Environmental Impact Assessment

June 2016

PRC: Urban Environmental Improvement

Project

Prepared by Wuhan Municipal Government for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted in February 2010 available on http://www.adb.org/projects/documents/wuhan-urban-environmental-improvement-project-seia.

This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Summary Environmental Impact Assessment

for

Loan 2647-PRC: Wuhan Urban Environmental Improvement Project

June 2016

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

(as of 26 Aug 2013)

Currency Unit – yuan (CNY)

CNY1.00 = $0.1622

$1.00 = CNY 6.1523

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB — Asian Development Bank

AOX — absorbable organic halogen

BOD5 — 5-day biochemical oxygen demand

CDM — clean development mechanism

CNY — Chinese Yuan

CO2 — carbon dioxide

CO — carbon monoxide

COD — chemical oxygen demand

CODMn — permanganate index

CSC — construction supervision company

DO — dissolved oxygen

EA — executing agency

EHS — environment, health and safety

EIA — environmental impact assessment

i

EIRR — economic internal rate of return

EMP — environmental management plan

HEPB — Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau

HCl — hydrogen chlorine

H2S — hydrogen sulfides

FSR — feasibility study report

GDP — gross domestic product

IA — implementing agency

IU — implementing unite

LIEMC — loan implementation management consultant

N — nitrogen

NH3 — ammonia

NH3-N — ammonia nitrogen

NOx — nitrogen oxides

O&M — operation and maintenance

P — phosphorus

PAH — polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PCB — polychlorinated biphenyl

PCDD — polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin

PCDF — polychlorinated dibenzofuran

PMO — project management office

POPs — persistent organic pollutants

PPTA — project preparatory technical assistance

PRC — People’s Republic of

PS — pumping station

RP — resettlement plan

SEIA — summary environmental impact assessment

SOx — sulphur oxides

SS — suspended solids

STP — sludge treatment plant

TN — Total nitrogen

TP — total phosphorus

TSP — total suspended particle

WEMC — Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Centre

WMG — Wuhan Municipal Government

WQM — water quality model

WSTP — water supply treatment plant

WUDDC — Wuhan Urban Drainage Development Co., Ltd.

WWMP — Wuhan Wastewater Management Project

WWSMP — Wuhan Wastewater and Stormwater Management Project

WWTP — wastewater treatment plant

iii

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

℃ — degree Centigrade ha — hectare km — kilometer km2 — square kilometer m — meter m3 — cubic meter m3/d — cubic meter per day m3/s — cubic meter per second mm — millimeter mu — Chinese acre t/d — ton per day t/yr — ton per year

NOTE

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 4

A. Component of Sludge Treatment and Disposal ...... 17

B. Component of New Zone Lakes/Channels Rehabilitation and Pumping Station ...... 18

C. Component of Yangchun Lake Secondary Urban Centre Lake/Channel Rehabilitation ..... 20

D. Component of Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building ...... 21

E. Policy Dialogue ...... 22

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 25

A. Topography and Geology ...... 25

B. Climate and Rainfall ...... 25

C. Hydrology ...... 26

D. Ecological Resources ...... 27

E. Water Quality and ...... 28

F. Social and Economic Conditions ...... 32

IV. ALTERNATIVES ...... 34

A. With and Without Project Alternatives ...... 34

B. Alternatives in Sludge Treatment and Disposal ...... 38

C. Alternatives in Water Circulation among Lakes/Channels ...... 42

D. Alternatives in Lakes/ Rehabilitation ...... 45

E. Alternatives in Pumping Station ...... 45

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 46

A. Positive Impacts and Environmental Benefits ...... 46

B. Mitigation Measures during the Design Phase ...... 49

C. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction ...... 50

D. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Operation ...... 58

E. Land Acquisition and Resettlement ...... 63

VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT ...... 66

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 67

A. Environmental Management ...... 67

B. Environmental Monitoring ...... 68

C. Institutional Enhancement ...... 68

VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 68

A. Public Participation during the Project Preparation Period ...... 68

B. Future Plans for Public Participation ...... 73

C. Project Information Dissemination ...... 73

IX. PROJECT RISKS AND ASSURANCES ...... 73

X. CONCLUSIONS ...... 75

Appendixes

1. References

2. Environmental Management Plan

3. Climate Risk and Vulnerability and Assessment Report for the detailed information

1

I. INTRODUCTION

1. This summary environmental impact assessment (SEIA) is prepared for the Wuhan Urban Environmental Improvement Project (the Project) in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), under technical assistance 7177-PRC from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The Project has three physical components and one institutional and capacity development component in the city of Wuhan.

2. Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, is located in the Central Region of the PRC at the of the and Han Rivers. It is the biggest city in central PRC. In 2008, the municipality had a population of approximately 8.28 million, including more than 6 million inhabitants living in urban areas. Rivers and lakes are abundant (the surface water takes up about one quarter of the urban area), which largely set the urban landscape and development scenes.

3. Urban infrastructure provision in the city has not kept pace with rapid and industrialization over the past 20 years. Even though the municipality has been catching up with this lag, the urbanization has put a great pressure on the overloaded wastewater treatment facilities that caused the pollution and degradation of urban surface water. The pollution of the surface water has reached 56% of the rivers and 89% of the lakes. Water quality in Wuhan City and the Wuhan section of the Yangtze has deteriorated significantly due to the increase in urban pollution and wastewater , posing serious health threats to the public. To address Wuhan’s lack of adequate wastewater management and water resources protection, the Wuhan Municipal Government (WMG) is working on implementing the municipality’s strategic wastewater master plan for long term compliance with national environmental targets and aiming to treat 85% of urban wastewater by 2010.

4. The improvements in Wuhan wastewater collection system are significant in the past decade; however, they brought another environmental challenge of treating and disposing sludge from the existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The amount of sludge generated by the 2

WWTPs1 has increased significantly, posing a large environmental challenge to Wuhan, similar to the cases in other PRC cities. Since Wuhan, one of the five biggest Chinese cities, is fairly advanced in the establishment of wastewater collection and treatment, it feels the pressure from the sludge challenge most acutely. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive and efficient solution to sludge treatment and disposal to release the pressure on urban land and almost overloaded and sprawling landfills.

5. Rapid urbanization also significantly restricted the natural flow of urban lakes and streams for serving the purpose of urban alleviation with a high priority. The combined action of pollution and silting due to urban activity and construction has blocked the natural hydraulic circulation of many urban channels and lakes, degraded water quality within the city lake systems, and was responsible for the disappearance of many lakes. Of the nearly 100 lakes existing in the middle of the 20th century, only 38 now remain in Wuhan City. Those lakes are a natural part of the ecological system that allows for necessary water circulation in the area and that also sustains the healthy condition of the lakes themselves. The lakes' water quality is currently measured at Class IV-V or worse. At the same time, this situation will continue to hinder new initiatives to promote sustainable urban development unless the water management issue is resolved. It is a key ecological and social issue to restore water quality and the circulation of lake systems, in addition to developing a comprehensive urban water resource management system to ensure environmental sustainability in Wuhan's new and old urban areas. The ongoing climate change will further exacerbate flood hazards. There is a need for a comprehensive urban water resource management to restore and improve urban water systems and environmental carrying capacities.

6. The Project is designed to (i) improve and solve the urgent problems of wastewater sludge treatment and disposal in Wuhan; (ii) develop integrated urban water resource management and environmental infrastructure in new urban development areas and city-wide; and (iii) restore the bio-system of rivers and lakes across the city.

7. The Project complies with the two main development agendas of "environmentally

1 657 t/d with a water content of 80% according to the statistics in 2008. 3 sustainable growth" and "inclusive economic growth" promoted in ADB's Strategy 2020 and is in line with and supports PRC's Country Partnership Strategy (2008-2010) for promoting efficient infrastructure, strengthening environmental management, and supporting inclusive growth and balanced development. The Project supports the Millennium Development Goal 7 by improving sanitation and the environmental sustainability of the City's urban development through appropriate treatment and disposal of wastewater sludge, and through lake rehabilitation. The Project addresses Wuhan's key master plan priorities in terms of sanitation, environment improvements, and urban development. The Project will support WMG in creating an enabling environment to ensure Wuhan achieves its objective of being recognized as a model environmental city in the PRC and in its use of urban environmental improvements to drive and sustain economic growth.

8. The Project is classified as Category A by ADB for the purpose of environmental assessment. This SEIA is based on six environmental impact assessment (EIA) reports in Chinese prepared by nationally certified EIA Institute.2 Meanwhile, this SEIA is prepared in accordance with both the PRC Environmental Impact Assessment Technical Guidelines and ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003).

9. The Project is the first ADB-financed project in the PRC with a specific focus on sludge treatment and disposal and has been designed to complement and enhance the development impacts from the earlier ADB funded Wuhan Wastewater Management Project (WWMP) and Wuhan Wastewater and Stormwater Management Project (WWSMP).

10. Due to various reasons, including delayed progress, complexity of project activities, change of conditions and macro-economic change, difficulties on resettlement, several components under this project are not expected to be completed as scheduled by the loan closing date. During the mid-term review which was conducted in September 2013, as discussed and confirmed by ADB, Wuhan municipal government and related departments, Nantaizihu STP and STP were cancelled. Wuchangbei STP was remained and planned to be built in Luobuzui WWTP under the sludge component. However, due to the latest master plan for Wuhan city on centralized wastewater treatment proposal in early 2014, it was confirmed that Shahu,

2 Hubei Gimbol Environmental Technology Co. Ltd.

4

Erlangmiao, Luobuzui WWTPs in Wuchang will be demolished and integrated into Beihu WWTP (to be built), in which the wastewater and sludge will be treated in a centralized facility. The new Beihu WWTP will be financed by local government and provide waste water treatment services to the areas originally covered by Shahu, Erlangmiao and Luobuzui WWTPs. This proposal will result in the cancellation of the original Wuchangbei STP. Considering current situation, the sludge component was changed to include i) Huangjiahu STP, ii) Sanjintan STP; iii) associated sludge transportation equipment; and iv) sludge quality testing lab (see para 13 or details).

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

11. The Project consists of four components, i.e. one sludge treatment and disposal component, two lakes/channels rehabilitation components, and one capacity building component. In September 2013, impacted by the planned options, engineering status, geological conditions, construction standards, materials and labor costs, resettlement and compensation rates, the cost estimation was increased significantly and several construction cannot be completed before the loan closing date. Therefore, adjustments were made to the project scope. However, due to the impacts from the Great Area centralized wastewater treatment planning, the sludge component was re-adjusted in June 2014. The re-developed Feasibility Study Report was approved on April 1, 2015 by Provincial DRC. The EIA was approved by Wuhan Municipal EPB in December 2014.The two changes in project scope to each project component are summarized in the following table.

5

Component Component Scope and Cost Updated Component Scope and Updated Component Scope and Cost (million Estimate at Appraisal (million Cost Estimate in September 2013 CNY)Estimate in September 2015 CNY) (million CNY)

Component I: Sludge treatment and 255.74 193.38 253.64 disposal

1.1 Wuchangnan Sludge collected and 98.71 It will build a sludge 193.38 Cancelled drying plant in current Sludge treated with capacity of operating Luobuzui Treatment 40 tons/day dried WWTP and heat Plant sludge in Tangxunhu pipeline with the WWTP. treatment capacity of 52t dry sludge per day

1.2 Hankou Sludge Biogas utilization for 53.80 Cancelled 0 0 Treatment Plant sludge drying with m Cancelled capacity of 20 tons/day dried sludge in Sanjintan WWTP 6

1.3 Nantaizihu A sludge lime 11.71 Cancelled 0 Cancelled 0 Sludge Treatment stabilization plant with Plant capacity of 10 tons/day in Nantaizihu WWTP

1.4 Huangjia - - - A new Huangjiahu 115.27 hu STP Sludge Treatment Plant will be built with a capacity of 24t/d dried sludge, treating the sludge generated by Huangjiahu WWTP.

1.5 Sanjintan A new sludge 126.37 Sludge Treatment treatment plan with the Plant capacity of 40t/d dried sludge and with treatment processes of low temperature vacuum frame drying and modification frame filter press.

2 7

1.6 Sludge An improvement and 91.52 0 Set up a sludge testing 10 testing upgrade of sludge Cancelled: sludge lab in Erlangmiao equipment handling units, treatment unit and WWTP, procure and transport vehicles and transportation sludge testing transportation other items at existing vehicles equipment; associated

vehicles WWTPs Changed: location sludge transportation site for sludge testing equipment, 2 pipeline equipment was dredging vehicles changed from Erlangmiao WWTP to Wuchangbei STP.

Component II: Wuhan New Zone 2037.3 2511.70 2287.47 Lake/Channels Rehabilitation 5

2.1 Longyang Dredging of 343.53 Dredging of 73.88 Dredging of 46.57 Lake 250,000m3, developing 243,000m3, 243,000m3, emergent Rehabilitation 31,800m3/d of artificial emergent plant plant 107,000m2 , emergent 107,000m2 floating-leaved plant plant 107,000m2, floating-leaved plant 38,000m2 , 48mu of floating-leaved plant 38,000m2 , 48mu of artificial aquatic 38,000m2, submerged artificial aquatic vegetation, plant 434,000m2; vegetation, transportation 110,000m2 of Tang transportation equipment;

8

Mountain greening, equipment; Cancel: the work of artificial aquatic Cancel: the work of artificial wetland, vegetation48mu, artificial wetland, submerged plant, Tang 2 275,100m of wetland submerged plant, Mountain greening, park, and 31.32t of Tang Mountain wetland park, ecological fisheries, greening, wetland ecological fisheries 167.02t of benthonic park, ecological and benthonic animals animals, transportation fisheries and equipment. benthonic animals

2.2 Moshui Lake Dredging of 272,800 151.00 Dredging of 162.87 Dredging of 122.38 3 3 3 Rehabilitation m , emergent plant 500,000m , 500,000m , emergent 291,000m2, emergent plant plant 291,000m2, floating-leaved plant 291,000m2, floating-leaved plant 117,000m2, submerged floating-leaved plant 117,000m2, water plant 1,134,000m2; 117,000m2, water grass 82mu, artificial wetland grass 82mu, transportation 43,000m3/d, water transportation equipment; grass 82mu, and equipment;

26.27t of ecological

fisheries, 140.11t of Cancel: artificial benthonic animals, Cancel: artificial wetland, submerged transportation wetland, submerged plant, ecological equipment. plant, ecological fisheries and benthonic fisheries and animals benthonic animals 9

2.3 Nantaizi Lake Dredging of 225,000 99.29 Dredging of 250,000 124.63 Dredging of 250,000 73.63 3 3 3 Rehabilitation m , emergent plant m , emergent plant m , emergent plant 385,000m2, 385,000m2 , 385,000m2 , floating-leaved plant floating-leaved plant floating-leaved plant 106,000m2, submerged 106,000m2 , 106,000m2 , artificial plant 588,000m2; artificial aquatic aquatic vegetation artificial wetland vegetation 120mu, 120mu, ecological 3,000m3/d, water grass ecological buffer buffer zone water 120mu, ecological zone water grass grass 167mu and buffer zone water grass 167mu and transportation 167mu, 17.26t of transportation equipment ecological fisheries, equipment Cancel: artificial 92.06t of benthonic Cancel: artificial wetland, submerged animals, transportation wetland, submerged plant, ecological equipment. plant, ecological fisheries and benthonic fisheries and animals benthonic animals

2.4 Longkou 1,337 m channel of 44.45 Cancelled -0 Cancelled 0 Channel dredging, slope Rehabilitation protection, greening and water remediation

2.5 Longxin 664 m channel of 25.55 Cancelled -0 Cancelled 0 Channel dredging, slope Rehabilitation protection, and

10

greening

2.6 Zhujiaxin 3,583 m channel of 214.89 Cancelled -0 Cancelled 0 Channel dredging, slope Rehabilitation protection, and greening

2.7 Zong Channel 3,100m channel of 155.43 3,600 m channel of 354.5744 3,600 m channel of 354.57 Rehabilitation dredging, slope dredging, slope dredging, slope protection, greening, protection, greening protection, greening emergent plant, and ship gate and ship gate

floating-leaved plant,

submerged plant, Cancel: floating-leaved greening and Cancel: plant, Zonggang ship gate. floating-leaved plant, emergent plant,

emergent plant, submerged plant submerged plant

2.8 Liantong 5,072m channel of 329.09 3,900m channel of 878.43 3,900m channel of 804.64 Channel dredging, slope m dredging, slope dredging, slope Rehabilitation protection, emergent protection, greening, protection, greening, plant, floating-leaved north connection north connection gate, plant, submerged plant, gate, south south connection gate greening, north connection gate and and ecological connection gate, south ecological treatment treatment system connection gate and 11

ecological treatment system along roads. along roads. system along roads. Cancel: Cancel: floating-leaved floating-leaved plant, plant,

emergent plant, emergent plant, submerged plant submerged plant

2.9 Huoyan 1,600m channel of 332.31 1,500m channel of 356.09 1,500m channel of 356.09 Channel dredging, slope dredging, slope dredging, slope Rehabilitation protection, emergent protection, greening protection, greening plant, floating-leaved Cancel: Cancel: floating-leaved plant, submerged plant floating-leaved plant, plant, and greening emergent plant, emergent plant, submerged plant submerged plant

2.10 Sixin Pumping Construction of 341.81 Construction of 529.59 Construction of 529.59 Station stormwater pumping stormwater pumping stormwater pumping station providing for a station providing for a station providing for a capacity of 105 m3/s, capacity of 105 m3/s, capacity of 105 m3/s, with phase 1 with phase 1 with phase 1 installation of 35 m3/s installation of 35 m3/s installation of 35 m3/s

Component III: Yangchun Lake Secondary 995.41 1011.137 158.4755 Urban Center Lake/ Channel Rehabilitation

12

3.1 Yangchun Recovery of 57.6 ha of 894.21 Recovery of 57.6 ha 1011.13 Recovery of 57.6 ha of 1011.13 Lake lake surface, including: of lake surface, lake surface, including: Rehabilitation dredging (waters area including: dredging dredging (waters area 57.6ha), ecological (waters area 57.6ha), 57.6ha), ecological rehabilitation (waters ecological rehabilitation (waters area 57.6ha), artificial rehabilitation (waters area 57.6ha), artificial wetland (1), park area 57.6ha), wetland (1), park landscaping (23.68ha) artificial wetland (1), landscaping (23.68ha) park landscaping (23.68ha)

3.2 Heping Gongye 101.21 Cancelled -0 Cancelled 0 Channel Avenue—Shahu Gang, m Rehabilitaion 1,400 m channel of dredging, slope protection, walk way, aquatic planting, greening, bridges

Component IV: Institutional Strengthening 20.47 20.47 and Capacity Building

4.1 Strengthening Implementation plan is Project Project implementation - implementation successfully adhered to implementation management capacity with full compliance management consulting service to with ADB loan consulting service to provide adequate covenants and provide adequate technical assistance 13 conditions. technical assistance and services for project and services for implementation and project management, ensuring implementation and good organizational management, setting, management ensuring good arrangement, financial organizational management and setting, management implementation arrangement, arrangement for the financial Project so as to fulfill management and project objectives. implementation Consultation services arrangement for the cover technical, Project so as to fulfill financial, institutional, project objectives. management and Consultation services implementation cover technical, aspects, as well as financial, institutional, trainings and management and assistance on ADB implementation procedures. aspects, as well as trainings and assistance on ADB procedures.

14

4.2 Improving Onsite sludge International International individual - WUDDC thickening achieves individual consultant consultant on sludge operational 20% dry solids content. on sludge management to assist management Sludge treatment management to the PMO and IAs with operations produce assist the PMO and technical reviews and sludge in accordance IAs with technical offer advice for their with design reviews and offer work, focusing on specifications. advice for their work, detailed design and focusing on detailed specifications review of design and sludge component specifications review of sludge component

4.3 Enhanced Reduction in pollution Wastewater operations Wastewater operations - pollution source incidents. & maintenance & maintenance control improvement and improvement and sludge treatment sludge treatment support consists of a) support consists of a) Consultant services Consultant services for for wastewater wastewater operations operations & & maintenance maintenance improvement and improvement and sludge treatment sludge treatment support; b) Consultancy support; b) services for capacity Consultancy services building and training; 15

for capacity building and c) Consultancy on and training; and c) inputs and costs. Consultancy on inputs and costs.

