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Phthalate in Urban River Sediments

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Phthalate in Urban River Sediments International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Urban River Sediments Chih-Feng Chen 1, Yun-Ru Ju 1, Yee Cheng Lim 1, Jih-Hsing Chang 2, Chiu-Wen Chen 1,* and Cheng-Di Dong 1,* 1 Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; [email protected] (C.-F.C.); [email protected] (Y.-R.J.); [email protected] (Y.C.L.) 2 Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.-W.C.); [email protected] (C.-D.C.); Tel.: +886-7-365-0884 (C.-W.C.); +886-7-365-0548 (C.-D.C.) Received: 29 August 2018; Accepted: 9 October 2018; Published: 11 October 2018 Abstract: This study investigated the spatial distribution of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and its potential biological effects, in the surface sediments that were collected from 10 sites at the Love River during dry and wet seasons. The grain size and organic matter were measured to understand the key factors that affect the distribution of DEHP concentrations in the sediments of Love River. The mean DEHP concentrations in the sediments that were collected during the wet and dry seasons were 28.6 ± 19.5 and 17.8 ± 11.6 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The highest DEHP concentration was observed in the sediments that were sampled in the vicinity of the estuary. The correlation analysis showed that the grain size and organic matter may play a key role in the DEHP distribution in the sediments during the dry season, whereas the DEHP concentrations in the wet season may be mainly affected by other environmental and hydrological conditions. By a comparison with the sediment quality guidelines, the levels of DEHP in the sediments of Love River were found to have the potential to result in an adverse effect on aquatic benthic organisms. Specifically, during the wet season, wastewater from upstream of Love River is flushed downstream, causing a higher DEHP concentration in the sediments. Future pollution prevention and management objectives should move towards reducing the discharge of upstream wastewater and establishing a complete sewer system to reduce DEHP pollution in the environment. Keywords: di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP; urban river; seasonal variation; sediments 1. Introduction Kaohsiung City is a highly industrialized city in southern Taiwan with a population of 2.8 million people. Southern Taiwan has a tropical climate; hence, Kaohsiung City has distinct dry and wet seasons [1]. The period from May to September is classified as the wet season, and its rainfall accounts for about 88% of the total annual rainfall [2]. Love River, one of the major rivers in Kaohsiung City, has a length of 16 km and a basin of 62 km2. From its main source near Tsao-Gong irrigation, the Love River flows through the downtown region of Kaohsiung City and eventually into Kaohsiung Harbor (Figure1). About 60% of the total population in Kaohsiung City lives in the regions along the Love River, which include numerous car wash factories, medical institutions, and construction sites. Moreover, the Love River is a canal that receives discharges from domestic, industrial, and farmland wastewater, resulting in an unstable water supply. About 15 drainage canals have been connected to the Love River from upstream to downstream. Since intercepting gates have been set up only in Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2228; doi:10.3390/ijerph15102228 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2228 2 of 12 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, x 2 of 12 the middle and lower reaches to block the wastewater from entering the drainage canals (Long-Hua Bridgethe drainage to Hou-Gang canals (L Bridge,ong-Hua Figure Bridge1), upstreamto Hou-Gang drainage Bridge canals, Figure are, 1), therefore,upstream drainage the major canals pollutant are, sourcestherefore [3]., the Eventually, major pollutant pollutants source deposits [3] and. Ev accumulateentually, pollutants in the sediments deposit and and mayaccumulate pose potential in the riskssediments to the localand may aquatic pose organisms. potential risks to the local aquatic organisms. 22°40.8’ Hou-Gang Bridge L1 Cai-Jin Bridge NN L2 Ding-Sin Bridge L3 600 0 600 Boa-Zhu-Gou 600 0 600 MMeterseters Interception Gate L4 Long-Hua Bridge L5 Sampling site Chi-Ping Bridge Interception Gate Long-Xin Bridge Barrier L6 Jin-Ru Bridge Chi-Ping Bridge River 22°38.7’ L7 Zhong-Du Bridge L8 Chien-Kuo Bridge L9 Chi-Hsiea Bridge Taiwan Chung-Cheng Bridge L10 Kaohsiung Bridge 22°36.5’ 120°12.7’ 120°16.4’ 120°20.0’ % FigureFigure 1.1. AA mapmap ofof thethe study area and the locations of the monitoring monitoring points. points. