concentration organophosphate pesticide, by conducting laboratory examinations on eight samples of cabbage and eight samples residue, tomatoes, cabbage of tomatoes from traditional markets and supermarkets in the city of Solo. The data were tested using simple linear regression testing. The organophosphate measurement DOI results showed no residues were detected, because it was below the Limit of Detection https://doi.org/10.15294/ (LOD). We concluded that pesticides containing active substances were not used in the kemas.v14i2.11889 vegetables we tested or the active substances were no longer contained in the vegetables after harvesting. Introductions PDO, raising the demands for pesticides One of the problems complained by among farmers. Multinational pesticide farmers is the existence of Plant-Disrupting companies dominated 64% of the total market, Organisms (PDO). There was never any about 5.7 trillion rupiahs. The largest pesticide solution that could solve the PDO problem user segments were paddy (41%) and palm completely, therefore causing the resulting plantation (27%) segments. The majority in crops to be below expectation. The low number pesticides market were herbicides (42.5%), of crops produced means a low income for pesticides (37.5%), fungicides (18%), and other farmers. The leading cause of the problem is the groups (2%) (BPS, 2012). incomplete implementation of the Integrated Today farmers still depend on pesticide Pest Control (IPC) system. One of the IPC use because it is a fast, efficient, simple, safe, and components is a prudent, environmentally useful method even though the PDO problems sound, and sustainable use of pesticide. A were never solved completely. Some assume pesticide is all of chemical compounds, along that pesticide is an efficacious drug and it is hard with microorganisms and viruses, which are to increase their plant productivity without used for controlling various pests. it. It provokes overuse, imprecise, and unwise In recent years, there has been an use of a pesticide. As Untung stated in 2004, increasing use of pesticide because it is Indonesian farmers tended not to take a risk, considered the most effective way to control specifically plant commodities that are prone to Correspondence Address: pISSN 1858-1196 Jl Ir. Sutami No.36A, Kentingan Surakarta-57126. eISSN 2355-3596 Email : [email protected] KEMAS 14 (2) (2018) 172-177 attack from PDO such as the vegetables. Many guava) and vegetables (red paprika) that of them still relied on periodic pesticide spray. contain beyond-threshold pesticide residue Uncontrolled and overuse of pesticide (chlorpyrifos, thiabendazole, and malathion) cause negative effects on the environment in India. Another study in Indonesia showed and humans. Pesticide intoxication is one of that the dosage of malathion consumed from the negative impacts on humans. Some of contaminated vegetables for 60 consecutive the organophosphate components will enter days caused a clear damage in the liver but a the body through oral, inhalation, and skin less clear damage to in the mice brain (Hamzah, absorbtion. Organophosphate pesticides 2009). Ray et al., (2008) stated that carbaryl (DDPV, diazinon, malathion, and parathion) organophosphorus residue in the meat (0.0541 cause intoxication by ChE (Cholinesterase) mg/mL), egg (0.0506 mg/mL), and milk (0.0453 enzyme blocking. It ties ChE in the blood mg/mL), which is exactly at the threshold. plasma, red blood cell, and nerve synapse Farming results such as fruits and making it inactive and unable to hydrolyze vegetables are also sold in the market, instead Acetylcholine (Ach). Consequently, it provokes of being directly consumed. Markets in Solo paralysis of the body because of Ach deposit City area stock their agricultural products in the muscle cell receptor and gland. It also from its nearby area, like Karanganyar and causes stimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic Boyolali Regency. It was assumed that the fruits cholinergic because of Ach accumulation in and vegetables in Solo were contaminated by cholinergic nerve-ends, both neuro-effector organophosphate. Many traditional markets junction and ganglion. in Solo, such as Gede, Legi, Hardjodaksino, Muscarinic receptor stimulation causes Danukusuman Markets, and some hypersalivation, hypermotility of the digestive supermarkets collected their vegetables and system, hypersecretion of the airway, and fruits supplies from mentioned regencies. We bronchoconstriction. The sympathetic nerves do not know whether the vegetables contain innervate the sweat glands and has cholinergic pesticide residue or not. There has been no fiber. Therefore, there is a presence of excessive calculation of pesticide contained in the plants, sweating as the result of organophosphate which could potentially affect the health of the intoxication. On the other hand, nicotinic consumers. receptor stimulation in the autonomic ganglion From the description above, it raises will trigger excitation symptoms from both the question of how much organophosphate the nervous systems, although muscarinic pesticide residue is found in the fruits and symptoms will dominate it in the end. vegetables that were sold in supermarkets Muscarinic stimulation in the end-plate motor and traditional markets in Solo City. We also will provoke muscle spasm, fasciculation, and question whether there were any difference airway paralyzing, with the presence of dyspnea in residue level between produces sold in and cyanotic. Also, muscarinic stimulation in a supermarket and traditional market. the central nervous system will cause mental Our study aimed to observe the amount of tension, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, unstable organophosphate residue in the fruits and emotion, neurosis, and convulsion. Mortality of vegetables and the difference in residue level this intoxication is caused by respiratory failure, between produces sold in supermarkets and as the result of airway muscle paralyzing. traditional markets. Most of the pesticides used by the Methods farmers will reside in the fruits and vegetables We used an observational, analytical as a pesticide residue. One of the leftover study using cross-sectional with classified residues is the organophosphate. Improper sampling technique. Our research took place use of pesticide may leave high amounts of in Solo City area, where the traditional and the residue. According to Dasika, Tangirala supermarkets supplied their fruits and vegetable and Naishadham in 2012, there were many from Boyolali and Karanganyar Regency. Their fruits (green apple, yellow apple, crisp pink supplies were suspected to be contaminated by apple, green grape, black grape, pear, and organophosphate pesticide. 173 Joko Sudarsono, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, Kisrini / Organophosphate Pesticide Residue in Fruits and Vegetables We collected cabbages and tomatoes form equipped with an Electron Capture Detector, eight locations, four of them were traditional according to AOAC (1990). The steps were: markets in Solo which were the Gede, extracting the cabbage, cleaning up, making Gemlegan, Karangasem, and Legi Markets. the standard solution, and doing quantitative The four supermarkets were LotteMart Tipes, analysis (residue level count). Recovery test Hypermart Grand Mall, Carrefour Paragon and was a standard to determine whether the used Super Indo, so we collected eight cabbages and methods were well enough. eight tomatoes. Results and Discussions The chemical ingredients used were The traditional and supermarkets in the solvent (acetone, CH2Cl2, and petroleum Solo City supplied their vegetables and fruits ether), sodium sulfate (anhydrous), floristic from the farmers in Central Java (Boyolali and (particle size 0.150-0.250 mm for column Salatiga) and East Java (Magetan and Jombang) chromatography), and pesticide. regions. Karanganyar Regency is one of the The analytical tools for this study were agricultural products-maker which is sold in blender, Erlenmeyer (size of 125 and 250 ml), Solo City. Two Sub-districts, Mojogedang and beaker glass (volume of 25 and 50 ml), funnel, Karangpandan, are the tomatoes and cabbages absorbent paper, measuring cups (size of 10 producing area. and 100 ml), micropipette, syringe (10 µl), scale There are many benefits from the use of (Mettler Toledo), evaporator (Airflow monitor, pesticide, even though they are unknown to Mach aire Ltd), testing tube, chromatography the public. Its clear and a more accessible to column, and gas chromatography (model 8000 count advantage is the economic benefits from TOP). the farmers in the form of product protection We collected the samples from the and quality. Without it, the number of food traditional and supermarkets.