4.4 Improvements Over 50% of residents Urban surface water Urban surface water - in public can recall awareness management, management, non-point awareness program content and non-point sources sources and point claim to have been and point sources sources study and positively influenced by study and public public awareness it. (sex disaggregated). awareness program program that consist of Increase in awareness that consist of a) a) Consulting services on how tariffs are Consulting services for urban surface water restructured and for urban surface managementb) Surface existence of pro-poor water management； water management measures. b) Surface water consulting services; management Consultancy services consulting services; for public awareness Consultancy services program. for public awareness program.

4.5 Implementation A water quality model is International International - of advanced water developed, calibrated individual consultant individual consultant management and integrated into the on water on water systems surface water environment/water environment/water management system quality modeling to quality modeling to

16

for controlling water provide guidance and provide guidance and flows and quality in the technical assistance technical assistance lakes and channels. on lakes/channels on lakes/channels

Training study on point rehabilitation rehabilitation and non-point source component, assisting component, assisting pollution. the PMO and IAs the PMO and IAs with with technical review technical review and and provide advice provide advice for their for their work, work, focusing on focusing on detailed detailed design of design of lakes/channels lakes/channels rehabilitation, rehabilitation, particularly dredging particularly dredging areas and amount as scope and proper well as the proper disposal of disposal of sediments sediments. which is discussed in section C9 of Chapter 5 (para. 124-128).

Total 3308.9 3736.69 3572.72 8

17

12. Each of the components is described below. To tackle the complexity of this Project, the PPTA consulting team is made up of specialists on sludge treatment, drainage, sewerage, environment, wetland ecology, river hydraulics and engineering, socioeconomics, resettlement, financial management, and institutional strengthening.

A. Component of Sludge Treatment and Disposal

13. To treat the secondary pollution to the environment caused by the sludge generated from the existing WWTP, the project scope change includes newly-built Sanjintan Sludge Treatment Plant with the capacity of 200t/d wet sludge (80% moisture) and Huangjiahu Sludge Treatment Plant with the capacity of 120t/d wet sludge (80% moisture), and associated sludge quality testing equipment and sludge transportation vehicles by Wuhan Urban Drainage Development Company. The total cost estimation for the sludge treatment and disposal component is 265 million yuan.

14. Wuhan Sanjintan Sludge Treatment Plant will be located in current Sanjintan WWTP (subproject for ADB Loan 1996) to treat the sludge generated from by Sanjintan WWTP with the wastewater treatment capacity of 200,000 m3/d. Sanjintan STP has the designed capacity to treat dry sludge of 40t/d . A low temperature vacuum frame hydrating (20t/d dry sludge) and improved framing (20t/d dry sludge) combination process is selected to reduce the sludge moisture below 60%. After the dewatering by the combination process of low temperature vacuum frame hydrating and improved framing in Sanjintan STP, Hengtong Xinada Environmental Technology Co. LTD will transport the sludge from Sanjintan STP to the sludge treatment facilities in the Chenjiachong area for composting and then the sludge will be disposed for landscaping. In case the sludge quality does not meet the standard for landscaping, the sludge will be transferred to Huaxin Cement Factory and dried to a moisture content of 60% for further co-processing in cement kiln (This treatment method has been assessed and confirmed in Loan 2940: Wubei Municipal Development Project).

15. Wuhan Huangjiahu Sludge Treatment Plant locates in the Huangjiahu WWTP, treating the sludge (200,000 m3/d) from Huangjiahu WWTP. It has the designed capacity of 24t/d dry sludge. 18

A low temperature hydrolysis plus deep hydrating process is selected to reduce the sludge moisture to below 60%. After the hydration, the sludge will be transferred to shelterbelts as soil remediation or transferred to the discarded mine in as soil remediation for the barren mountain. In case the sludge quality does not meet the standards for soil remediation, the sludge will be transferred to Changshankou landfill site for final disposal. Changshankou landfill is located at Jiangxia District of Wuhan with a total capacity of 3,320,000 m3, which provides an adequate capacity for handling the sludge.

16. Along with other ongoing or under planning sludge treatment projects, this project will substantially achieve the target of “achieve 80% beneficial sludge treatment until 2013 and 95% beneficial sludge treatment until 2015 in Wuhan city” raised in the No. 151 Document, 2010. Meanwhile, the ADB fund can be utilized to its maximum.

B. Component of New Zone Lakes/Channels Rehabilitation and Pumping Station

17. This component consists of three themes: (i) lakes ecological rehabilitations including dredging and aquatic vegetation planting ; (ii) channels comprehensive rehabilitation, including revetment restoration, water gate construction, and riverside landscaping; and (iii) Sixin Pumping Station (PS), with a capacity of 35 cubic meter per day (m3/d).

18. In order to re-construct the natural connection among rivers and lakes, the Project will improve the water circulation within six urban lakes (namely Longyang Lake, Nantaizi Lake, Moshui Lake, Beitaizi Lake, Sanjiao Lake, and Houguan Lake) via connecting lakes/channels with the and Yangtze River. There are three lakes and three channels included in the Project, i.e. Longyang Lake, Nantaizi Lake, Moshui Lake, Liantong Channel, Zong Channel, and Huoyangou Channel. The scope of detailed works is described in Tables 1 & 2.

Table 1. Scope of New Zone Lake Rehabilitation (Lake) 19

Control Dredging Aquatic Artificial Artificial Lake Area Volume Vegetation Weed Remark Wetland (ha) (m3) (ha) (ha)

Longyang 178 243,000 0 57.9 3.2 Lake

Moshui 376 500,000 0 154.2 5.44 Lake

Nantaizi 444 250,000 0 137.3 6.4 Lake

Ha = hectare, m3 = cubic meter.

Source: Feasibility Study Report (FSR) for Wuhan New Zone Lakes/Channels Rehabilitation and Pumping Station, 2009.

Table 2. Scope of New Zone Channel Rehabilitation (Channel)

Channel Length (m) Bottom Width (m) Remark

Upgrading and construction of 2 Liantong Channel 3900 39 water gates

Upgrading and construction of 1 Zong Channel 3600 50 water gate

Huoyangou Channel 1500 37 New Construction

Source: Revised FSR, 2013.

20

19. The water quality of the lakes/channels relevant to the Project will be ensured by implementing regular monitoring during operation, which is described in the EMP. Meanwhile, the water quality model (WQM) developed under prior ADB-financed Projects (Wuhan Wastewater Management Project and Wuhan Wastewater and Stormwater Management Project) will be adopted. The functions of the WQM in Hanyang area are: (i) long-term forecasting; (ii) decision making during emergencies; and (iii) bloom. The water is operated by the Wuhan EPB, the Urban Drainage Development Company, and the Water Resource Bureau. Continuous data on water temperature, pH, DO, NH3-N, and COD will be collected. The Wuhan Water Resources Bureau is responsible for decision making based on the results of model prediction. Moreover, the monitoring program included in the environmental management plan (EMP) will feed the data to the WQM. In case of emergency events, more frequent monitoring will be implemented as per the EMP.

C. Component of Yangchun Lake Secondary Urban Centre Lake/Channel Rehabilitation

20. This component contains two subcomponents, i.e. (i) Yangchun Lake Park Rehabilitation and Landscaping, (ii) Study on Pollution Control and Mitigation of Initial Stormwater Runoff.

21. It is proposed that a park be built around Yangchun Lake, with a total area of 91.82 ha (including water surface area of 57.61 ha). The works scope includes dredging (total amount of 250,000 m3), artificial wetland construction (one wetland with an area of 2.3 ha with a capacity of 10,000 m3/d), aquatic vegetation planting, restoration of ecological fishery and benthonic animals, and riverside landscaping.

22. A storage pond located in the southern green land of Yangchun Lake Park will be used to collect and pre-treat the initial runoff from No. 4 Main Street, Wuqing, and the area of . The total volume of the pond will be 15,650 m3 with a depth of 1.2 m. The pond will be separated into a sedimentation section supported by a sand and stone bed, together with an aquatic vegetation section. Regular monitoring will be carried out to evaluate the performance of pollution reduction. 21

D. Component of Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building

23. Although there is no physical works in this component, it is important to ensure that the WMG, WPMO, IA, WUDDC, and other stakeholders have the capacity to manage, operate and maintain all the components and subcomponents successfully and effectively, so as to achieve the goal of long-term sustainable water and wastewater management.

24. The Component includes three packages: (i) Project Implementation Management Consulting Services; (ii) Wastewater Operation and Maintenance Improvement and Sludge Treatment Supports; and (iii) Environmental Management and Public Awareness Campaign.

25. The objectives and the scope of the component include: (i) project implementation support, procurement and contract management; (ii) safeguards management and monitoring; (iii) optimization of the performance of all of Wuhan’s existing WWTPs including sludge units; (iv) wastewater tariff review to reflect the cost of sludge management; and (v) water quality modeling for the lakes and channels in Hanyang Area.

26. Regarding the improvement of WWTPs operational performance, the Project will strengthen the operational management capacity of the Wuhan Urban Drainage Development Co., Ltd. (WUDDC) by: (i) enhancing WWTPs’ operational efficiency; (ii) improved process performance to give greater assurance over the quality of residuals (i.e. wastewater and sludge); (iii) identifying opportunities for upgrading technology and equipment to achieve better performance; (iv) promoting cost-effective energy and residual recovery; and (v) reducing the carbon footprint of the WWTP and sludge treatment/disposal operations.

27. To help ensure the sustainability of the improved infrastructure and lake and channel rehabilitation and maximize the long term social benefits, the Project will implement an environmental and health awareness program. The focus of this project subcomponent is to help bridge the gap between knowledge and behavior with the aim of contributing to the sustainability of infrastructure improvements. The program will focus on three stakeholders who generate and

22 are affected by point and non-point source pollution: (i) small businesses operating adjacent to the lake system, (ii) communities living in the project area, and (iii) school children in the project area. This program will help ensure that the regulatory practices are well understood and that necessary behavior changes regarding non-point source pollution are addressed. The program intends to coordinate existing environmental awareness programs in the EPB, local NGOs, and community-based associations and schools.

28. In an effort to attain cost-recovery for sludge treatment investments, it is anticipated that the tariff will be restructured and increased. PRC has an established process of public consultation on tariff setting and the purpose of this initiative is to support access to information for the public and the consultation process, promote public participation, and provide training on the willingness to pay survey methodology. It is anticipated that this activity will provide a good practice example in the PRC for public consultation on tariff setting.

29. This component also covers the capacity building and training in environmental management regarding the EA, the IA, contractors, construction supervision companies, and other stockholders, so that they are able to implement the EMP and environmental monitoring program properly.

E. Policy Dialogue

30. The Project builds on and advances ADB policy dialogue and initiatives with the WMG in several key areas, including: (i) sustainable sludge treatment and disposal; (ii) various aspect of sustainable wastewater management; (iii) reestablishing urban water patterns and ensuring adequate water quality of surface water bodies; (iv) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (v) community environmental and health awareness; and (vi) cost recovery and tariff reform.

31. The current sludge treatment and disposal arrangements are not yet sustainable in PRC. The Government is actively researching solutions to deal with the country’s rapidly increasing volume of WWTP sludge in a sustainable and economic manner. The Project is the first ADB assistance to pursue comprehensive sludge management while fully attending to environmental concerns such as climate change mitigation. Policy discussion with WMG at the inception stage 23 of the PPTA led to a re-design of the sludge component in order to fully address concerns over secondary pollution and climate change impacts. The Project offers the environmental solution to maximize the sustainable land application of sludge. The Project will contribute as a pilot to the development of a nation-wide framework for sludge management by the Ministry of Housing, Rural and Urban Development (MOHURD), supported by ADB within the ongoing advisory technical assistance study.3

32. The Project will also pioneer the optimization of WWTPs' performance. This task will be carried out for the whole of Wuhan. It will improve the performance of the infrastructure financed by the previous two ADB projects in Wuhan. Optimized WWTPs will respond to a number of energy, environmental and climate change concerns. One of the core tasks will be the improvement of the sand removal process. Inefficient sand removal causes the abrasion of equipment, including pumps and dewatering machines, it also negatively affects the quality and quantity of the wastewater sludge.

33. Policy dialogue on developing integrated surface water management has been initiated during project preparation, based on the recent ADB TA4 and related ADB publication.5 Pollution source control is critical to the quality of water in Wuhan's surface water bodies. Actions by WMG to invest in wastewater interception and treatment and to strengthen industrial pollution control have already had a major impact on pollution levels attributed to point sources. The project public awareness component will address the issue of non-point source pollution control. The Project will also promote the use of the water quality model (WQM), developed through the assistance of ADB financed WWMP and WWSMP. The model will help addressing long term water quality forecast and assist in emergency events.

3 TA 7083-PRC, Urban Wastewater Reuse and Sludge Utilization Policy Study, which commenced in April 2009 and is due to be completed in October 2010.

4 Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2004. Technical Assistance to People’s Republic of China (PRC) for Evaluation of Environmental Policy and Investment for the Water Pollution Control in the and Tai Lake Basins. Manila.

5 Reviving lakes

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34. Wuhan City is significantly vulnerable to climate change. Project initiatives in both climate mitigation and adaptation will introduce approaches and activities for developing climate resilience and low carbon economy. Adapting water management to greater risk of and droughts are key aspects of climate adaptation. The Project advocates the adaptable nature of decentralized infrastructure as an important element in building resilience to natural hazards. It will also support the Government-WWF initiative to regain the natural water retention ability in the project area by re-establishing the water flow between the lakes and channels. This is an essential action to mitigate the climate change impacts and increase water system resilience. The Project will also contribute to the development of ongoing ADB knowledge product for the development of Wuhan's water infrastructure climate change resilience.6

35. The environmental public awareness is to help bridge the gap between public knowledge and behavior with the aim of contributing to the sustainability of the infrastructure improvements. The program will focus on three types of stakeholders who generate point and non-point source pollution and are affected by it: (i) small businesses operating adjacent to the project lake, (ii) local communities, and (iii) school children in the project area. This program will help to ensure that the regulatory practices are well understood and that the necessary behaviour changes regarding non-point source pollution are addressed. The program will coordinate with the existing environmental awareness programs in the EPB, local NGOs and community based associations and schools.

36. ADB previously undertook extensive dialogues with WMG and the IA on tariff reforms and cost recovery. The current wastewater tariff is well established and provides a strong foundation for project sustainability, but the large investments recently made in wastewater collection and treatment translate in full cost recovery only possible in the medium term. In the short to medium term WMG will have to continue to provide subsidies to the wastewater sector. To achieve full cost recovery in the medium term (by 2018) WMG has agreed to strengthen tariff reforms as well as to fully integrate the financing of wastewater and sludge management.

6 TA-4971, Guide to increasing the climate change resilience of urban water infrastructure – case study of Wuhan City, Hubei Province, PRC. 25

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Topography and Geology

37. The project area is located in Wuhan City, which is in the eastern part of Hubei Province. It lies in the middle and downstream section of the Yangtze River, east of the Jianghan Plain. The topography of Wuhan is characterized by a plain in the central area, hilly terrain in the northern and southern parts, and low mountains in the north. The project area owns abundant resource with many lakes, rivers, channels, and ponds. The land elevation varies from 21 m to 30 m above sea level, with a natural gradient of about 0.1%. The underlying geology is characterized by a new Cathaysian system structure, and the soil is mostly clay and sandy clay. Over the last 100 years, there was no major earthquake recorded, and the area is classified as 5-6 on the PRC’s earthquake intensity scale.

B. Climate and Rainfall

38. The project area is a subtropical monsoon climate with distinct seasonal changes and abundant rainfall. The average annual temperature is approximately 18.6℃, ranging from 37.2℃ (in August) to -1.5℃ (in January). The average relative humidity is around 70%, with the annual average precipitation of 1,267 millimeter (mm). The average annual non-frozen period is about 205-240 days. The prevailing wind directions are north and northeast in winter and southeast and south in summer, with an annual wind speed of 1.5 m/s.

39. In the past two decades, temperatures in the in the Yangtze River basin area have risen by an average of 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius), causing a spike in flooding, heat waves and drought. The region is home to nearly a third of the country's population, with some 400 million people living there.

40. Data collected by the Government from 147 monitoring stations along the 700,000-square-mile (1.8 million-square-kilometer) area showed temperatures rose by 0.33 degrees Celsius during the 1990s. Additional findings show that between 2001 and 2005, the basin's temperature rose on average another 0.71 degrees Celsius.

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41. Over the past 50 years, temperature has continued to climb by an average of 1.5 degrees to 2 degrees Celsius. The frequency of storm, floods and drought events has also increased. Natural habitat such as grasslands and have receded steadily in recent years. Early warning systems and emergency preparedness planning are one of the key areas to accommodate the climate change7

42. In March 2016, a Climate Risk and Vulnerability and Assessment Report was prepared for the scope change of the sludge component. According to the report, the climate change will likely lead to rainfall increase for the project area, especially in the wet season. Therefore, the biggest climate related risk to the project is flood caused by heavy rainfall. To avoid costly maintenance and/or business disruption in the future, the project should take the additional flood risk induced by climate change impact into the project design and construction consideration. Please see Appendix 3: Climate Risk and Vulnerability and Assessment Report for the detailed information.

C. Hydrology

43. The project area is located in the Yangtze Basin and crisscrossed by rivers, lakes, channels and drainage ditches. There are 160 rivers (＞5 km), 166 lakes (40 within the urban area), 116 channels, and 273 reservoirs in Wuhan. The total annual water resources are up to 681.2 billion m3. The Han River, with six other major , flows into the Yangtze River which is the third longest river in the world. The Yangtze River and Han River, characterized as high flow throughout the year, are the main surface water resources for most domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and fishery use.

44. The Project covers four lakes in total, including three lakes in the Hanyang Area8 (i.e. Longyang Lake, Moshui Lake and Nantaizi Lake) and one lake in the Wuchang Area (i.e. Yangchun Lake). Table 3 shows the basic information of these lakes.

Table 3. Basic Information of Four Lakes Related to the Project

7 The report by WWF-International, formerly known as World Wildlife Fund issued on 10 November 2009. The report was prepared with the participation of the China Academy of Sciences, the China Meteorological Administration and other academic institutions.

8 The City is divided into 3 areas by the Yangtze River and Han River, i.e. Hankou, Hanyang, and Wuchang. 27

Water Surface Drainage Area Lake-bottom Normal Water Lake Area (km2) (km2) Elevation(m) Level (m)

Longyang Lake 1.53 10.9 16.7～19.0 19.5

Moshui Lake 3.16 18.0 16.6～18.0 19.5

Nantaizi Lake 5.09 20.0 16.0～18.0 -

Yangchun Lake 57.6 400 - 19.65 km2 = square kilometer, m = meter.

Source: FSRs, 2009.

D. Ecological Resources

45. Biological resources are relatively abundant and diverse in Wuhan, due to the fact that it is located in the transitional zone between the middle and north subtropical zones, with Yangtze River traversing the city. Table 4 describes the primary flora and fauna in the project area.

Table 4. Flora and Fauna in the Project Area

Category Type Major Species

Camphor tree, bambusa sinospinosa, Trees Flora (more than 1,000 metasequoia, Chinese parasol tree, fir species) Aquatic plants Lotus, reed, wormwood, fern

Fish Wuchang fish, grass carp, silver carp

White crane, wild goose Birds Fauna(more than 130 species) Aquatic life White-flag dolphin, Chinese paddlefish, turtle

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Category Type Major Species

Pig, cow, chicken Livestock and poultry

Major corps Rice, corn Agricultural resources Cash corps Tea, rapeseed, vegetables, herb medicines

Fruits Orange, grape, peach

46. The Yangtze River has a rich ecological system. It has such species as white-flag dolphin9 and Chinese paddlefish, which are class I protected species in the PRC. However, there is no record of national threatened or endangered species within the project area, since the project lakes/channels are either blocked or too polluted to support white flag dolphins and paddlefish. Other national protected species include the white stork, classified as a rare water fowl with national class I protection, and cowfish with class II protection. The Project will have no negative impact on the aquatic life and ecological system of the Yangtze River. The Project is expected to have positive impact to the aquatic system as the water circulation among the Yangtze River and the project lakes and channels will be improved, which is in line with PRC’s policy supported by World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to restore the lake network along the Yangtze River10. With respect to the Han River, there is no national protected species. In addition, the mesh for protecting the fish will be set up where water flows into / out the project lakes and channels.