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate phthalate (DEHP) (DEHP) is appliedis applied as a plasticizeras a plasticizer in the productionin the production of plastic of polymers, plastic withpolymers a usage, with that a accountsusage that for account abouts 50 for−60% about of 50−60% phthalate of esterphthalate plasticizers ester plasticizer [4–6]. Baseds [4–6 on]. Based reports on in thereports literature, in the about literature 2–15, about million 2– tons15 million of phthalate tons of ester phthalate plasticizers ester plasticizer are beings produced are beingworldwide produced annuallyworldwide [7– 9annual]. Becausely [7– DEHP9]. Because has widespread DEHP has applicationswidespread andapplications it weakly and binds it weakly with plastics, binds with large amountsplastics, large of it mayamounts be released of it may into be released the environment into the environment directly from directly plastic from materials plastic materials and products. and Consequently,products. Consequently, DEHP has been DEHP commonly has been found commonly in various found environmental in various media, environmental including air, media, water, soil,including sediment, air, water, and even soil, inside sediment, living and organisms even inside [4,6, 10living]. DEHP organisms has been [4,6,10] reported. DEHP to havehas been toxic andreported estrogenic to have effects toxic on and wildlife, estrogenic and can effects disrupt on wildlife, the reproduction and can anddisrupt developmental the reproduction systems and of severaldevelopment organismsal systems and induce of several their organisms genetic mutation and induce [11– 14their]. DEHP genetic has mutation been identified [11–14]. asDEHP a kind has of environmentalbeen identified hormone, as a kind sinceof environmental it could mislead hormone the ligands, since it of could the hormonalmislead the system ligand ins of organisms the hormonal by its hormone-likesystem in organisms structure by to its interfere hormone with-like metabolicstructure to functions interfere[ 12with]. Tometaboli protectc thefunctions environment [12]. To fromprotect the impactsthe environment of DEHP, standardsfrom the andimpacts regulations of DEHP, of environmental standards and risk regulations management of forenvironmental DEHP have beenrisk established,management including for DEHP the have Maximum been established Contaminant, including Level (MCL)the Maximum for drinking Contaminant water, Environmental Level (MCL) Qualityfor drinking Standards water, (EQS) Environmental for seawaterand Quality freshwater, Standards Environmental (EQS) for Risk seawater Limits (ERLs)and freshwater, for soil and sediment,Environmental and the Risk Minor Limit Adverses (ERLs) Effect for Concentration soil and sediment, (MAEC) and for marinethe Minor sediments Adverse [6]. Effect DEHP, withConcentration its hydrophobic (MAEC) nature, for marine is strongly sediments adsorbed [6]. DEHP on the, surfacewith its ofhydrophobic suspended nature, particles is instrongly aquatic environments.adsorbed on the DEHP-binding surface of suspended particles deposit particles at thein bottomaquatic ofenvironments. an aquatic environment DEHP-binding and eventuallyparticles accumulatedeposit at the in thebottom sediments of an aquatic [15,16]. environment It is well-known and eventually that the sediment accumulate acts in as the a sink sediments that stores [15,16]. the pollutantsIt is well away-known from that the the surrounding sediment matrix,acts as anda sink it could that alsostore bes athe source pollutants of pollutants away from through thea re-suspensionsurrounding matrix effect that, and brings it could threats also tobe aquatica source organisms of pollutants [10, 17through–19]. a re-suspension effect that bringFors threat the protections to aquatic of organisms the aquatic [10,17 environment–19]. and the development of a management strategy, knowledgeFor the of protection DEHP’s distributionof the aquatic in, environment and its potential and the ecological development effects of on,a management the aquatic strategy, sediment isknowledge therefore of necessary. DEHP’s distribution Nowadays, in, most and its studies potential use ecological a huge amounteffects on of, the experimental aquatic sediment data onis modeltherefore organisms necessary combined. Nowadays, with most various studies statistical use amethods huge amount to derive of experimental sediment quality data guidelineson model (SQGs),organisms which combined are widely with usedvarious to stat assessistical the methods potential to toxicityderive sediment effects ofquality pollutants guidelines in sediments (SQGs), onwhich aquatic
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