E. Water Quality and Pollution

47. The project area is now heavily urbanized with the water quality of many water bodies within the city deteriorating due to the ongoing discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. A large amount of domestic rubbish and industrial solid waste is dumped at random around the proposed lakes and channels. The Yangtze River and Han River have strong self-purification capacity owing to their large flows, which meets water quality requirements of

9 The white-flag dolphin is believed to be functionally extinct.

10 As the core of 'restoring of the web of wild life and saving the endangered animals ', WWF seeks to engage local organizations to explore an effective way of re-establishing river-lake linkages. 29

Class III. However, all of the lakes and channels involved in the two lake/channel rehabilitation components have been polluted seriously except for the Zong Channel. Tables 5 and 6 shows the current water quality conditions of these lakes and channels.

Table 5. Water Quality of Relevant Lakes Involved in the Project

TSI (∑) - Target Water Existing Water Lake Major Pollutants Quality Quality Level

CODMn, BOD5, NH3-N, TP, 76.12 – high level of Longyang Lake Class ＞Class TN, Oil, Fecal E. Coli, COD eutrophication

69.51 – mid to high Moshui Lake Class ＞Class TP, TN, Oil, COD level of eutrophication

CODMn, NH3-N, TP, TN, 69.89 - mid to high Nantaizi Lake Class ＞Class Oil, COD level of eutrophication

Yangchun Lake Class Class COD , TP, TN -

CODMn = permanganate index, BOD5 = 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen, TP = total phosphorus, TN = total nitrogen, COD = chemical oxygen demand.

Source: EIA reports, 2009.

Note: (i) Monitoring year is 2008; (ii) TSI (∑) means trophic state index, consisting of various physical, chemical and biological indicators; TSI (∑)＞70 indicating a high level of eutrophication; 60TSI (∑)≤70 indicating a middle level of eutrophication.

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Table 6. Water Quality of Relevant Channels Involved in the Project

Major Pollutants Exceeding Nemerow Index Channel Water Quality Class (PN)

Liantong Channel ＞Class NH3-N, TP, TN 1.42

Zong C777hannel Class N/A 0.66

DO = dissolved oxygen, BOD5 = 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen, TP = total phosphorus, TN = total nitrogen, COD = chemical oxygen demand.

Source: EIA reports for Subcomponent of Wuhan New Zone Lakes/ Channels Rehabilitation and Component of Yangchun Lake Secondary Urban Centre Lake / Channel Rehabilitation, 2009.

Note: (i) Monitoring time is June, 2009; (ii) Nemerow Index (PN) is adopted to evaluate the overall pollution level; PN 1 indicating a clean status; 1PN≤2 indicating a lightly polluted status; 2PN≤3 indicating a polluted status; 3PN≤5 indication a heavily polluted status; PN＞5 indicating a very heavily polluted status.

48. Owing to the specific concern on the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), monitoring of organic pollutants was undertaken for the sludge from three WWTPs (i.e. Shahu WWTP, Erlangmiao WWTPand Luobuzui WWTP) and sediment from four lakes (i.e. Longyang Lake, Moshui Lake, Nantaizi Lake, and Yangchun Lake). The monitoring parameters included benzo[a]pyrene, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), absorbable organic halogens, (AOX) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Table 7 shows the monitored data of the sludge and sediment, provided by a qualified independent laboratory.

Table 7. Monitoring Data of the Sludge and Sediment

AOX PCBs PCDDs & PCDFs benzo[a]pyrene WWTP/Lake (mg/kg ds) (mg/kg ds) (ng -TEQ/kg ds) (mg/kg ds)

Sanjintan WWTP 20 0.05L 6.9 0.4 31

Huangjiahu WWTP -- 0.05L 33 0.17

Longyang Lake 10 0.1 0.78～4.6 0.19

Moshui Lake 10 0.1 3.5～6.4 0.19

Nantaizi Lake 10 0.1 0.20～4.5 0.03

Yangchun Lake 10 0.1 0.05～1.8 0.07

Standards CJ/248-2007& 500 0.2 100 3 CJ291-2008 mg/kg ds = milligram per kilogram dry solid; ng-TEQ/kg ds = nanogram TEQ per kilogram dry solid, TEQ = toxic equivalency factor.

Source: Test Report Provided by SGS, September 2009. Test Report provided by the lab of Jingcheng Testing Technology Co. LTD, September 2012; Construction Project Environment Impacts Report Statement (Huangjiahu WWTP sludge treatment plant), December 2014; and Construction Project Environment Impacts Report Statement (Sanjintan WWTP sludge treatment plant), December 2014.

Note: The concentrations of PCDDs & PCDFs have been converted into TEQ values. Meanwhile, TEQ adopts the standard of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

49. Based on the above data, the concentrations of four monitoring parameters for all sludge samples meet the relevant criteria of the Quality Standard of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge for its Disposal as Afforestation Application (CJ/T248-2007) and Quality Standard of Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge for its Disposal as Soil Conditioner (CJ/T291-2008), which means that the land use of the sludge will not be constrained due to these organic pollution parameters. Moreover, the sludge quality will continue to be monitored regularly during project implementation, which has been specified in the EMP. In case that the sludge does not meet the standards mentioned above, it will be disposed of in the landfill site.

50. For the sediment of the four lakes, there is no ongoing applicable national standard. The above two standards for the sludge from WWTPs are adopted for evaluating the lake sediments. The levels of POPs in the lake sediments are acceptable, and their potential impact on the surrounding environment is limited during dredging.

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F. Acoustic Environment

51. According to the Notice on Wuhan Urban Area Acoustic Environmental Functional Area Category Document No.203 (2006) issued by the Office of the Municipal People’s Government, the Class II of Environmental Quality Standards for Noise (GB3096-2008) is applies for the subproject of Huangjiahu STP, which requires a day-time noise level to be below 60 dB(A) and night-time below 50 dB(A). The environmental noise at the project area on October 14, 2014 was monitored at 4 monitoring points at the east, west, north and south of the site, respectively. The day-time noise range was 47.7-52.2 dB(A) and the night-time noise range was 42.6-44.4 dB(A). Both noise levels meet the standards.

52. The Class 2&4a of the Environmental Quality Standards (GB3096-2008) is applied for Sanjintan STP subproject. Close to the Sanjintan Avenue to the north of the site and 30m away from the redline, Class 4a of Environmental Quality Standards for Noise (GB3096-2008) is applied (day-time below 70 dB(A) and night-time below 55 dB(A) ). In other project areas, the Class II of Environmental Quality Standards for Noise (GB3096-2008) is applied (day-time below 60 dB(A) and night-time below 50 dB(A) ). At the present, at the north boundary of Sanjintan WWTP, it meets the Class 4a of Environmental Quality Standards for Noise either at the day-time or nigh-time. At the east and west boundary, it can also meet the Class II of Environmental Quality Standards for Noise at the day-time and night-time. At the south boundary, it meets the Class II of Environmental Quality Standards for Noise at the night-time, but not at the day-time. The reason is mainly that it is affected by the other ambient construction activities.

G. Social and Economic Conditions

53. Wuhan City is the capital of Hubei Province, which is the political, economic, trading, information, and cultural centre of the province. Meanwhile, it is the industrial, trading, transportation, scientific research, and education centre of Central PRC.

54. Wuhan has a long history of more than 3,500 years with abundant historical and cultural 33 resources. Due to its superior geographical position, the city is the trading centre and a strategic military location historically. It is one of the most famous towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

55. The city is experiencing a period of rapid economic growth in recent years, with an average gross domestic product (GDP) growth of more than 13%. The social and economic conditions of the city are summarized in Table 8. In addition, Table 9 shows the comparison of key data with the national average.

Table 8. Key Social and Economic Conditions in Wuhan

Item Statistics

Population Total population: 8.28 million

Male vs female ratio: 51.6 : 48.4

Land Total Area: 8,494 km2

Farmland: 2,104 km2 (paddy land-1,259 km2; dry land-802 km2)

Administrative Seven urban districts: Hanyang, Hongshan, Jian’an, Jianghan, Qiaokou, Qingshan Area and Wuchang

Six suburban districts: Caidian, Dongxihu, Hannan, Huangpi, Jiangxia and Xinzhou

Economics GDP (2008): CNY396 billion

Disposable income per urban resident (2008): CNY16,712 per year

Income per rural resident (2008): CNY6349 per year

Transportation 8,842 km highways, 1 international airport

Education 52 universities/colleges (1 million students)

Health Care 227 hospitals (40,700 beds)

Ecology Greenbelt coverage in built urban area:37.4%; six wetland reserves with total area of 3370km2

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Item Statistics

Historical and 17 public libraries, 17 museums, 31 scenic spots, 35 parks and 339 cultural sites Tourism (e.g. , Qingchuan Pavilion)

CNY = Chinese Yuan, km = kilometer, km2 = square kilometer.

Sources: 2008 Wuhan Statistic Yearbook, 2007 Annual Report of Wuhan Transportation, http://www.chinalakes.org/html/Cn/NewsCenter/094210523K0.html.

Table 9. Socioeconomic Data of Wuhan Compared with the National Average

Item Wuhan China Average Remarks

Population 8.28 million 1,321.29 million 0.63%

Male vs Female Ratio 51.6:48.4 51.5:48.5 Similar

Ethnic Minorities 0.64% 9% Much lower

GDP per capita CNY47,826 18,885 Much higher

Source: 2008 Wuhan Statistic Yearbook, 2008 China Yearbook.

IV. ALTERNATIVES

A. With and Without Project Alternatives

56. Together with ADB investments since the mid-1990s, the wastewater treatment rate in Wuhan has been achieved at 80%. Currently, there are 13 WWTPs in the city, which have been or will be operated. Three of these WWTPs were built under the earlier ADB-funded WWMP and WWSMP. The plants in operation have a total treatment capacity of 1.5 million m3/d. Although the rapid increase in wastewater treatment capacity improves the water quality of receiving water bodies, it produces a large amount of sewage sludge that needs proper treatment and disposal. Based on the statistics in 2008, a total of 657 tons of sewage sludge with dry solids content of 20% are generated each day. 35

57. Sanjintan WWTP Phase I wastewater treatment was completed and commissioned in March 2007 and officially got acceptance in December 2008, which was financed by ADB loan Wuhan Wastewater Treatment Plant. Its effluent quality reaches and above the designed standard. The sludge from Sanjintan WWTP is dewatered by centrifuge before transferring to the Chengjiachong landfill site with the water content below 80% and at the amount of 116.9t/d. This plant is now going through expansion and upgrading (Phase II and Phase III) financed by local funds. Its effluent will follow the Class I-A standard of GB19819-2002 Urban WWTP Pollutants Discharge Standards with the total capacity reaching 500,000 m3/d. Sanjintan WWTP Phase II (expansion work) with the capacity of 200,000 m3/d has been completed. Sanjintan WWTP Phase III (expansion and upgrading works) with the capacity of 300,000 m3/d will be constructed soon. A new Sanjintan STP is proposed under the Project to treat the sludge generated by Sanjintan WWTP Phase II to replace the Hankou STP designed at appraisal.

58. Huangjiahu WWTP phase I started construction in March 2004 with the capacity of 100,000t/d and it was completed at the end of 2006 and officially commissioned in January 2007. The detailed design of the phase II work was completed, which is expected to complete in 2015. The phase II work is to expand the existing capacity of 10×104m3/d to 20×104m3/d , meeting with the National Class I-A effluent standard.

59. Sludge treatment and disposal of Sanjintan and Huangjiahu WWTP is mainly the mechanical dehydration and landfilling, which is easy and doable, however, it may result in some issues: 1) low reduction of sludge volume, 2) no stabilization or innoxiousness, 3) no resource for sludge disposal, and 4) simplified disposal, which has low risk control for sludge disposal system. The sludge now generated by the two WWTPs is disposed of in a landfill, which pollutes the environment and requires quite a large area of land. With the increasing demand of land and expanding capacity of this WWTPs, once the landfill ca pacity is not sufficient enough to host the treated sludge, the sludge will bring harm to the environment. In addition to that, if the sludge transported to the lan difill is not well treated, all kinds of pollutants in the sludge may

36 pollute the underground water, lakes and rivers. This project made a lot of policy dialogues 11 , a nd will achieve the reduction, stabilization, innoxiousness, and recovery of the sludge, which reflects the concept of recycling economy and is consistent with the relevant national policies and the 3R principle. Without the Project, the secondary pollution will continue, and pathogens in the slu dge may enter to the food chain, and threaten the public health.

60. Since now the Drainage Company has no exclusive sludge testing lab, and it has only separate wastewater quality testing labs distributed in each WWTP. Taking the well-equipped and well-staffed lab of the Erlangmiao WWTP as an example, this lab was located within the Erlangmiao WWTP in Wuhan with the construction area of about 220 m2 and 6 lab technicians. The lab now has large-sized analyzers like gas chromatography and is equipped with water quality testing devices such as COD rapid tester, UV-Vis,, water purifier, infrared oil measuring instrument, COD reaction heater, electric analytical balance, electric thermal biological incubator, electric thermal ventilation drier etc. The lab undertakes the daily routine testing of indicators such as COD, BOD5, TP, TN, NH, pH, SS, chroma, animal and plant oil and petroleum, An-ionic surfactant, number of fecal coliforms etc. based on the GB18918-2002 Urban WWTP Pollutants Discharge Standards and the water content of the sludge. To reduce the sludge’s environmental impacts and risks, no matter landfilling or land utilization, the monitoring on the sludge quality is necessary.

61. The Project will intake the water from the Han River, make the water circulate among six lakes and associated channels, and discharge the water into the Yangtze River. The three lakes involved in the Project were connected with the rivers or may have even developed from the rivers historically, which can date back to Three Kingdoms Period (about 1,800 years ago). This vast area that once acted as a natural sponge to soak up floodwaters during the rainy season has been greatly disturbed by unsustainable practices such as land reclamation, dyke building, and overpopulated urban settlements.

11 Recycling Economy Promotion Law was implemented on January 1, 2009. The law has established the basic system and policy framework for developing a recycling economy in PRC. 37

62. It is of great importance to restore the original shape and retention capacity of this system to mitigate the increasing risk of flood and drought associated with climate change. Without this project, the water quality would deteriorate gradually, the high risk for flooding would continue, the healthy aquatic ecosystem of six lakes would not be rehabilitated, and the living environments of local people would not be improved.

63. The connection among lakes and river provides improved natural habitats for the white stork, cowfish and other aquatic species, and serves as the migration channel for Chinese paddlefish. The Project offers a means to restore water circulation and the dynamic connection among lakes and rivers, and improve the flood storage capacity of the whole water system, water flow and self-purification of the lakes/ channels, and stability of lake ecosystem and fish stocks.

64. Moreover, by re-establishing the connection between the city lakes and the Yangtze River, the Project also contributes to a national policy, supported by World Wildlife Fund (WWF), on restoring the complex network of lakes along the Yangtze flood plain. Due to natural changes in the rivers (e.g. silting) and human activities such as construction of water gates for flood control and prevention, the connection among lakes and river was obstructed, leading to the deterioration of biological diversity and other associated negative impacts.

65. The scope of two lakes/channels rehabilitation components includes dredging, embankment works, construction of water gate, and landscaping. The works will (i) improve the water quality and hydraulic condition of water bodies; (ii) restore the natural ecosystem of lakes/channels; (iii) provide the scientific research base and the public environmental education center; and (iv) beautify lakes/channels. Without the Project, the water quality and biological diversity of the lakes/channels would deteriorate continuously, and the urban environment and socioeconomic development would not be enhanced.

66. Compared with the multi-year mean flood level of 26.03m, the Sixin Area is low-lying with a maximum low elevation of 17 m. The subcomponent of Sixin PS will be built to help avoid the serious urban flooding recurring every year and the consequent economic loss, and to enhance the land value. Moreover, the subcomponent develops climate adaptation response. Without the

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Project, the living environment of local residents and the investment climate in the area would not be improved, and the local economic development would be hindered.

B. Alternatives in Sludge Treatment and Disposal

67. Comparing to the processes such as sludge digestion, sludge composting, sludge thermal drying, sludge lime stabilization, some sludge treatment processes can satisfy the needs for sludge disposal. But some processes are simply suitable for single digestion requirement, therefore, when selecting the process for this project, it shall not only consider the economy of the process, but also the compatibility of the process to versatile and updating sludge digestion methods.

68. Comparing to land utilization, incineration, sanitary landfill and other disposal methods, internationally the final disposal of the sludge are usually land utilization, sanitary landfill and incineration, and the development trend goes like more and more land utilization and incineration than sanitary landfill. There are advantages and disadvantages of sludge disposal methods and these methods are updating as well. For Wuhan, sludge disposal could not be just single one and any sludge disposal method shall be in conformity with the overall urban development trend of Wuhan.

69. Typical sludge disposal practices include land application for afforestation and gardening use and soil amendment, utilization as construction material, landfill, incineration, etc. Since the incineration has a high potential risk of producing (i) dusts with heavy metals; (ii) acidic gas, such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur oxides (SOx); (iii) products of incomplete combustion, such as toxic carbon monoxide (CO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH); (iv) carcinogenic dioxins; and (v) a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), the incineration practice will not be adopted in this project.

70. As a result of intense project preparatory dialogue, the sludge is to be properly treated before its disposal. Various sludge treatment technologies were reviewed and analyzed， including heat drying, digestion, lime stabilization, composting, as well as other options (such as carbonization). 39

71. Huangjiahu STP takes the soil amelioration for forest land and barren mountains as main disposal method. Changshankou sanitary landfill is the back-up (final) sludge disposal site in case that the sludge quality does not meet the landscaping standards. Considering the characteristics of the above-mentioned processes, this project has technical and economical alternative analysis of two treatment processes: hydrolysis plus deep dehydration and modification plus deep dehydration. It is finally confirmed that the sludge treatment process is low temperature thermal hydrolysis plus deep dehydration.

72. Huangjiahu STP is expected to be handed over for use in 2016. The project energy consumption sum is 1791.92 tons of Standard Coal Equivalent (TCE) (equivalent value), electric power consumption is 3.03 million kWh, and natural gas consumption is 701,000 m3. According to Wuhan District-Specific Projected Energy Consumption Sum and Aggregate Data 2013-2020, this energy consumption (equivalent value), the project’s energy consumption (equivalent value), electric power consumption and natural gas consumption accounted for 0.09%, 0.06% and 0.78% of the planned consumption of Hongshan District in 2016 respectively, and accounted for 0.81%, 0.45%, 2.67% of the extra amount of energy consumption of Hongshan District in 2016. This means the project has relatively small impacts to the energy supply.

73. Huangjiahu Sludge Treatment Plant is designed to be viable, economical and optimal. . In the general layout, the location of the STP is chosen to be within Huangjiahu WWTP. The sludge is collected and transmitted to the sludge treatment system to avoid the high energy-consuming of wet sludge transportation. The pipeline connection is designed to be fluent and energy-saving. The sludge treatment is arranged as a separate area as well as integrated with other parts of the Plant, easy for management and transmission. Frequency converter technology is adopted for cooling circulation water pump, screw pump and mud pump to save more energy. In the follow-up design, highly-efficient heat exchanger is used to improve the system thermal efficiency. Properly use the protein supernatant by concentrating and treatment to make it raw materials for foam concrete foaming agent, organic liquid fertilizer, and protein foam fire extinguisher. The frequency converter technology helps save energy of 20% to 40%, annual electricity of 174,500 kWh/a, standard coal of 21.44tce and reduce CO2 emission of 13.94t.

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74. Huangjiahu STP is proposed to be constructed in the existing Huangjiahu WWTP. The new buildings are to be built in the south of the reserved land of the Plant, in consistent with the Wuhan Municipal Special Plan for Sludge Treatment and Disposal 2012, to encourage each WWTP to use their own lands and demands on the capacity reduction, quantity reduction and stabilized treatment of the sludge. This project will mainly treat the sludge generated from Huangjiahu WWTP, which has the designed capacity of 200,000 m3/d until 2020. Based on the statistical analysis of the wastewater and sludge generation of existing operational WWTPs in Wuhan, considering the reality of WWTPs and upgrading effluent standards in the near future, it is confirmed that the designed capacity for Huangjiahu STP in the long term is 5.35 tons wet sludge per 10,000 m3. It is projected that until 2020, the surplus sludge is about 107t/d (80% moisture). Given the seasonal and water quality changes, it is confirmed that the designed capacity for this project is 120t/d (80% moisture). The project size is matching with the sludge quantity of the WWTP that it serves.

75. Based on the alternative analysis of low temperature vacuum dehydration and drying process, centrifugal dehydration and drying machine process and modification plus frame filter press process, Sanjintan sludge treatment plant adopts the option of 20t/d dry sludge low temperature vacuum frame drying process and 20t/d dry sludge modification frame process. It will help to utilize the existing surplus biogas of the plant. Dried sludge will be composted by Beijing Hengtong Xinda Environmental Technology Co. LTD. The composted products can be directly used as green nutrient soil for landfill closure area of Chenjiachong. In case the sludge quality does not meet the landscaping standards, the sludge will be transferred to Huaxin Cement Factory and dried to a moisture content below 60% for further co-processing in cement kiln. .

76. The proposed Sanjintan STP is expected to be handed over for use in 2016. The project energy consumption sum is 1137.78tce (equivalent value), electric power consumption is 2.62 million kWh, and natural gas consumption is 267,400 m3. According to Wuhan District-Specific Projected Energy Consumption Sum and Aggregate Data 2013-2020, this energy consumption sum (equivalent value), electric power and natural gas consumption respectively accounted for 0.06%, 0.06% and 0.14% of the planned consumption in East- District in 2016, and accounted for 0.76%, 0.70%, 0.93% of the increased energy consumption sum. It has relatively 41 small impacts to the energy consumption sum, electric power and natural gas supply of this district in 2016; and has relatively small impacts to the increased energy consumption, electric power and natural gas supply.

77. Sanjintan Sludge Treatment Plant is designed to use new process, new technology, new equipment and new materials to make the engineering design viable, economical and optimized. In the general layout, the location of the STP is chosen be to be within the WWTP. The sludge is collected and transmitted to the sludge treatment system to avoid the high energy-consuming of wet sludge transportation. The pipeline connection is designed to be fluent and energy-saving. The sludge treatment is arranged as a separate area as well as integrated with other parts of the Plant, easy for management and transmission. Domestic water in the Plant is from urban water supply network and introduced from the internal water pipes of the WWTP. The water system for production and firefighting is sourced from the effluent of the WWTP. The surplus biogas of 2176 m3/d generated from the existing sludge digester is circulated and reused as heat source for low temperature vacuum drying of sludge. Frequency converter technology is adopted for sludge feeding pump, circulation water pump and air compressor to save more energy. In the follow-up design, highly-efficient heat exchanger is used to improve the system thermal efficiency. Once the phase III expansion and upgrading completes, two digesters will operate in the same time. If the surplus biogas increases by 1,269 m3/d, it will be all used for the sludge facilities and may save natural gas by 777m3/d with annual saving of natural gas of 264,000 m3/a, standard coal of 320.58 tce and reduction of CO2 emission of 198.76t. The frequency converter technology helps save energy of 20% to 40%, annual electricity of 256,100 kWh/a, standard coal of 31.47tce and reduce CO2 emission of 20.46t.

78. Sanjintan STP is proposed to be constructed in the existing Sanjintan WWTP. The new buildings are to be built in the northeast of the reserved land of the Plant, in consistent with the Wuhan Municipal Special Plan for Sludge Treatment and Disposal 2012, to encourage each WWTP to use their own lands and demands for the capacity, quantity reduction and stabilized treatment of the sludge. This project mainly treats the sludge generated from the expansion of Sanjintan WWTP. According to Sanjintan WWTP Expansion Project Request Report, and Sanjintan WWTP Expansion Project EIA, the capacity of Sanjintan WWTP expansion is 200,000 m3/d and the surplus sludge of WWTP is about 175t/d (80% moisture). Given the factors such as season and water quality change, it is confirmed that the designed capacity for this project is 200t/d (80% moisture). The project size is matching with the sludge quantity of the WWTP that it

42 serves.

79. The current sludge disposal practices mainly include land spread for soil amendment, incineration, land filling and other methods. The overall trend is increased application of the soil conditioning and incineration methods with gradual decrease in disposal at landfills. There are pros and cons associated with each of the sludge disposal methods. For Wuhan, sludge disposal should not be constrained to a single method. Rather, all the disposal methods should be open for discussion and consideration for adoption in line with the overall development of the Wuhan City.

C. Alternatives in Water Circulation among Lakes/Channels

80. Different options for enhancing flow lake circulation were considered and evaluated in restoring water circulation among lakes/channels. The evaluation included the comparison of water resource availability, flow route, flow rate, and flow circulation pattern.

81. Both the Yangtze River and the Han River were evaluated as the water source. The Han River was selected in consideration of the fact that it used to be feeding into to the project's lakes and channels. The technical and economic aspects were also taken into account in selecting the Han River as the water source for lake circulation enhancement. Table 10 shows the comparison of water source characteristics between the Yangtze River and Han River.

Table 10. Comparison of Alternative Water Sources

Item Yangtze River Han River

Water Volume Very abundant Abundant enough for water intake

Water Quality Fair with high sand content Fair

Condition of Gravity Flow Poor, not in line with topography Fair, in line with topography

Downstream Water No negative impact No negative impact 43

Item Yangtze River Han River

Impact

Possibility of Relatively high risk Low risk Oncomelania

Other Constraints Nantaizi Lake is heavily polluted N/A

Source: FSR for Wuhan New Zone Lakes/ Channels Rehabilitation and Pumping Station, 2009.

82. Four water circulation routes were considered, i.e. Route 1: Han River-Qinduankou Channel-Longkou Channel-Longyang Lake-Mingzhu River-Moshui River-Liantong Channel-Nantaizi Lake-Yangtze River; Route 2: Han River-Qinduankou Channel-Longkou Channel-Longyang Lake- Channel-Sanjiao Lake-Xinmin River-Nantaizi Lake-Yangtze River; Route 3: Han River-Qinduankou Channel-Zhujialaogang Channel-Zhujiaxin Channel-Longxin Channel-Longyang Lake-Mingzhu River-Moshui Lake-Liantong Channel-Nantaizi Lake-Yangtze River; and Route 4: Han River-Qinduankou Channel-Zhujialaogang Channel-Zhujiaxin Channel-Longxin Channel-Longyang Lake-Tangshan Channel-Sanjiao Lake-Xinmin River-Nantaizi Lake-Yangtze River.

83. All the four routes share the same entrance into Longyang Lake. Routes 1 and 2 are relatively short compared with the other two. The main purpose of Routes 1 and 3 is to improve the water quality of Longyang Lake, Moshui Lake and part of Nantaizi Lake. Routes 2 and 4 aim to improve the water quality of Sanjiao Lake, part of Nantaizi Lake, and Longyang Lake (with a lower priority). All the four routes were jointly selected. The water will be circulated by dual line, i.e. when the water flows into Longyang Lake, it also flows to Moshui Land and Sanjiao Lake with a ratio of 2:1, in line with the area and volume of these two lakes.

84. Regarding the flow rate of water circulation, mathematical modeling was developed to analyze and forecast the efficiency of water quality improvement with a circulation period of 30 days. Five different flow rates, including 5 cubic meter per second (m3/s), 8 m3/s, 10 m3/s, 20 m3/s and 30 m3/s, were evaluated. The flow rate of 20 m3/s was adopted because (i) the water quality of six lakes can be significantly improved; (ii) the DO level will be improved and the algae

44 will be controlled efficiently; (iii) the existing hydraulic facilities/works meet the requirement of water circulation with 20 m3/s; (iv) it is in line with the urban drainage plan; and (v) the fish stocks will be greatly restored.

85. Water can be circulated by either pumping or gravity flow (using water gate). Four different water circulation scenarios were analyzed which is shown below in Table 11. The water comes from Han River when the water level of Han River is no higher than 25.21 m (in case of floods, when the Han River [Qinduankou] water gate will be closed), which aims to avoid the urban flooding. Prior to construction of operation of South-North water diversion project, there will be no water from Han river during its low water period (December-March).

86. During the low water period in Han River, there will be adequate natural water circulation provided by interconnected channels, which is adequate to sustain the water quality improvement that was achieved during the high water level in Han River. The amount of water used by the Project is only about 0.43% of average flow rate of Han River.

Table 11. Comparison of Different Water Intake Scenarios

O&M Recommend or Alternative Requirement Investment Applicable Period not s

Intake and discharge by May～July or Recommend Light N/A gravity flow Sept.～Nov. with priority

Intake by gravity flow and Light N/A June～August recommend discharge by pumping

Intake by pumping and To build PS at Light Very short Not recommend discharge by gravity flow Qinduankou

Intake and discharge by To build PS at Heavy No time limit Not recommend pumping Qinduankou

Source: FSR for Wuhan New Zone Lakes/ Channels Rehabilitation and Pumping Station, 2009. 45

D. Alternatives in Lakes/Rivers Rehabilitation

87. Dredging will be undertaken in lakes to reduce the internal pollution load of water bodies. Four types of dredging equipment were considered, including cutter-suction dredger, trailing suction hopper dredger, bucket dredger and suction and dredger. The cutter-suction dredger was selected due to (i) good soil adaptability, (ii) long discharge distance using pumps in series, (iii) high efficiency with relatively low energy consumption and cost, and (iv) no dredged sediment scattered to cause the secondary pollution by using pipeline transportation.

88. The dredged sediment from the lakes contains nutrients and heavy metals, which will be disposed properly to avoid the secondary pollution. Two options were evaluated for sediment from lakes. Before it is treated and disposed, the sediment could be stored at a confined area within the lake, and separated from the lake water by engineering barriers. Another option is to store and dewater sediment near the lakeshore. Due to the complexity of sediment constituents and risk of lasting secondary pollution, the second option was selected.

89. The proposed revetment restoration will improve the channels with two options, i.e. concrete and ecological revetment. The ecological revetment was adopted because (i) it meets the public requests; (ii) the ecological revetment will improve the exchange among the soil, water and creature with the biological purification capacity; and (iii) the option will produce better landscaping to blend into the surrounding environment and provide the recreation of public space.

E. Alternatives in Pumping Station

90. Based on the relevant master plans and existing topography of the Sixin Area, the new PS will be located at Goubei Village, Hanyang Area.

91. The process flow of PS is shown in Figure 1.

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Storm Regulation Bar Distribution Pumping Pressure Water Chamber Screen Channel House Pipeline

During the Low Water Level in Yangtze Buffer Tank Existing Dongfeng Water Gate

Yangtze River Yangtze River

Figure 1. Flow Sheet of Sixin Pumping Station

92. Based on calculation, the capacity of Sixin PS is determined to be 105 m3/s for long-term planning, with a return period of one year. In consideration of the plan and the development sequence of the area, the equipment installation will be implemented in three phases and each phase will increase the capacity by 35 m3/s. Regarding the arrangement of equipment installation, there are two options for land use and civil works. Option 1 is to conduct the civil works as the capacity of Phase 3 (i.e. 105 m3/s), and undertake the equipment installation as Phase 1. Option 2 is to reserve the land as Phase 3, construct the civil works as Phase 2, and carry out the equipment installation as Phase 1. Option 1 was selected due to the relative lower cost and simpler O&M process.

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

A. Positive Impacts and Environmental Benefits

93. The Project will bring significant benefits to more than three million residents by improving living conditions, urban environment, sanitation and public health, as well as employment and residents’ income in the municipality.

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94. The Project has a good demonstration potential for other PRC cities on sustainable treatment and disposal of WWTPs’ sludge and ecological rehabilitation of polluted/blocked urban lakes and rivers.

95. The Sludge Treatment and Disposal Component addresses the severe challenges of rapidly increasing amount of sludge from existing WWTPs. The Project will sustainably treat and dispose of the WWTP sludge with application of the 3R approach (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle). The Component will contribute to the city’s sludge treatment and disposal master plan from centralizing to decentralizing and from adopting the incinerating method to using the environmental friendly technology by applying pragmatic, efficient, sustainable and integrated approaches. The sludge project solution has been accordingly adjusted in line with the PPTA recommendations. The Project PPTA supported the development of a national development policy dialogue on sludge treatment and disposal under ADB TA 7083 "Urban Wastewater Reuse and Sludge Utilization Policy Study." After the project is constructed, it can effectively mitigate the water pollution in Dongcheng district of Hankou and Kanjiaji and Jinyintan area and south of Qinglin lake and Huangjiahu in Wuchang, contributing to the city, society and improving the urban landscaping, health and protect drinking water source and public physical health. Meanwhile the project can improve the urban investment setting by reducing the water pollution risks to attract more foreign investment and further promoting the urban economic development. Therefore, this project is a critical infrastructure to make Hankou a scenically-beautiful, economically-prosperous, socially-stable and environmentally nice urban district. The project’s social benefits are visible.

96. The sludge treatment and disposal component is an integral part of urban infrastructures of the project. This component will change the status of no storage for the treated sludge from Sanjintan, Huangpulu and Huangjiahu WWTP etc., which is beneficial for steady operation of each WWTP, mitigate the urban on the water bodies of Han River and Yangtse River, improve the urban environmental sanitation, playing a proactive role of improving people’s living and health. The project’s environmental benefits are visible as well.

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97. Although sludge treatment may not result in a direct financial benefit, the Project will have a profound impact on Wuhan’s municipal development. The Project will help alleviate the environmental constraints on development of other industries such as manufacturing, tourism, real estate, etc. With a harmonization of economic development, social development and environmental protection, the Project is expected to bring a significant long term economic benefit to Wuhan.

98. The Project will provide sludge and wastewater monitoring equipments to WUDDC, which will significantly strengthen the City’s environmental monitoring capacity, especially for sludge monitoring.

99. The Project will utilize the WQM to contribute to the future long-term master planning and achieve emergency response to pollution incidents and forecast blue-green algae outbreak.

100. The Lakes/Channels Rehabilitation Components will restore the natural water circulation of lakes and channels, and enhance the biological diversity of the ecosystem in the lakes and channels damaged by rapid urbanization.

101. Water replenishment from the Han River, by improving the flushing capacity of the watercourses, will improve the water quality and flood storage capacities for water bodies involved in the project.

102. The artificial wetland will serve the function of water quality polishing, flood storage, wildlife habitat, outdoor recreation and water conservation education, which, together with landscaping and reforestation along the lakes and channels will also contribute to the project’s climate change responsiveness.

103. After sludge drying, digestion and stabilization, its volume will be reduced significantly. 49

The vehicle trips for transporting sludge will be therefore reduced, cutting the GHG vehicle emissions.

104. The Project will increase the real estate values alongside lakes and channels, and will promote tourism.

105. The Sixin PS subcomponent will improve the sewer and stormwater networks in the Sixin Area and provide adequate flood control safety.

B. Mitigation Measures during the Design Phase

106. The following mitigation measures will be undertaken during the design phase:

(i) All project sites will be carefully selected to avoid or minimize the potential negative impacts on environmental and surrounding communities;

(ii) The facilities/works will be located and designed to minimize the resettlement impact;

(iii) Adequate technical design and scheduling of construction activities for each component will be arranged to meet the relevant standards and regulations on the safety, sanitation, and environmental protection. For instance, the proper equipment for sludge heat drying will be selected to avoid the high risk on fire and explosion during the operation phase of the sludge component;

(iv) The environmental mitigation measures included in the EMP will be part of the design document for each component and will be included in the bidding documents and contracts for the procurement of goods and civil constructions; and

(v) The environmental monitoring program is incorporated into the overall project design to ensure that the environmental impacts are closely monitored, and project construction and operation activities are strictly supervised based on the

50

EMP.

107. For the proposed sludge component, the following mitigation measures will be undertaken during the design phase:

(vi) The flood wall of Wuhan should be checked and maintained regularly. If it is necessary, design standard of flood wall should be improved.

(vii) The drainage system may need to be adjusted to a higher design standard. A conservative 6% increment of the sewage and drainage capacity is recommended, and a 10% increment for the critical components would be more appropriate, given the difficulty of repair and replacement of urban drainage system in the future.

(viii) Stormwater Management and Rainwater Reuse to avoid urban flooding.

(ix) Design and install stormwater management facilities such as infiltrations, detention ponds, rain water recycle and reuse, etc. The sludge component will include the stormwater management facilities to collect, store, recycle and reuse the stormwater so as to minimize the ecological impact for the stormwater (ADB 2015b).

(x) LID (Low Impact Development). LID is proposed to be considered in the project design since one of the main reasons of waterlogging is the large-area impermeable ground.

C. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction

1. Land and Habitat Loss

108. The Project will result in the permanent land loss of approximately 1795.37 mu and associated habitats. There is no land loss for the sludge component, and around 57% of land loss is contributed to the component of the Wuhan New Zone lakes/channels rehabilitation and pumping station. The land is of mixed uses, including agricultural, fishery and housing, and a large amount of mudflat and moorland. 51

109. In addition, the Project will lead to temporary land use of approximately 72 mu and associated habitats for dredged sediment treatment sites, temporary roadways, and construction sites and camps. After the project construction is completed, the land will be restored to previous condition.

110. Wuhan is a historical city with a rich cultural heritage. There is no record of important heritage and archaeological sites on the land that will be temporarily or permanently used. In case the archaeological artifacts are discovered during project construction, the relevant cultural authority and the project management office (PMO) will be notified promptly, and the relevant government regulations will be followed to preserve these artifacts. In addition, there is no record of national threatened or endangered species within the project area.

2. Water Quality

111. The muddy runoff and wastewater will be discharged from the construction site/camp to pollute the nearby surface water, which includes the domestic wastewater generated by the workers and the wastewater / waste oil produced by construction activities, such as handling and application of construction materials and vehicle/machinery maintenance.

112. The domestic wastewater will be collected and pre-treated in septic tanks, and discharged to public sewers nearby whenever possible. The settling ponds and oil-water separators will be set to treat the muddy runoff and construction wastewater.

113. The wastewater from the construction of Huangjiahu STP and Sanjintan STP are mainly domestic wastewater of construction workers and wastewater generated during the construction. Since the project construction period is short and the quantity of workers is small, from the perspective of water environmental protection, to reduce the impacts of domestic wastewater discharged to the receiving water bodies, the construction workers base camp shall set soil separation tank and septic tank to treat the domestic wastewater. It is predictable that after the domestic wastewater treatment, the effluent can meet the Class III level of GB8978-1996

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Comprehensive Standards on Wastewater Discharge. The temporary domestic wastewater of construction workers will be going to the wastewater pipeline network of Huangjiahu and Sanjintan WWTPs and treated respectively by these two WWTPs. Once treated to its standards, it will be discharged into the receiving water bodies of Yangtse River and with small impacts to local water environment. The wastewater generated from the project construction is mainly from slime water, flushing water from construction machinery and transportation vehicles, subsurface flow wastewater generated from flushing soil and construction sands etc, and road maintenance water etc. The construction site set the temporary soil separation and grit chamber, reuse the storm water with muds, sands and slurry after oil separation and sedimentation. Since the project construction period is limited, the construction wastewater discharge is small, and generated wastewater discharge is relatively small, the wastewater can be reused after treatment and ultimately minimize the impacts to the environment. Meanwhile, its impacts are short-term. Once the construction is completed, the construction wastewater’s impacts to the ambient environment can be soon eliminated without visible negative impacts to the receiving water bodies.

3. Air Quality

114. The construction activities, such as excavation, demolition, construction running and material handling, will generate the airborne dust which will cause the total suspended particle (TSP) in the area. Furthermore, the construction will consume a large quantity of diesel and release the exhaust fume with the significant amount of gaseous CO, NOx, and SOx.

115. Dust mitigation measures include the paving of frequently used haul roads, hoarding with a height of no less than 2.5 m for house demolition, minimizing on-site storage time of construction and demolition wastes, covering stockpiles, using tarpaulins to cover the trucks carrying dusty materials, controlling the vehicle speed on construction sites, and timely restoration of disturbed land to minimize the adverse impacts on humans and crops. Moreover, the construction sites, transportation routes and materials-handling sites will be water-sprayed on dry and windy days up to three times a day, especially if these sites are near sensitive receivers, such as residential areas.

116. Exhaust fumes from vehicles will be minimized by using the tail gas purifier, and 53 construction machine/dredging equipment will undertake proper maintenance and regular checks to ensure that exhaust gases comply with relevant emission standards.

117. Dust at the construction sites of Huangjiahu and Sanjintan STP are mainly from the following aspects: earth excavation and on-site piling, transportation and piling of building materials (lime soil, sand and cement etc.), cleaning and piling of construction wastes, road fly ash from vehicles and construction machinery. In the view of the ambient environment of the proposed site of Huangjiahu STP, the relocation buildings of Chaihu village and Maotan village are distributed to its east and north. In the view of the ambient environment of the proposed site of Sanjintan STP, Jintan village is around to its east. The affected time is mainly during the earthwork construction phase. After completion of the earthwork, the fly ash generation source will be maximally reduced and the fly ash impacts to sensitive points are mitigated accordingly. To control the fly ash impacts, the construction units shall strictly adopt the construction pollution and control measures as below:

1) Exercise the scientific management in the construction site by piling the sand and gravel materials in a unified way. Try to reduce the movement and transportation and take good care of movement and transportation to avoid the breaking of packing bags.

2) When digging and resettling, spray to the operation side to maintain the moisture to some extent so as to reduce the fly ash. In addition, the building materials shall be transported when they are in need. The construction and domestic wastes shall be timely transferred for treatment.

3) The over-loading of transportation vehicles shall be avoided. It shall adopt the covered and sealed measures to prevent or reduce the spillage along the roads. The scattered dirt and ash on the road surface shall be timely cleaned up. Flush the tires and spray regularly to mitigate the ash and reduce the fly ash during transportation.

4) Fences are necessary for the construction sites to avoid the spread of fly ash during construction.

5) Stop all operations generating fly ash when there is strong wind and cover the piling building materials such as the sand and gravels etc.

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4. Solid Waste

118. Refuse generated by the workers, together with construction and demolition wastes, will have negative impacts on the surrounding environment. The refuse will be stored in closed containers and regularly transported off-site for disposal. The construction and demolition wastes will be removed from the site promptly. Burning of the construction waste will be prohibited.

119. Solid wastes during the construction of the sludge component are mainly domestic wastes from the workers and spoil. During the construction of Huangjiahu STP and Sanjintan STP, it produced wastes of 18t respectively. Domestic wastes shall be timely cleaned up and transported by local sanitation department to avoid generating the mosquitos, flies and rats etc., threatening the health of the construction workers. During the construction of Huangjiahu STP and Sanjintan STP, it will dug out 1,000 m3 and 8000 m3 earth of 18t respectively, which shall be treated by Residue Soil Office after requesting to the related authority. Once taking the above-mentioned measures, solid wastes during construction will not cause negative impacts on the ambient environment.

5. Noise

120. Noise mitigation measures include the use of quiet equipment, proper O&M of machinery and the use of temporary hoarding or noise barriers to shield noise sources. The use of certain noisy machines, such as pile drivers, and concrete mixers, will be prohibited at nighttime. In addition, construction activities will be scheduled to minimize the impact of noise from construction machinery.

121. The noise during construction of the sludge component is mainly from operation of all kinds of construction machinery, such as excavator, bulldozer, carry scraper, oscillator, pile driver, electric saw, sander, welder and equipment transportation, and other noises generated from all kinds of construction transportation vehicles. The environmental sensitive points around the construction site of Huangjiahu STP are mainly Chaihu village to the east, and Maotan village relocation building to the north. The environmental sensitive point around the construction site of Sanjintan STP is mainly Jintan village to the east, and the construction noise has its noise environmental impact here. But the construction noise impacts will be there once the project is 55 completed. The negative construction noise impacts to the environment are temporary and short-term. The project shall be in conformity with the national Emission Standard of Environmental Noise for Boundary of Construction Site. Given the situation of this project, mitigation measures on noise environmental impacts during construction are proposed as below:

1) Strengthen the construction management, properly arrange the operation time and prohibit the high-noise operations at nighttime.

2) Construction machinery shall be possibly placed where causing minimum impacts to the site.

3) Covers shall be set around the high-noise equipment.

4) Try to compress the number of cars and car travelling density in the construction site and control the honking.

5) Emphasize the occupational safety, and prepare the workers close to the noise source with protective earplugs.

6. Climate Risk

122. In March 2016, a Climate Risk and Vulnerability and Assessment Report was prepared for the scope change of the sludge component. According to the report, the climate change will likely lead to rainfall increase for the project area, especially in the wet season. Therefore, the biggest climate related risk to the project is flood caused by heavy rainfall. To avoid costly maintenance and/or business disruption in the future, the project should take the additional flood risk induced by climate change impact into the project design and construction consideration. Please see Appendix 3: Climate Risk and Vulnerability and Assessment Report for the detailed information.

7. Construction Traffic

123. Construction traffic and activity would lead to traffic congestion and inconvenience to the public. In conjunction with the local traffic management authority, traffic flow regulation plans will be prepared before construction begins in the congested and built-up urban area. In addition, proper transportation routes and time will be selected to avoid the rush hour and reduce the

56 traffic congestion.

8. Vegetation

124. Vegetation within the construction area will be cut and cleared during the revetment restoration works of lakes/channels rehabilitation components. There are no flora species in the area under protection. The mitigation measure is to plant trees and grasses after the construction work completion, which is also a regulatory requirement.

9. Sanitation and Safety

125. Sanitation is a key public health issue during construction. Due to poor working and living conditions and high work load, the workers are subject to propagating infectious diseases. Sanitation services will be maintained and monitored, including food quality and water supply. Medical facilities and health services will also be provided.

126. Contractors will be required to take safety measures at the construction site to protect the workers and the public, including putting-up warning signs to alert the public of potential safety risks in and around the construction sites, and providing protective clothing and safety equipment for workers.

10. Specific Issues Relevant to Dredging

127. Lake and channel dredging will generate odor and affect surrounding sensitive receivers. The lake/channel sediment contains some organic pollutants with an anoxic/anaerobic condition due to microorganism metabolism, which enhances the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and other odorous gasses. When the bottom sediment is disturbed during the dredging, the odorous gasses will be released to the air, which will then affect sensitive receivers within 50 m of the dredging site.

128. Dredging is a linear activity and its potential odor impact on sensitive receivers is only 57 short term and temporary. Dredging will be undertaken during the cold season when the odor is not subject to release and residents are not inclined to open windows. In addition, dredged sediment treatment sites will be located more than 100 m away from sensitive areas such as schools, hospitals, residential communities, etc.

129. Since the lakes and channels to be dredged are relatively shallow, dredging will increase the suspended solid (SS) level and releasing rate of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the water by stirring up the bottom sediment. However, such negative impact will be localized and short term, and there is no drinking water intake point is located in the lakes.

130. The dredging areas, as well as the temporary dredged sediment treatment sites have been identified in the EIA reports. The treatment process and facilities for the dredged sediment have been identified in the EIA reports and will be implemented following detailed designs. The treatment process mainly involves temporary storage and treatment, including sediment dewatering and discharge of the dredged sediment effluent. Treatment facilities and equipment include impermeable storage sites and sedimentation tank. Before it is discharged back into the water bodies, the effluent will be settled no less than three days in the sedimentation tanks. In addition, seepage prevention measures, such as impermeable geomembrane, will be utilized on the temporary treatment sites to prevent soil contamination and groundwater pollution. The treatment site will be strictly cleaned up and restored to original conditions in a timely manner after the constructions are completed, and will be inspected and accepted by the local EPB.

131. The quality of dredged sediment will be monitored and assessed in accordance with relevant national standards. If the quality meets the criteria, treated sediment from lakes will be utilized for lake landscaping; and in case the quality exceeds the standard, the sediment will be transported in sealed containers to landfill sites. The capacity for the landfill sites is estimated to be sufficient to accommodate the lake sediment and WWTPs’ sludge in case that the sediment and sludge are found to be poor in quality and are not suitable for the beneficiary uses.

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D. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Operation

1. Sludge Treatment and Disposal

132. Air environmental impacts. During the thermal drying of sludge, it may generate high temperature and high pressure, therefore, the equipment safety is another major issue during the operation of the STP. Since the project adopts the belt drier without using the mechanical tumbling treatment, and since it has no high temperature and high pressure status, and generates low dusts, therefore it does not need explosion-proof equipment to prevent air environmental impacts. The waste gas of this project is mainly smoke gas of boilers, and odorous pollutants such as NH3 and H2S generated during sludge drying. In Sanjintan STP, concentration tank, sludge storage tank and modification tank are designed to be covered. Dehydration workshop and dry sludge storage shed adopt the gas proof curtain and separation facilities. Sealed pipelines or non-axial screw conveyor system is adopted for sludge transportation. Odorous gases omitted are collected by blower fan and transferred to biological deodorant tower for treatment to reduce the fugitive emission. Huangjiahu STP is designed to set the gas collection device above the feed tank, flash boiler, frame filter and evaporation device, using the negative pressure of fans to collect gas and sending to the biological deodorant tower for treatment before emission. Meanwhile, the pipelines, transmitters and fans in the entire process of sludge transmission, treatment and are sealed to avoid the fugitive emission of odorous pollutants.

133. As calculated, the sanitation protection distance for the project fugitive emissoin is 50m for the project. In the Huangjiahu project, most of the sanitation protection area locates within the redline of the expansion of Huangjiahu WWTP, To its south and east, it goes cross the redline of WWTP, of which to its south, it exceeds the sanitation protection distance 35m, and to its east, it exceeds 2m. According to the site survey, in the place 50m away south to the proposed odor production unit, there are no existing sensitive points such as schools, hospitals and residence. 50m away to its east, there is residential point of Chaihu village. According to the resettlement agreement on Huangjiahu WWTP Expansion Project signed between Wuhan Municipal Drainage Company and Wuhan Hongshan District People’s Government, houses within the sanitation protection distance under this project are all demolished and expected to resettle in early 2015. Once the resettlement completes, there are no sensitive points such as schools, hospitals or residences within the sanitation protection distance. The sanitation protection area under 59

Sanjintan STP locates within the redline of Sanjintan WWTP without any existing sensitive points such as schools, hospitals or residences.

134. Surface water environmental impacts. Sanjintan WWTP agrees to receive the production wastewater and domestic wastewater generated from the project. It is viable that the project generated production wastewater and domestic water are treated in Sanjintan WWTP. Once treated, there are no impacts to the ambient water environment in the operation phase. The concentration tank, drying chamber, sludge piling shed are all designed to prevent permeability, overfilling and storm water. Therefore, the leachate generated by the project sludge will not have any impacts to the underground water environment of the proposed plant. In conclusion, the project wastewater will go to Fu River (Huanghualao section, the connection point) after treatment by Sanjintan WWTP and it has predictably small impact to the water quality of Fu River. The production wastewater generated from the sludge drying process of Huangjiahu STP is about 27,200 m3/a (74.4m3/d). The production wastewater is collected by the pipeline network within the WWTP and then treated. The production of domestic wastewater of workers is about 186.15 m3/a (0.51m3/d). It is treated in the existing septic tank before treating in the WWTP. From the perspective of the entire system of WWTP, the project is to treat sludge, which is an associated part of the WWTP. The sludge leachate and domestic wastewater will be collected and treated in the WWTP, therefore the project will not consider the production and emission of wastewater pollutants. Sludge protein concentrate will be generated during the low temperature thermal hydrolysis with major ingredient of sludge protein, which can be used for planting and fertilization. Hubei Dadi ’ge Agricultural Technology Co. LTD is commissioned for the sludge treatment. It is committed to have zero discharge.

135. Noise environmental impacts. Noise sources in the operation of Huangjiahu project are frame filter, transmission pump, boilers and cooling towers etc. It is proposed to have damping and noise elimination treatment on frame filter, transmission pump, boilers and cooling towers. Noise sources in the operation of Sanjintan project are fans, pump, sludge drying devices, boilers and air compressor etc. It is proposed to have damping and noise elimination treatment on fans, pump, sludge drying devices and air compressor. The pre-test results indicate that this project equipment has small contribution to the boundary noise. It will neither generate the increased boundary noise, nor impact the noise environment of the ambient sensitive points.

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136. Solid waste impacts. In the Huangjiahu STP and Sanjintan STP operation phase, the generated solid wastes are mainly small amount of office and domestic wastes from workers and dried sludge. The amount of office and domestic wastes is respectively 5.26t/a in Huangjiahu STP and Sanjintan STP, cleaned up every day by the sanitation department and given innoxious treatment. The dried sludge is respectively 16,800 tons/year in Huangjiahu STP and 43,700 tons/year in Sanjintan STP. Hubei Dadi Feng’ge Agricultural Technology Co. LTD is commissioned by Huangjiahu STP to transfer the dried sludge of Huangjiahu STP to the protective forest belts at the Exterior Ring for forest land soil improvement and to the abandoned mine in Jiangxia district for mountain soil improvement. The final disposal is to transfer to Changshankou landfill site. Beijing Hengtong Xinda Environmental Technology Company is commissioned by Sanjintan STP to compost the treated sludge. The composted products can be directly used as nutrient soils for greening in closure area of Chenjiachong landfill site. Wuhan Municipal Drainage Company signed the Intent Agreement on Sludge Supply of Chengjiachong Landfill Phase I Project with Beijing Hengtong Xinda Environmental Technology Company. In case the sludge quality does not meet the standard of landscaping, the sludge will be transferred to Huaxin Cement Factory for co-processing in cement kiln.

137. Transportation risks. To minimize the risk of transportation accidents, the project shall:

1) Properly arrange the sludge transportation itinerary. When accidents happen during the sludge transportation, it shall timely adopt the storm water proof cover and prevent the storm water flushing and flowing into the surface water bodies.

2) Vehicles with full-sealed carriages shall be chosen for sludge transportation.

138. Accidents risk. To minimize the risk of accidents, the project shall:

1) Set up a complete archive system, particularly recording the work conditions when accidents occur for the summarization of experiences and avoid the repetition of the same accidents.

2) Before the project is put into operation, an emergency treatment protocol shall be prepared to make sure every staff’s role and responsibility. Routine exercises shall be done to ensure the timely treatment when emergencies occur.

3) Set up a reliable operation monitoring system, including metering, sample collection, monitoring and alarm lamp facilities. When identifying abnormal conditions, it shall timely 61

tune up the operation parameters to control and avoid the accidents.

4) Strengthen the maintenance and management of facilities; improve the intact rate of equipment. The critical equipment shall be equipped with sufficient parts to cope with the emergencies in a timely manner.

139. Ecological impacts. Impacts to the ecological environment during operation are mainly caused by permanent land occupation. The project lands are respectively preserved lands of Huangjiahu WWTP and Sanjintan WWTP. The animal and plant species within the land use scope is simple; there are no key protected plants, or ancient trees, or rare protected animals. Greening is the measure for ecological protection in the Plant areas.

2. Water Circulation among Lakes/Channels

140. The water intake from the Han River may cause sediment deposition. A grit chamber with a length of 400m will be built near Qinduankou Channel for sediment removal. The Qinduankou Channel itself will also be used to settle the sediment.

141. The water intake and discharge will not have adverse impacts on the water use or/and ecological environment downstream of the Han River and the Yangtze River. The intake of the Qinduankou Water Supply Treatment Plant (WSTP) is located 1.5 km downstream of the Qinduankou Water Gate, where the Han water flows into the Project lakes and channels. Since the water intake volume only accounts for 0.43% of the average annual flow of Han River, the diversion of the Han River water into the Project lakes is not expected to impose significant impacts on water supply condition at the water intake of the WSTP. Furthermore, no significant impact on the ecological environment downstream the water intake of the WSTP is anticipated given the limited amount of water intake volume by the Project and WSTP (i.e. 062% of the average annual flow of the Han River).

142. As for the Yangtze River, there are two drinking water intake points near the Dongfeng Water Gate and the Donghu PS, where the Project lakes and channels water will be discharged

62 into the Yangtze River. Nonetheless, the EIA water modeling results indicate that the water discharge from the Project lakes and channels will not have an adverse impact on either of the two water intake points even in dry season. The water quality of the Han River, the Yangtze River, and the relevant lakes will be frequently monitored to ensure that any adverse impact will be avoided. By closely following the actions stipulated in the EMP, no water users are expected to be adversely affected by project water intake and discharge.

143. Due to the fact that the three lakes involved in the Project are shallow with thick sediment, and the water circulation may have potential to (i) disturb the bottom sediments, (ii) change the balance of N and P between the water and sediment, and (iii) enhance the eutrophicaton level of the lakes. Under such circumstances, appropriate mitigation measures will be undertaken to reduce/eliminate such potential adverse effects. For example, the water circulation rate may be reduced to an appropriate level as a mitigation measure.

144. The water intake and circulation works have also been studied for potential risk of oncomelania and schistosomiasis spread due to the enabling environment in lakes for oncomelania during water circulation. Nonetheless, studies carried out by the Hubei provincial institutions show that there is no oncomelania presence in the Wuhan section of the Han River for more than 30 years. In addition, the sedimentation process in the settling pond will provide sufficient protection as oncomelania carrying species will be settled to the bottom.

3. Lakes/Channels Rehabilitation

145. Various measures will be undertaken to ensure full benefits of lakes/channels rehabilitation. Wastewater discharge around the three lakes will be intercepted to WWTPs. A permanent management unit will be established to manage and maintain the improved lakes/channels whose responsibilities may include ecological dredging every 2 or 3 years, ecological restoration, etc. In addition, regular water quality monitoring of lakes/channels will be carried out.

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146. For aquatic system restoration and landscaping works, , only aboriginal biological species will be adopted in consideration that alien species may impose a risk of destroying the local biological balance.

147. The proper management and maintenance of the restored aquatic eco-system in lakes/channels is a key to Project efficiency and sustainability. In case of dead plants, the wrack will be cleaned up regularly to prevent it from entering the lake and settling at the bottom, causing secondary pollution due to its high organic content.

4. Pumping Station

148. Sixin PS will be designed with efficient acoustic mitigation measures, such as soundproof doors, double–glazed windows, and adequate wall thickness to mitigate the pump noise. In addition, no less than 20m of green area surrounding the PS will be set to further control the noise. The external appearance of the PS will be designed to harmonize well with the surrounding landscape.

149. The PS is estimated to generate 3,300t of screenings every year, which will be collected daily and transported to the sanitary landfill in a closed container.

E. Land Acquisition and Resettlement

150. Sanjintan STP will be constructed within the Sanjintan WWTP, and covers an area of 12,649 m2. The sludge workshop should set a 50-meter sanitation protection zone. Now the sludge workshop has been moved closer to the center of the sewer treatment plant by tens of meters, which means there is no houses in the protection zone any more so that no demolition will happen. The construction of the sludge treatment program can start as normal. There were still 5 households living in the red range of Sanjintan sewage treatment plant by Aug, 2015. These 5 households should have removed during the WWTP construction period in 2007. The resettlement agreements with 5 households were signed in 2009. After further coordination, with

64 supplementary compensation made to the APs, that problem has been solved. Those houses were demolished in the fall of 2015 and the 5 households have been relocated finally to building in Jiangjun New Village. Affected households were offered exchange housing based on the housing area entitlements. These areas had to be adjusted because the original houses were unlicensed. Please see the Due Diligence Report for Land Acquisition and Resettlement of Sludge Component for detailed information.

151. Huangjiahu STP is partly located in the existing Huangjiahu WWTP (Phase I) and partly in its expansion (Phase II) of the Huangjiahu WWTP, and covers an area of 2,900 m2. Huangjiahu WWTP (phase 1) completed the land acquisition in 2007 without leaving any resettlement issues. The Huangjiahu WWTP expansion (Phase II) is ongoing. An area of 31.25 mu was recently acquired for the expansion and the Land Acquisition Agreement was signed by Wuhan Urban Drainage Development Co., Ltd. and Hongshan District People’s Government in June 2014. The land compensation was paid fully by the end of 2015. Currently, there are no permanent residential houses on this land of 2900 m2. There are still temporary facilities built by the civil works contractor for the WWTP expansion. Once the construction of the Huangjiahu STP gets ready to start, those temporary facilities will be relocated immediately. Based on EIA results, this STP project shall set a 50-m sanitary protection zone for the sludge dehydration workshop. Currently, within the sanitary protection zone, there are 4 households in Shengli village with simple building areas of 810 m2. These houses are used for animal farming. The Land Acquisition Agreement of Huangjiahu Sewage Treatment Plant Extension Project (Phase II) has been signed between Wuhan Municipal Drainage Company and Hongshan District People’s Government. The demolition of these 4 households has been completed by March 2016. For the detailed information, please see the Due Diligence Report for Land Acquisition and Resettlement of Sludge Component.

152. Projects implemented by New Zone Company. According to the requirements of the MOU on September 12 to 23, 2013, the project contents are re-adjusted, the resettlement plan update was approved by ADB in 2013 with main conclusions as below:

1) The rural collective lands are not acquired after the project re-adjustment. 65

2) State-owned land transfer tariff is paid by the project owner to Wuhan New Zone Land Reserve and Reconciliation Center. There is a total of state-owned land of 600.08 Mu that needs to be transferred.

3) Resettlement of the Laoguan village locating in the Sixin pumping station is done by cash compensation and property exchange. The production and living level will not be lowered. There are 30 households with 15000 m2 to be resettled.

4) Longyang lake rehabilitation, Moshui lake rehabilitation and Nantaizi lake rehabilitation will occupy the lands temporarily. It was negotiated to confirm the compensation.

5) The project land acquisition and resettlement budget is CNY 943.14 million.

153. Yangchun Lake Component. According to the requirements of the MOU on June 17 to 19, 2013, the resettlement plan update for the Yangchun Lake Component was approved by ADB.

1) The project has a total of 1195.27 Mu collective land to be permanently occupied, including irrigable land and dry land of 119.15 Mu; water surface of 350 Mu and construction land of 726.12 Mu, of which includes the homestead of 69.65 Mu and other lands for public utilities such as highway and railway etc. The total resettled area is 42,009.36 m2, including 1 institution with construction area of 2,000 m2.

2) The project resettlement budget is CNY 659.82 million.

154. The total cost for resettlement is estimated at approximately CNY1.603 billion, including compensation for land acquisition, resettlement, specific facility, etc. Resettlement impacts have been identified in the resettlement plans (RPs) prepared in line with the PRC land law and ADB’s Policy on Involuntary Resettlement. The RPs provide a socioeconomic profile of affected people and the scope of impacts, and address issues on compensation entitlement, legal framework, public consultations, grievance procedures, rehabilitation measures, budget and implementation milestones. Resettlement requirements have been carefully considered and incorporated into the project design.

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155. All affected people will be compensated and resettled in a timely and adequate manner and in accordance with the RPs, so that they will be at least well-off as they would have been without the Project. To ensure that affected people have been adequately compensated and rehabilitated, WMG and IA will (i) keep ADB informed of the progress in implementing the RPs through quarterly progress reports until the resettlement is completed; and (ii) prepare the resettlement completion report. The PMO and IA has engaged an independent agency, the Economics and Management College of Tongji University for the semiannual monitoring and annual evaluation of land acquisition and resettlement until two years after land acquisition, resettlement implementation, and completion of resettlement.

VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

156. The total estimated project cost is approximately USD506.5 million equivalent, including the ADB loan of USD100 million (19.7% of the total investment) and the counterpart funding of USD406.5 million (80.3%).

157. The economic internal rate of return (EIRR) is calculated for each component and for the whole project, which takes into account the main quantifiable economic benefits of different components and includes all related project costs. In addition, the EMP costs are part of the project costs.

158. The weighted average EIRR for the whole project is estimated at approximately 20.48%, exceeding the economic opportunity cost of capital which is assumed to be no less than 12%. Table 12 shows the weighted average EIRR for each project component.

Table 12. Economic Internal Rate of Return of Each Project Component

No. Component EIRR (%)

1 Wuhan Sludge Treatment and Disposal 18.21

2 Wuhan New Zone Lake/Channel Rehabilitation and Pumping Station 67

2a Wuhan New Zone Lake/Channel Rehabilitation 21.54

2b Sixin Pumping Station 19.32

3 Yangchun Lake Secondary Urban Center Lake/Channel Rehabilitation 20.54

Source: PPTA Final Report, 2009.

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Environmental Management

159. The EMP covers all phases of the Project, including project preparation, design, construction, commissioning and operation, which aims to ensure that the Project will be implemented in an environmentally acceptable manner. The EMP, attached in Appendix 2, details the plans, institutional arrangements and procedures to undertake the mitigation measures and monitoring requirement during each phase of the Project. The EMP involves two plans, one for implementation of mitigation measures and the other for carrying out environmental monitoring, which describes who will do what, when and how. Moreover, responsible parties will be well identified to clear up any confusion or discrepancy in implementation or accountability.

160. The implementation of environmental mitigation measures and environmental monitoring has been estimated to cost approximately CNY10.94 million and CNY1.346 million, respectively. Additional CNY0.35 million will be provided for training in the field of environmental management and technology for the relevant staff, including the environmental officer of WPMO, the environmental management staff of the IA and implementing units (IUs), contractors and construction supervision companies, etc.

161. Costs for all mitigation measures during construction will be included in the bidding documents and civil works contract and will be borne by contractors. Costs related to mitigation measures during operation will be borne by the IA. The cost of the loan implementation environmental consultant (LIEC) and training will be borne by the Project as a whole.

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B. Environmental Monitoring

162. The program for environmental monitoring has been developed and organized for each component of the Project, which is similar to the mitigation measure plan. Monitoring requirements have been clearly defined, including the parameters to be monitored, the number and location of sampling, and the monitoring frequency and duration. Monitoring will be undertaken by the Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Centre (WEMC), under the supervision of the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB). The laboratory of WEMC is appropriately certified, assuring the accuracy of results and their legal standing. Moreover, monitoring costs will be borne by contractors during construction and by IAs during operation.

163. The environmental officer of PMO will collect the environmental monitoring data and reports from the IA, the WEMC, and construction supervision companies (CSCs) that are responsible for supervising the contractors’ implementation of mitigation measures. The data will be incorporated into project progress reports and will be submitted to the EA and ADB semiannually during construction and operation.

C. Institutional Enhancement

164. The PMO, contractors, CSCs, and the IA/IUs will each nominate full time environmental specialists, who are properly trained and qualified to undertake environmental management activities, to ensure the effective implementation of the EMP. Due to their limited environmental management capacities, a series of training sessions has been designed for the agencies mentioned above in order to strengthen their relevant capacity, which is described in detail in the EMP.

VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

A. Public Participation during the Project Preparation Period 165.

Three rounds of public consultation were undertaken during the preparation of EIA reports and the SEIA report. The first round of public consultation was implemented by the EIA Institute or 69

Wuhan Project Management Office (WPMO) via two forms of public disclosure. The first round of public disclosure was to post the project information on the website of the EIA Institute and WPMO12; and the second round was to post the simplified EIA report on the website of HEPB. Moreover, additional public disclosure was undertaken for the subcomponent of Wuhan New Zone Lake/Channel Rehabilitation by sending the letter to related local government departments and enterprises to solicit comments and suggestions regarding to the Project.

166. The detailed schedule of public disclosure for each component is shown in Table 13.

167. Table 13. Schedule of the Public Disclosure

First Round of Public Second Round of Public Third Round of Public Component Disclosure Disclosure Disclosure

WSTD July 3, 2009 August 6, 2009 -February 9, 2015

WNZLCR April 17, 2009 June 29, 2009 July 3, 2009

SPS April 17, 2009 November 2, 2009 -

YLSUCLCR April 17, 2009 June 28, 2009 -

SPS = Sixin Pumping Station, WSTD = Wuhan Sludge Treatment and Disposal, WNZLCR = Wuhan New Zone Lake/Channel Rehabilitation, YLSUCLCR = Yangchun Lake Secondary Urban Centre Lake/Channel Rehabilitation.

Source: EIAs and WPMO, 2009 and Sludge Component EIA, 2014.

168. The second round of public consultation was undertaken by the local EIA Institute and the PPTA Environmental Consultants during late June and mid August 2009 except for the subcomponent of Sixin Pumping Station13 . A questionnaire survey was distributed to the project-affected people and beneficiaries, covering different age groups, genders, educational

12 The project information for Sixin Pumping Station was posted on the website of WPMO.

13 The second round of public consultation for the subcomponent of Sixin Pumping Station was carried out in November 2009. All comments received were fully mitigated. This is done even with the prior knowledge that project affected people for this subcomponent will be resettled as part of other activity not related to the project.

70 backgrounds, and occupations. These project-affected people and beneficiaries include local residents, shop owners, peasants, workers, school children, as well as the water users downstream of Qinduankou Channel (where the water flows into the project lakes and channels) and Dongfeng Water Gate (where the project water flows into the Yangtze River). The investigation result was analyzed and presented in Table 14.

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Table 14. Analysis of Questionnaire Survey

Component WSTD WNZLCR SPS YLSUCLCR Result

Questionnaires Distributed (copies) 50 70 50 53

Questionnaires Received (copies) 50 70 50 53

Ratio of Male vs Female 0.56:1 1.59:1 1.5:1 1.65:1

People Who Support the Project (%) 56 80 20 74

People Who Accept the Project (%) 44 20 30 26

People Who Express Concerns about - Potential Negative Impacts of the - - - Project (%)

Source: EIA reports and WPMO

169. Based on the level of environmental impact, EIA forms are needed for the two STPs. During the third round of public consultation, Wuhan Municipal EPB publicized the approval for EIAs on its official website in February 2015 (http://www.whepb.gov.cn/zfWhs/107960.jhtml and http://www.whepb.gov.cn/zfWhs/107961.jhtml). Meanwhile, Wuhan Municipal Drainage Company publicized the project information at the project site to the ambient residents as the below Picture 1 and 2 indicated. During the public consultation period, no complaint or comment was received.

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Picture 1 Billboard in the project site of Huangjiahu STP

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Picture 2 Billboard in the project site of Sanjintan STP

170. Based on the three rounds of public consultation, major concerns of the public include air pollution, dust, noise, environment, health and safety during constructions, control and sanitation of sludge treatment site, etc., which have been fully considered in the final EIA report and EMP.

B. Future Plans for Public Participation

171. During public consultation, some participants also showed their concerns on the negative impact during project construction, such as noise and dust. It is very important to maintain a dialogue with the stakeholder throughout the construction phase through continued public consultations. Such dialogue will ensure that public concerns will be understood and dealt with in a timely manner. The EMP has developed future plans for public involvement.

C. Project Information Dissemination

172. The SEIA report is available for review at www.adb.org.

IX. PROJECT RISKS AND ASSURANCES

173. The potential risks of the Project include (i) sludge beneficial use is constrained by its poor quality; (ii) soil contamination and groundwater pollution due to improper temporary storage and disposal of the dredged sediment; (iii) inadequate pollution interception measures for the improved lakes and channels, and poor enforcement causes secondary water quality deterioration in targeted water bodies; and (iv) potential climate risks to urban infrastructure including extreme variations in temperature, precipitation and flood. The following are the list of project assurances to mitigate the above risks.

174. Inadequate sludge quality for its intended beneficial use is mitigated through the extensive studies done during project preparation that ensures the sustainability of the proposed sludge utilization options (see Ch IV.B). The sludge quality will be monitored regularly and

74 appropriate decisions will be made on its alternate disposal at landfills as of the EMP provisions. As of the agreed upon monitoring and mitigation plans during both construction and operation, WMG will conduct project sludge monitoring in accordance with the sampling locations, frequencies and parameters specified in the EMP.

175. Soil contamination and groundwater pollution due to improper temporary storage and disposal of about one million m3 of the dredged sediment will be prevented through the adequate selection and management of the storage and treatment sites. The appropriate treatment and storage sites are carefully selected, and the treatment process is identified. The project will have an assurance that the detailed planning and construction procedures for storage, dewatering and disposal of the dredged sediment will be developed by the design institutes and approved by the Municipal EPB before dredging works start; and that the relevant technical requirements will be included into the bidding documents and construction contracts for the dredging works.

176. To ensure the water quality in the project channels and lake and the Yangtze River, the project will have an assurance that the WMG will enact and implement a sound pollution control action plan for both point and non-point sources, to stop the direct wastewater discharge and refuse dumping in the Project area before the start-up of construction.

177. The Yangtze River is believed to be a very sensitive environmental and ecological issue. In order to fully mitigate potential impacts on the project's channels and lakes and the Yangtze River, the detailed studies on the ecological and environmental impacts were conducted within the EIA and FS work. This includes application of mathematic modeling to ensure sufficient water circulation to achieve the desired water quality for all project lakes and channels. The study result indicates that the project has no negative impact on the targeted water bodies. The project will have an assurance that by project completion WMG will appoint/reappoint an entity responsible for management, maintenance, bioremediation and ecological restoration of the improved lakes and channels after the Project implementation.

178. The other project environmental assurances are: WMG shall ensure, and shall cause the Implementing Agencies to ensure that (i) the Project Facilities be constructed, operated, maintained and monitored in strict conformity with all relevant laws and regulations of the Borrower, including all applicable national and local environmental protection laws, regulations 75 and standards for wastewater treatment, sediment and sludge disposal, and the environmental mitigation measures recommended in the EMP and the EIAs for the Project are implemented; (ii) the mitigation measures be incorporated into the design and bidding documents and construction contracts; (iii) justification be provided to ADB for any proposed changes to the mitigation measures required during design, construction, operations and maintenance and provided to ADB within 60 days if any changes to EIA have to be implemented for safety or emergency reasons; and (iv) environmental monitoring programs will be monitored and recorded under the guidance and supervision of the Wuhan Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the monitoring information will be submitted to ADB in Project progress reports.

179. For the sludge component, the project should take the additional flood risk induced by climate change impact into the project design and construction consideration. The adaption measure includes: i) the flood wall of Wuhan should be checked and maintained regularly. If it is necessary, design standard of flood wall should be improved; ii) the drainage system may need to be adjusted to a higher design standard. A conservative 6% increment of the sewage and drainage capacity is recommended, and a 10% increment for the critical components would be more appropriate, given the difficulty of repair and replacement of urban drainage system in the future; iii) stormwater management and rainwater reuse to avoid urban flooding; iv) design and install stormwater management facilities such as infiltrations, detention ponds, rain water recycle and reuse, etc. The sludge component will include the stormwater management facilities to collect, store, recycle and reuse the stormwater so as to minimize the ecological impact for the stormwater (ADB 2015b); v) LID (Low Impact Development). LID is proposed to be considered in the project design since one of the main reasons of waterlogging is the large-area impermeable ground.

X. CONCLUSIONS

180. The Project has a number of important special features as follows:

181. The sustainable sludge treatment and disposal component is a pioneering feature addressing comprehensive sludge management for the first time in ADB assistance to the PRC. The Project preparation has significantly influenced the design of the sludge treatment component towards environmentally friendly and sustainable solution, developing high potential

76 replication PRC-wide and contributing to the development to the nation-wide policy.

182. Technologically-advanced, operationally-safe, highly-efficient, energy-saving and economically proper process for the sludge treatment can guarantee the full use of the wastewater treatment system so as to reduce the urban pollutants emission, eliminate the secondary pollution and achieve the sludge reduction, stability, resource utilization, bring good impacts to the urban landscaping and ecological environment in the service catchment. In the construction and after operation of the project, it may generate some waste gas, water and noise pollutions. After adopting the proposed environmental protection measures and the supplementary measures in the EIA, improved operational management measures of STP, and implementation of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan and Major Pollutants Volume Control Plan, the project’s impacts to the ambient environment can be controlled to national standards in a satisfactory way and generate good social, economic and environmental benefits.

183. The project will reestablish urban water patterns, correcting the negative impact of unchecked urbanization, and provide solutions for integrated surface water management. The important feature of project water management will be an adequate EMP monitoring and mitigation system, adequate to maintain the desired surface water quality. In addition the project will support a water quality model that will assist in long term planning, water quality assurance and emergency response.

184. The other important feature of the Project is the optimization of all of the Wuhan's WWTPs. It will also improve the performance of the infrastructure financed by the previous two ADB projects. Optimized WWTPs will respond to a number of important energy, environmental and climate change concerns.

185. Wuhan City is significantly vulnerable to climate change. Project initiatives in both climate mitigation and adaptation will introduce valuable approaches and activities for developing climate resilience and low carbon economies.

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186. The Project will bring significant benefits to more than 3 million residents of Wuhan municipality by improving living conditions, public health, and the urban environment. Sustainable treatment and disposal of WWTP’s sludge and ecological rehabilitation of polluted urban lakes and channels will have a solid demonstration potential for replication in other PRC cities. The major environmental benefits of the Project include: (i) solving the challenge of huge amounts of sludge from existing WWTPs by sustainable sludge treatment and disposal of 52 dry t/d; (ii) influencing the city’s master plan for sludge treatment and disposal from centralizing to decentralizing, and from incinerating to using an environmentally friendly, pragmatic, sustainable and integrated approach; (iii) rehabilitating project lakes and channels by restoring natural water circulation, by improving surface water body quality, restoring the ecosystems, and enhancing the biological diversity in lakes and channels; (iv) strengthening the functions of artificial wetlands for water quality polishing, flood storage, wildlife habitats, and water conservation education; and (v) promoting landscaping and reforestation along lakes and channels, contributing to overall climate change responsiveness.

187. Potential adverse environmental impacts during both project construction and operation stages include odor from the dredged sediments and WWTPs’ sludge, as well as secondary pollution in water bodies due to polluted dredged sediments, airborne dust, odor, noise, traffic congestion, wastewater discharge from construction sites, soil erosion, land occupation, etc. Based on the conclusions of the EIAs, potential project impacts Project will be minimized to an acceptable level by implementing and adequately funding the agreed upon environmental monitoring and mitigation measures.

188. The results of public consultation indicated that most of the affected people have a positive attitude toward the Project and believe that the Project will benefit the local environment, living standards, public health, and economic development. Negative opinions on the Project focused on localized odor, soil contamination, and air pollution issues associated with the construction and operation of facilities/works in some individual subcomponent. Environmental mitigation measures included in the EMP have been developed to fully address and mitigate these concerns.

78 Appendix 1

REFERENCES

1. Documents and Reports

1. ADB. 2002. Environmental Policy. Manila.

2. ADB. 2003. Environmental Assessment Guidelines. Manila.

3. ADB. 2003. Operations Manual. Section 20: Environmental Considerations in ADB Operations. Manila.

4. Environmental impact assessment reports for each component, 2009

5. Feasibility study reports for each component, 2009

6. Eleventh Five-Year Plan of Wuhan City

7. 2009 Year Book of Wuhan City

8. Master Plan of Wuhan City (1996-2020)

9. Master Plan of Wuhan New Zone

10. Wuhan Aquatic Eco-system Protection and Rehabilitation Plan (September 2006)

11. Report on Rivers / Lakes Connection Pilot Project in , Wuhan (November 2005)

12. Urban Water Environmental and Biological Plan for Hanyang District, Wuhan (March 2004)

13. Wuhan WWTP Sludge Treatment and Disposal Plan

14. Wuhan Environmental Sanitation Plan (2006-2020)

15. Six Lakes Water System Network Plan of Wuhan New Zone

2. Laws and Regulations

1. Environmental Protection Law of PRC (26 December 1989)

2. Water Law of PRC (1 October 2002)

3. Culture Heritage Protection Law of PRC (28 October 2002) Appendix 1 79

4. Water Pollution Prevention Law of PRC (15 May 1996)

5. Air Pollution Prevention Law of PRC (1 September 2000)

6. Noise Pollution Control Law of PRC (1 March 1999)

7. Solid Waste Pollution Control Law of PRC (1 April 2005)

8. Land Management Law of PRC (1 January 1999)

9. Environmental Impact Assessment Law of PRC (1 September 2003)

10. Flood Control Law of PRC (1 January 1998)

11. Water and Soil Conservation Law of PRC (29 June 1991)

12. Solid Waste Pollution Prevention Law of PRC (30 October 1995)

13. Cleaner Production Promotion Law of PRC (29 June 2002)

14. River Management Regulation (10 June 1988)

15. Culture Heritage Protection Regulation of PRC (1 July 2003)

16. Environmental Protection Management Directories for Construction Projects (No. 9), issued by State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) (1 January 2003)

17. Environmental Protection Management Regulations for Construction Projects, issued by the State Council of the PRC (28 November 1998)

18. Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Pollution Control Technical Policy, jointly issued by Construction Ministry, SEPA, the Ministry of Science and Technology (29 May 2000)

19. National Dangerous Waste List (6 June 2008)

20. Notice to Circulate the Guideline of National Biological Protection (26 November 2000)

21. Notice to Strengthen the Environmental Impact Assessment and Management of Construction Projects Financed by Loan from International Financial Organizations, jointly issued by SEPA, the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the People’s Bank of China (21 June 1993)

22. Wuhan Lake Protection Regulations (18 January 2002)

23. Environmental Protection Management Regulation of Hubei Province (2 December 1994)

80 Appendix 1

24. Air Pollution Prevention Regulation of Hubei Province (Revised in 30 July 2004)

25. Wuhan Dangerous Waste Prevention Control Approach (10 May 2003)

3. Guidelines and Standards

1 Surface Water Quality Standard of PRC (GB3838-2002)

2. Ambient Air Quality Standard of PRC (GB3095-1996)

3. Groundwater Quality Standard of PRC (GB/T14848-93)

4. Urban Environmental Noise Standard (GB3096-93)

5. Soil Quality Standard of PRC (GB15618-1995)

6. Emission Standard for Odor Pollutants of the PRC (GB14554-93)

7. Environmental Impact Assessment Technical Guideline (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93, HJ/T2.4-1995, HJ/T19-1997), issued by SEPA

8. Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996)

9. Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996)

10. Municipal Sewer Discharge Standard (CJ3082-1999)

11. Noise Limit of Construction Site Boundary (GB12523-90)

12. Environmental Risk Assessment Technical Guideline for Construction Project (HJ/T169-2004)

13. The Control Standards of Pollutants in Sludge for Agricultural Use of the PRC (GB4284-84)

14. City and Town WWTP Pollutants Standard (GB18918-2002)

15. City and Town WWTP Sludge Quality (CJ247-2007)

16. City and Town WWTP Sludge disposal Classification (CJ/T239-2007)

17. City and Town WWTP Sludge Disposal Quality for Combined Landfill (CJ/T249-2007)

18. City and Town WWTP Sludge Disposal Quality for Gardening and Greening (CJ/T248-2007)

19. City and Town WWTP Sludge Disposal Quality for Soil Conditioner Appendix 1 81

(CJ/T291-2008)

20. Urban Wastewater Treatment and Pollution Control Technology Policy (May 2000)

21. City and Town WWTP Sludge Treatment & Disposal and Pollution Control Technology Policy (pilot edition, 18 February 2009)

82 Appendix 2

SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

WUHAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PRJECT

IN THE

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

APPENDIX 2

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Appendix 2 83

Updated in December 2015

84 Appendix 2

CONTENTS

A. Introduction 1

B. Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures 1

C. Environmental Monitoring 36

D. Public Consultation 46

1. Public Consultation during Project Preparation 46

2. Future Public Consultation Plan 46

E. Responsibilities and Authorities for Implementation 48

1. Responsibilities and Authorities for Implementation 48

2. Institutional Strengthening and Training 50

F. Reporting and Supervision 53

G. Work Plan 56

H. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates 56

I. Mechanisms for Feedback and Adjustment 56

Appendix 2 1

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Introduction

1. The environmental management plan (EMP) was prepared by the environmental consultants of project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA) in conjunction with the local environmental impact assessment (EIA) institute on the basis of the EIA reports and other project documents. It is an essential legal document to ensure the implementation of mitigation measures so that the environment within the project area will be well protected. The EMP covers all phases of the project, including project preparation, design, construction, commissioning and operation.

2. Appropriate environmental monitoring programs will be developed and carried out, and the monitoring data will be used to evaluate (i) the extent and severity of real environmental impacts against the predicted impacts; (ii) the performance of the environmental protection measures and/or compliance with the relevant laws and regulations; (iii) developing tendency of the impacts; and (iv) the overall effectiveness of EMP for the Project.

3. Environmental protection measures will (i) mitigate the negative environmental impacts; (ii) achieve the compliance with the national and local environmental protection requirements; (iii) provide necessary compensation for the loss of environmental resources; and (iv) use natural resources effectively.

B. Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4. The potential environmental impacts of the Project during the design, construction and operation phases, indentified in the each individual EIA report, as well as corresponding mitigation measures designed to minimize the impacts are summarized in Table A2.1. The mitigation measures will be incorporated into bidding documents (where appropriate), construction contracts and operational management plans, which will be implemented by contractors and implementing agency (IA) under the supervision of Wuhan project management office (WPMO), Hubei Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau (HEPB) and Wuhan Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau (WEPB). The effectiveness of these measures will be evaluated on the basis of environmental monitoring results and

2 Appendix 2

environmental site inspections to determine whether they should be continued or improved/adjusted. The improved measures need to be confirmed through stipulated environmental management procedures.

5. Resettlement plans were developed to ensure the proper resettlement of the affected persons and avoid deterioration in their living standard due to the Project. The required actions are described in details in the resettlement plans for the individual component. Appendix 2 3

Table A2.1. Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

A. Design Phase

Surface Impact of the XI. The pollution control plan Water wastewater has been prepared to discharge to mitigate the pollution from the Yangtze point and non-point source River due to near the lakes and channels Water the project of related to the Project. DI Investment 2 2 water company circulation among six lakes

Air Odor from the XII. The width of sanitary

disposal site of protection zone will be Jianxing DI 3 3 dredged carefully considered during company sediment the site selection for the dredged sediment disposal,

4 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

so that the odor will not have the adverse impact on nearby residents.

Odor from Set up the gas collection sludge heat equipment above feeder, flash drying tank, frame press filter machine and evaporator, using negative

pressure of the fan to collect the gas and then transfer to DI WUDDC 1 1 bio-deodorant tower which oxidizes the odors including sulfide and ammonia by aerobic microorganisms for treatment before emission

Groundwate Leachate from XIII. Design seepage prevention r sludge drying measures for the sludge DI WUDDC in WWTPs drying unit, sludge stirring Appendix 2 5

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

unit and sludge air drying unit; collect the leachate produced from the sludge drying.

Leachate from XIV. Review the locations temporary selected for treatment site; treatment site XV. Design the adequate anti for dredge seepage measures based sediment on the geological situation.

Ecology Wide spread of XVI. Build grit chamber at oncomelania Qinduankou Channel Water and DI Investment 1 1 schistosomiasi company s

6 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

Climate Flood caused XVII. The flood wall of Wuhan by heavy should be checked and rainfall maintained regularly. If it is necessary, design standard of flood wall should be improved. The drainage system may need to be adjusted to a higher design standard. Design stormwater management facilities. Low Impact Development is proposed to be considered in the project design.

B. Construction Phase

Surface Domestic XVIII. Domestic Water wastewater wastewater will be Contractor HEST 20 5 10 35 from collected and Appendix 2 7

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

construction treated by using site small-scaled compact wastewater treatment facility, and then discharged after it meets Class of the national discharge standard;

XIX. The washroom will be removable, and the night soil will be treated as the solid waste;

XX. The canteen will adopt the oil-water

8 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

separator and undertake the regularly cleaning; moreover, the sealed waste bucket will be set.

Wastewater XXI. The from sedimentation construction tank will be set for machinery the foreground of stirring machine

and the site of Contractor HEST 9 10 2 5 26 vehicle washing, the wastewater will not be discharged to municipal sewer system directly, Appendix 2 9

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

which will be recycling use or sprayed to mitigate the dust after sedimentation;

XXII. The waste unrestrained on the construction site will be cleaned timely, and the materials will be piled up with the practice of stormwater proof and eluviation proof to prevent it from entering the river

10 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

course and polluting the water.

XXIII. oil separation and grit chamber is temporarily set up on the construction site so as to have oil separation and sedimentation of muds, sands and slurry in the storm water before reusing it

XXIV. Wastewater will be collected by the pipeline network of the Appendix 2 11

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

WWTP and then treated

Wastewater XXV. Set up from dredger oil-water separator on

dredgers to avoid discharging the Contractor HEST 5 1 6 pollutants into the lakes.

Muddy runoff XXVI. Build the from the specific water construction recycling and Contractor HEST 2 2 4 site discharge channels to achieve the separate and

12 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

smooth discharge without the stormwater overflow in rainy days;

XXVII. During the construction of artificial wetland and channel landscaping works, the interception ditch will be set between the construction site and water body, and the runoff will be intercepted and settled to Appendix 2 13

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

meet the relevant standard for recycling use to mitigate the dust, without discharge.

Wastewater XXVIII. Undertake discharged to the wastewater the Yangtze interception (not River after the included in this internal project) before the circulation in 6 beginning of each Contractor HEST 20 20 lakes individual component to prevent the local untreated wastewater from being directly discharged into

14 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

the lakes and channels;

XXIX. Develop pollution control measures for non-point source, such as cleanup of solid waste etc.

Air Dust on the XXX. Set up the construction hoarding around site the demolition site which is no lower Contractor HEST 15 30 5 12 62 than 2.5m and no joint seams; meanwhile, during the demolition activities, water Appendix 2 15

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

spraying will be undertaken regularly to mitigate the dust, and the waste residues will be cleaned up within 3 days after the construction completion;

XXXI. Set up efficient dust sheets outside scaffold;

XXXII. Spray water on the operation surface and temporary earth deposits and keep

16 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

a certain moisture to mitigate the dust;

XXXIII. The transportation of earthwork and waste residues will utilize sealed vehicles; meanwhile, there will have vehicle washing facilities at the entrance of construction site to avoid the soil and sand being carried away from the site;

XXXIV. The Appendix 2 17

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

transportation route will avoid the urban area, so that the residents will not be influenced;

XXXV. Cement and other granular materials that subject to dispersion will be stored in a hermetically way;

XXXVI. Backfilling and transportation of earthwork and other construction activities leading to the dust

18 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

pollution will not be carried out under the condition of strong wind.

Exhaust XXXVII. Carry out the pollution from regular check and construction maintenance on vehicles or facilities and machines vehicles, and ensure they are in Contractor HEST 20 2 9 31 a good working condition to mitigate the exhaust emission and meet the relevant national emission Appendix 2 19

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

standard;

XXXVIII. Replace those vehicles which consume too much oil with low efficiency and non-compliance of emission standard;

XXXIX. Use low sulfur fuel oil for facilities and vehicles.

Groundwate Oil leaked from XL. Adopt the r construction anti-seepage Contractor HEST 2 2 4 site design for the warehouse and

20 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

undertake the specific measures for the storage and usage to avoid the oil leakage and groundwater pollution.

Noise Noise from XLI. Optimize the construction construction plan site and arrange the construction schedule properly Contractor HEST 5 10 5 5 25 to minimize the impact of noise;

XLII. Design the scientific Appendix 2 21

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

construction plan to avoid utilization of high-noise facilities at the same time;

XLIII. Turn off facilities which are not used;

XLIV. Do not set up the concrete mixer on the construction site and use commercial concrete;

XLV. High-noise facilities can be only used during

22 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

7:00-12:00/14:00- 22:00; in case of continuous construction, it must be approved by Wuhan Environmental Protection Bureau;

XLVI. Any high-noise facilities, such as air compressor, will be set up at the place which is far away from the sensitive receivers (e.g. residential area), Appendix 2 23

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

and need the regular maintenance ;

XLVII. Vehicles will reduce the speed when entering the construction site, and use low-noise horns.

Odor Dredging of XLVIII. Dredging will lakes and be undertaken in channels, winter to minimize sludge the impact of odor Contractor HEST 10 6 16 treatment and to the nearby disposal residents

XLIX. The dredged sediment will be

24 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

transported by the sealed vehicles to avoid the scattered sediment and its odor;

L. Undertake the dredging by sections; and the dredged sediment will be transported to the landscaping site or landfill site timely.

Solid Waste Construction . Set up sealed and domestic waste collection Contractor HEST 9 10 2 7 28 wastes house at Appendix 2 25

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

generated on construction site; construction and the site construction wastes and domestic wastes will be collected separately;

LII. The environmental sanitation department will be committed to clean the solid waste every day;

LIII. Wastes will be transported by sealed container and specific route;

26 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

LIV. The sands, materials, steels and packaging material left during construction will be collected and cleaned by the person specifically appointed;

LV. Once the toxic solid waste is found at construction site, the construction activities should be suspended; the local EPB will be contacted first, Appendix 2 27

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

and the construction can be continued after the relevant measures are undertaken by the EPB.

Dredged LVI. The adequate anti Sediment seepage measures will be adopted;

LVII. The major Contractor HEST 250 20 270 facilities used to treat the dredged sediment include filtration tank, storage unit and

28 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

sedimentation tank;

LVIII. The treatment processes involve the sludge dewatering and storage and effluent treatment;

LIX. The effluent will be settled in the sedimentation tank no less than 3 days;

LX. The treatment site will be cleaned and restored to original state in a Appendix 2 29

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

timely manner after the construction is completed, and will be inspected and accepted by the local EPB;

LXI. The treated sediment from lakes will be utilized for lake landscaping and wetland construction nearby; in case of the quality exceeding the standard (see para. 36 of the

30 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

SEIA main text), the sediment will be transported in sealed containers to the landfill sites.

LXII. The transportation route is selected to avoid major residential and commercial areas and the transportation will not be done on peak hours and nighttime.

LXIII. Additional earth will be handed over to Residue Soil Appendix 2 31

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

Management Office for treatment

Social Traffic LXIV. The Congestion transportation of construction material and spoils will avoid the peak hours;

LXV. The police Contractor HEST 1 1 will take proper measures to ease traffic congestion during peak hours;

LXVI. Overloading is forbidden to

32 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

avoid scattered materials, which may destroy the roads;

LXVII. Set up the temporary road and warning signals.

Cultural LXVIII. If the cultural heritage relics were found during construction, it is Contractor HEST important to contact the local cultural relics department and protect the site; Appendix 2 33

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

the construction can be continue after the relevant measures are undertaken by the cultural relics department finishing arrangement.

Ecology Vegetation LXIX. Replant trees after the construction completion to ensure that there Contractor HEST 100 10 40 150 is no loss of green area.

34 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

Soil Erosion LXX. The earthwork will be piled up properly, meanwhile, cover tarpaulin on materials or soils when there is heavy rain or wind;

Contractor HEST 60 5 25 90 LXXI. Set up drainage ditches around construction site to drain off the ponded-water;

LXXII. Adopt the anti-corrosion treatment for lake sediment piled up, Appendix 2 35

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

such as cover waterproof tarpaulin or soil, and tree planting (e.g. reed, grass lawn), etc.

C. Operation Phase

Surface domestic LXXIII. The production Water wastewater wastewater will be and collected and routed to wastewater the WWTP inflow for produced from treatment; WUDDC HEST 2 2 sludge drying LXXIV. Domestic process wastewater will be piped to the regulation tank for re-treatment after being treated by

36 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

the existing septic tank in WWTP

Wastewater LXXV. Strengthen the discharged to management on point the Yangtze and non-point source River after the pollution around internal lake/channel areas, and Hanyang circulation in strictly forbid dumping Water six lakes wastes along the bank. WMG/ HPEPB 5 5 Bureau/ LXXVI. Continue to WEPB improve and update the WQM to better perform its functions.

Deterioration LXXVII. The volume of WWRB YRC of lake water water intake will be Appendix 2 37

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

quality adjusted according to the project monitoring data and data collected by the local EPB.

Water pollution LXXVIII. Set up isolating caused by belt between ecological artificial wetland and lakes, and wetland monitor/control the effluent of wetland treatment before Wuchang discharging into the Water HEST 5 5 10 lake; in case of the Bureau treatment with poor performance, necessary adjustment will be undertaken timely;

38 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

LXXIX. Clean up the debris of dead aquatic plants in a timely manner to avoid their re-deposition in the lake.

Odor Odor from LXXX. Treat odor sludge pollutants by acid/alkali transportation washing + bio-filter and drying process; process LXXXI. Build shelter belt at WUDDC HEST 130 130 the plant boundary; plant trees, shrubs and other plants with better deodorant effect along the roads of WWTP to reduce the impact of Appendix 2 39

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

odor pollutants to surroundings;

LXXXII. Conduct regular odor monitoring, and take measures (e.g. spraying deodorant) once abnormal phenomena occurred;

LXXXIII. Adopt sealed vehicles to transport the sludge; the transportation route will avoid the residential areas and sensitive receivers; and the transportation will not be done on rush hours and nighttime.

40 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

LXXXIV. Set up the deodorant tower to maintain continuous operation. The odors shall be pre-washed to be transferred into water for the further biological treatment. Temperature and moisture within the filter tank shall be strictly controlled.

LXXXV. Concentration tank and modification tank shall be covered. After treatment of biological deodorant tower, a 15m-tall emission stack will be used for Appendix 2 41

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

emission.

LXXXVI. Smoke gas of boilers is emitted through a 15m-tall emission stack.

Noise Noise caused LXXXVII. Respectively adopt by sludge the sound barrier, drying process sound insulation room, installation of noise elimination device, WUDDC HEST 120 120 sound insulation windows and hanging sound absorption materials to control. 1)

42 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

In the sludge drying chamber, heat insulation layer of the centrifugal glass wool can be used for noise elimination; 2) fans noise control mainly counts on the noise eliminator, sound insulation and damping technology; 3) noise from pumps is mainly eliminated by sound insulation technology.

LXXXVIII.

Noise from LXXXIX. Set up noise Hanyang HEST 40 40 storm water elimination and sound Water Appendix 2 43

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

pump and bar absorption facilities for Bureau screen the major noise machine sources; install separate base and rubber gasket for machines;

XC. Set up three-layer greenbelt (arbor – shrub - arbor) more than 20m around the plant boundary;

XCI. Adopt the design of closed window in ensuring the enough ventilation and heat dissipation of pumping house, and install muffler at ventilation

44 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

opening if necessary.

Ground Leachate from XCII. Collect and pipe water sludge drying the leachate produced process during the sludge drying process to the

regulation tank for WUDDC HEST 3 3 re-treatment via the internal pipeline of WWTP.

Dried sludge Hubei Dadi Feng’ge from sludge Agricultural Technology Co. treatment plant LTD is commissioned by WUDDC HEST Huangjiahu STP to transfer the dried sludge of Huangjiahu STP to the protective forest belts at the Appendix 2 45

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

Exterior Ring for forest land soil improvement and to the abandoned mine in Jiangxia district for mountain soil improvement. The final disposal is Changshankou Landfill Site in case the sludge quality does not meet the landscaping standards.

Beijing Hengtong Xinda Environmental Technology Company is commissioned to treat the dried sludge of Sanjintan STP by composting.

Solid Waste Domestic XCIII. Sorted and

waste collected by special WUDDC HEST 0.5 0.5 1 containers, and then delivered to the

46 Appendix 2

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

environmental sanitation department for centralized treatment.

Screenings XCIV. Collected and from pumping transported to landfill Hangyang station sites for disposal. Water HEST 2 2 Bureau

Ecology Fishes in the XCV. The mesh for Yangtze River protecting the fishes will and the Han be set up where water Hangyang River flows into / out the Water HEST project lakes and Bureau channels.

XCVI. Appendix 2 47

Budget (CNY10,000) Subtotal Potential YLSU Subject Mitigation Measures IA SA (CNY10,000 Impact WST WNZLC SP ) D R S CLC R

Pollution from XCVII. Appoint the staff to artificial maintain and manage wetland the ecological

rehabilitation project; Wuchang meanwhile, for dead Water HEST 2 2 4 plants, clean up the Bureau debris and replant them in a timely manner.

Spread of XCVIII. Regular monitoring Oncomelania and elimination of the and oncomelania by Wuhan Wuchang schistosomiasi Blood Anti-epidemic Water HEST 2 2 s Department Bureau

Total 1,094

DI = design institute, EPB = environmental protection bureau, HEST = Hubei Provincial Environmental Supervision Team, HPEPB = Hubei Provincial

48 Appendix 2

Environmental Protection Bureau, IA = implementing agency, SA = supervision agency, SPS = Sixin Pumping Station, WEPB = Wuhan Environmental Protection Bureau, WMG = Wuhan Municipal Government, WNZLR = Wuhan New Zone Lake/Channel Rehabilitation, WSTD = Wuhan Sludge Treatment and Dispoal, WUDD = Wuhan Urban Drainage Development Co. Ltd., WWRB = Wuhan Water Resource Bureau, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant, YLSUCLCR = Yangchun Lake Secondary Urban Center Lake/Channel Rehabilitation, YRC = Yangtze River Commission.

Notes: (i) The budget for mitigation measures during design period will be included in the detailed design contract;

(ii) The budget for mitigation measures during construction will be included in the bidding document and construction contract; and

(iii) The budget for mitigation measures during operation will be included in the operation budget of implementing agency / units.

Source: EIA report for each individual component and relevant PRC environmental management plans.

Appendix 2 49

C. Environmental Monitoring

6. The project monitoring program will focus on the environment within the project area. A detailed environmental monitoring program is shown in Table A2.2, which covers the scope of monitoring, monitoring parameters, time and frequency, implementing and supervising agencies, and estimated cost. The monitoring will comply with the methodology provided in the relevant national environmental monitoring standards. Other associated standards followed are the national environmental quality standards and the pollutant discharge & emission standards. For ensuring the accuracy of monitoring data, the QA/QC procedure will be conducted during the monitoring activities in accordance with the following documents:

A. Regulations of QA/AC Management for Environmental Monitoring issued by SEPA; B. QA/QC Manual for Environmental Water Monitoring (Second edition), published by the State Environmental Monitoring Centre; and C. QA/QC Manual for Environmental Air Monitoring published by the State Environmental Monitoring Centre.

7. Internal Monitoring and Inspection. During the construction phase, the IA with the supervision from WPMO will recruit construction supervision companies (CSC) to undertake the internal environmental monitoring and inspections, so that the environmental mitigation measures are being properly implemented. The regular inspections and audits will mainly cover the construction activities as well as reviewing of the affected environment, which will be well documented and filed. The IA and contractors will be informed of the outcomes. During the operation phase, the IA and operation & maintenance (O&M) companies will be responsible for the internal monitoring, and the findings will be reported to WPMO, WEPB and HEPB. In addition, the internal monitoring and inspection programs will be carried out more frequently than the compliance monitoring programs.

8. Compliance Monitoring and Inspection. Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Centre (WEMC) under the WEPB will be responsible for the regular and random compliance monitoring and inspection before, during and after the construction, as well as the event of emergencies. In case the abnormalities are found, WEPB will impose a fine and issue a notice of rectification with a specific deadline. Moreover, if complaints are received from the public, WEPB’s staff will immediately carry out the additional inspections.

50 Appendix 2

9. Environmental Acceptance Monitoring and Audit. Within three months after the construction completion or no later than one year with the permission form the local environmental authority, the environmental acceptance monitoring and audit reports on the completion of the subcomponents will be (i) prepared by a qualified environmental institute in line with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) regulation on project completion environmental audit (Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), formerly State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), 2001); (ii) reviewed and approved by the environmental authority that have approved the EIA reports; and (iii) finally submitted to Asian Development Bank (ADB).

10. The environmental monitoring, including the environmental benefit monitoring, will be incorporated into the project performance management system (PPMS) indicators for the Project. The WPMO, with the assistance of the IA, will be responsible for analyzing and consolidating the data via their management information system (MIS). The PPMS will be designed to allow the adequate flexibility to adopt remedial actions regarding the project design, schedules, activities and development impact. At the beginning of the Project, the WPMO, IA and consultants will develop comprehensive PPMS procedures for systematically generating the data on inputs and outputs of the project components, and agree on the environmental and related socioeconomic indicators to be used to measure the project impacts. The WPMO and IA will refine the PPMS framework, confirm the achievable goals, firm up the monitoring and recording arrangements, and establish the systems and procedures no later than 6 months after the loan takes effect.

11. The environmental costs are also shown in Table A2.2, which will be included in the project contracts during the constructions and the IA’s annual operation budgets during project operations. During the project implementation, the costs may be adjusted based on the actual requirements. Appendix 2 51

Tablet A2.2 Environmental Monitoring Program

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

Sludge Treatment and Disposal – Construction Phase

Surface CODCr, BOD, SS, Wastewater discharge point on three times once a quarter WUDD HEST 3.6 Water pH the construction site (10:00 -15:00) per day, for 3 consecutive days

Air TSP At stock grounds, dusty roads three times once in a WUDD HEST 8 (10:00 -15:00) quarter per day, for three consecutive days

Noise Leq Sensitive receivers 150m away twice per day, twice a year WUDD HEST 1 from the construction site and for two buildings within 50m away from consecutive

52 Appendix 2

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

the piling site days

Sludge Treatment and Disposal – Operation Phase

Air NH3, H2S, SO2, NO2, Sampling port of exhaust four times per Quarterly WUDD HEST 10 dust funnel day, for five consecutive days

Noise Leq 2-5m away from the plant once in twice a year WUDD HEST 1.5 boundary daytime and once at night, for three consecutive days

Sludge pH, water content, TN, In the sludge treatment — pH, fecal WUDD HEST 40 TP, K, organic content, unit, one sample for each coli ,water Cd, Hg, Cr, As, Ni, Zn, plant, three sampling content - daily, Appendix 2 53

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

Cu, B, mineral oil, points in total Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo(a)pyrene, PCDDs/PCDFs, PCDDs/PCDFs, AOX, AOX, PCBs – PCBs, fecal coli., death twice a year, rate of parasitic others – twice a helminth eggs week

New Zone Lakes / Channels Rehabilitation – Construction Phase

Surface pH, DO, SS, oil, One sampling point at — quarterly (more Water HEST 3

Water fecal coli., CODMn, 100m downstream from frequent Investment

TN, TP, NH3-N Dongfeng Water Gate monitoring in (Yangtze River) case of emergency events)

Air TSP One sampling point each eighteen three times in Water HEST 2 at northern section of continuous total, once each Investment and Tangshan Channel and hours per day, at initial, peak New Zone southern section of Zong for five and late stage company

54 Appendix 2

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

Channel consecutive of construction days

Noise Leq National Highway No.318 twenty four three times in Water HEST 1 continuous total, once each Investment and hours per day, at initial, peak New Zone for two and late stage company consecutive of construction days

Sediments pH, TN, TP, Cd, As, One sampling point each - Once for each Water HEST 7.5 Pb, Cu, Cr, Hg, Zn, Ni, at Longyang Lake, Moshui batch before its Investment and Lake, Nantaizi Lake, Zong disposal New Zone Channel, Liantong company Channel and Huoyan Channel

Appendix 2 55

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

New Zone Lakes / Channels Rehabilitation – Operation Phase

Surface Water temperature, One sampling point each — monthly Hanyang district HEST 6

Water(I) pH, DO, CODMn, BOD5, at Qinduankou Water Water Bureau

NH3-N, TP, Cu, Zn, Gate (50m upstream of fluoride, Se, As, Cd, Han river) and 100m Hg, Cr(6+), Pb, downstream from cyanide, volatile Dongfeng Water Gate phenol, oil, anionic (Yangtze River) surfactant, sulfide, fecal coli.

Surface Water temperature, Three sampling points — monthly (more Hanyang district HEST 10

Water(II) pH, CODMn, BOD5, DO, each at Longyang Lake, frequent Water Bureau

NH3-N, TN, TP, SS Moshui Lake and Nantaizi monitoring in Lake; one sampling point case of each at Zong Channel, emergency Liantong Channel and events) Huoyan Channel (twelve

sampling points in total)

56 Appendix 2

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

Soil pH Four sampling points at - Monthly Hanyang district HEST 0.5 Tang Mountain Water Bureau

Pathogen Oncomelania Grit chamber near - Monthly WBAD HPBAD Qinduankou Water Gate

Sixin Pumping Station – Construction Phase

Surface CODCr, NH3-N,, SS, pH Wastewater discharge three times quarterly (more New Zone HEST 2 Water point on the construction (10:00 -15:00) frequent company site per day, for monitoring in three case of consecutive emergency days events)

Appendix 2 57

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

Air TSP At stock grounds, dusty three times quarterly New Zone HEST 5 roads (10:00 -15:00) company per day, for three consecutive days

Noise Leq Sensitive receivers 150m twice per day, twice a year New Zone HEST 1 away from the for two company construction site and consecutive buildings within 50m away days from the piling site

Sixin Pumping Station – Operation Phase

Surface CODCr, , SS, pH, TN, Wastewater discharge one day monthly (more Hanyang district HEST 2

Water TP, NH3-N point frequent Water Bureau monitoring in case of

58 Appendix 2

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

emergency events)

Noise Leq Near the plant boundary twice per day, once a year Hanyang district HEST 2 for two Water Bureau consecutive days

Yangchun Lake Secondary Urban Centre Lake / Channel Rehabilitation – Construction Phase

Surface CODCr, NH3-N, SS, Three sampling points at one day quarterly (more Jianxing HEST 0.5 Water pH Yangchun Lake frequent company monitoring in case of emergency events)

Appendix 2 59

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

Air TSP Random selection within eighteen three times in Jianxing HEST 1 the construction area continuous total, once each company hours per day, at initial, peak for seven and late stage consecutive of construction days

Noise Leq One sampling point each twenty four three times in Jianxing HEST 0.5 at Youyi Avenue and continuous total, once each company Wuqing Road hours per day, at initial, peak for two and late stage consecutive of construction days

Sediments pH, TP, TN, Zn, Cu, Two sampling points at one day Once for each Jianxing HEST 3 Pb, Hg, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Yangchun Lak batch before its company disposal

60 Appendix 2

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

Yangchun Lake Secondary Urban Centre Lake / Channel Rehabilitation – Operation Phase

Surface Water temperature, Five sampling points at one day monthly (more Wuchang HEST 5

Water pH, DO, CODMn, Yangchun Lake and two frequent District Water

NH3-N, TP, Cu, Zn, sampling points at Heping monitoring in Bureau fluoride, Se, As, Cd, Channel, seven sampling case of Hg, Cr(6+), Pb, points in total emergency cyanide, volatile events) phenol, petroleum,

anionic surfactant, sulfide, fecal coli.

Air TSP, PM10, NO2, SO2 eighteen Once a year Wuchang HEST 1 continuous District Water hours per day, Bureau for seven consecutive days

Noise Leq One sampling point each twenty four Once a year Wuchang HEST 0.5 Appendix 2 61

SA Estimated Subject Parameter Location Time Frequency IA Cost (CNY10,000)

at Youyi Avenue and continuous District Water Wuqing Road hours per day, Bureau for two consecutive days

Aquatic Chl-a, zoo-plankton, - Once a year Wuchang HEST 5 Organisms zoobenthos District Water Bureau

Total 134.6

AOX = absorbable organic halogens, As = Arsenic, Chl-a=chlorophyll-a, B=Boron, COD = chemical oxygen demand, Cd = cadmium, CODMn = permanganate index, Cr = chromium, Cu=copper, DO = dissolved oxygen, fecal coli.=fecal coliform, H2S = hydrogen sulfide, HEST = Hubei Provincial Environmental Supervision

Team, Hg = mercury, HPBAD = Hubei Provincial Blood Anti-epidemic Department, K = potassium, IA = implementing agency, m = meter, NH3 = ammonia, NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen, Ni = nickel, NO2 = nitrogen dioxide, PAH = poly-aromatic hydrocarbon, Pb = lead, PCBs = polychlorinated biphenyls, PCDDs = polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, PCDFs = polychlorinated dibenzofurans, pH = factor of acidity, PM10 = particulate matter, SA = supervision agency, Se = Selenium, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, SS = suspended solids, TBT = Tributyl Tin, TN = total nitrogen, TP = total phosphorus, TSP = total suspended particle, WBAD = Wuhan Blood

Anti-epidemic Department, WUDD = Wuhan Urban Drainage Development Co. Ltd, Zn = .

62 Appendix 2

Notes: (i) Detailed internal monitoring program during construction and operation will be developed at the beginning of project implantation by the PMO, IA/IU and EMC; and (ii) In addition to the regular compliance monitoring, other unannounced monitoring will be carried out to determine the compliance.

Sources: EIA report for each individual component and WPMO. Appendix 2 63

D. Public Consultation

1. Public Consultation during Project Preparation

12. Various public consultations were conducted during the preparation of the feasibility study (FS) and EIA reports. As the preparation of FS reports, the respective municipal departments were consulted to assist in the selection of project site and process. During the preparation of EIA reports and the PPTA, the public consultations with different groups of stakeholders were carried out in accordance with MEP’s (formerly SEPA) Interim Provisions of Public Consultations for Environmental Impact Assessment (2006) and ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). For details, refer to the main part of this summary environmental impact assessment (SEIA).

2. Future Public Consultation Plan

13. Future plans for the public involvement for the design, construction and operation phases were developed during the project preparation, which is shown in Table A2.3. These plans include the public consultation in (i) monitoring the impacts and mitigation measures during the construction and operation; (ii) evaluating the environmental and economic benefits and social impact; and (iii) interviewing the public after the project completion, which will be undertaken via site visits, workshops, investigation of the specific issues, interviews and public hearing.

14. The public consultation plans are part of the project implementation and management plan. The IA will be responsible for organizing the public involvement during the project implementation. The contractors will be required to communicate and consult with the communities near project construction sites. An eye-catching public notice board will be set at each construction site to notify the public of the major construction information, also including its duration and contact name and telephone number to enable the public to express their concerns and complaints on the construction activities. Costs for the public participation activities during the project implementation are included in the Project’s funding, which are estimated at (i) CNY18,000 for each expert workshop; (ii) CNY6000 for each public investigation on a particular issue; (iii) CNY5,000 for each public workshop; and (iv) CNY8,000 for each press conference.

64 Appendix 2

Table A2.3 Public Consultation Plan

Organizer Approach Times Subject Participants

A. Preparation / Design Phase

Project information, existing environmental quality, major Residents, WPMO, local Interview, impacts and benefits, enterprises, and EIA Institute questionnaire, Twice mitigation measures, other stakeholders and PPTA public meeting comments and within the project Consultants recommendations of the area public

B. Construction Phase

Public Adjustment of mitigation Residents near the IA, WPMO consultation At least once measures if necessary, project areas and site visit

As needed, Expert given the Comments and suggestions workshop or Experts from various IA, WPMO result of the on mitigation measures, press sectors, media public public opinions conference consultation

Adjustment of mitigation Representatives of Public At least once measures if necessary, IA， WPMO residents and social workshop a year construction impacts, sector comments and suggestions

C. Operation Phase

IA, O&M Public Once in the Effectiveness of mitigation Residents adjacent to companies, consultation first two measures, impacts of Appendix 2 65

WPMO and site visits years operation, comments and the project areas recommendations

As needed, Expert IA, O&M given the Comments and suggestions workshop or Experts from various companies, result of the on operational impacts, press sectors, media WPMO public public opinions conference consultation

EIA = environmental impact assessment, IA = implementing agency, O&M = operation and maintenance, PPTA = project preparatory technical assistance, WPMO = Wuhan project management office.

Source: Environmental impact assessments, project preparatory technical assistance.

66 Appendix 2

E. Responsibilities and Authorities for Implementation

1. Environmental Responsibilities and Institutional Requirements

15. The Wuhan Municipal Government is the EA and has established a project leading group by drawing representations from the Mayor’s Office, the municipal Development and Reform Commission, the municipal Financial Bureau, the municipal Construction and Planning Commission, the municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the Land Resources Bureau. The WPMO will have the overall responsibility delegated by the EA for supervising the implementation of mitigation measures and reporting to ADB. WPMO has nominated a full-time environmental officer (Mr. Liu Hui) who is adequately qualified and experienced to fulfill their tasks, to coordinate the EMP implementation.

16. During the project preparation and implementation, various organizations with different environmental management responsibilities have been involved. The WPMO, the IA, and contractors will each nominate the dedicated, trained and qualified environmental specialists to conduct the environmental management activities and ensure the effective implementation of EMP. Table A2.4 describes the environmental responsibilities of each organization during the different phases of the Project.

Table A2.4 Environmental Responsibilities

Phase Responsible Agencies Environmental Responsibilities

Preparation Local EIA Institute Preparation of EIA reports for components

HEPB, WEPB Review and approval of EIA reports

WPMO, ADB Review and comment of SEIA, including EMP

Incorporation of environmental mitigation measures into Design Design institutes detailed engineering designs

WPMO, IA Review and approval of the mitigation measures

WPMO, LIEMC, IA, tendering Incorporation of EMP clauses into the bidding Tendering company, contractors documents and civil contracts Appendix 2 67

Construction PMO, IA, LIEMC Advise on implementation of mitigation measures

Implementation of mitigation measures and internal Contractors, CSCs monitoring

WEPB, WEMC, WPMO, IA, Implementation of compliance / external monitoring,

LIEMC supervision of implementation of mitigation measures

Advise on compliance monitoring and internal Operation LIEMC, WEPB monitoring requirements

Implementation of mitigation measures and internal IA, O&M Companies monitoring

WEMC Implementation of compliance monitoring

HEPB, IA, LIEMC Supervision of implementation of mitigation measures

EIA = environmental impact assessment, HEPB = Hubei Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, WEPB = Wuhan Environmental Protection Bureau, WPMO = Wuhan project management office, ADB = Asian Development Bank, IA = implementing agency, LIEMC = loan implement environmental management consultant, CSC = construction supervision company, WEMC = Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Centre, O&M = operation & maintenance.

Source: Information supplementary environmental impact assessments from PMO.

17. The IA will be responsible for the environmental management and implementation of the mitigation measures. It will ensure that the EMP is carried out and engage the design institutes and LIEMC to help with the environmental management at the stage of project preparation, design, construction and operation. In addition, the IA will be responsible for arranging the environmental monitoring reviews and responding to any adverse impact beyond those foreseen in the EIA reports. It will also attend to the requests from HEPB, WEPB and ADB regarding to the mitigation measures.

18. The Consultant contract includes 20 person-months of national environment specialist input to support the WPMO and sub-IAs in coordinating the implementation of the EMP. The Consultant was engaged in August 2012. As of July 2013, the environment consultant participated in 3 Missions (including MTR Mission), conducted frequent site visits with

68 Appendix 2

hands-on training, organized 1 formal training, drafted 4 environment monitoring reports to ADB. However, the original environment consultant could not continue fulfilling his tasks under the consulting contract since July 2013. The consultant team submitted the contract variation letter to the PMO in early 2014 pursuant to ADB’s consultant recruitment requirement guidelines. Dr. Jason Yang, with more experiences than the original consultant, replaced the original environment consultant from September 2013 to the end of June 2016 without variation of remunerations and per diem for the agreed consultant and reimbursable expenses under the contract. Since September 2013 until now, Dr. Jason Yang contributed inputs into the SEIA, updating project scope changes, Mid-term Review Mission, and settlement of environmental issues raised by ADB environment official. He also reviewed the external environmental monitoring report and conducted environment training for environment staffs from WPMO and sub-IAs.

19. The Consultant engaged the Wuhan Hongshan Environmental Monitoring Station (WHEMS) to conduct external environmental monitoring (EEM). As of August 2013, WHEPB conducted 3 monitoring campaigns for the Longyang Lake rehabilitation (covering surface water, air and noise), and 1 monitoring campaign for the Yangchun Lake rehabilitation (covering air and noise). Since Hongshan Environmental Monitoring Station (HEMS) cannot continue to carry out the monitoring activity due to changes in monitoring scopes, the Consultant recruited Hubei Provincial Environmental Monitoring Station (HPEMS) and signed the contract in December 2013. Monitoring campaigns for the contracts under construction were conducted by HPEMS soon after recruitment. In addition, monitoring activities were conducted by other independent monitoring agencies through the sub-IAs (e.g. sediment distribution, depth and quality in Longyang and Moshui Lakes, treated dredged material quality in Yangchun Lake).

20. Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing the relevant mitigation measures during construction under supervision of CSC, while the IA will be responsible implementing such measures during operation. To date, eight (8) construction supervision companies (CSCs) have been contracted by the sub-IAs to undertake internal environmental monitoring and inspection of civil works contracts. Monitoring and inspection results are documented in bi-monthly reports to the sub-IAs. All CSCs have construction site environment, health and safety expertise; inspection and monitoring activities are conducted on a daily basis; monitoring results are documented daily in the CSCs logbooks, and in Appendix 2 69

monthly reports submitted to the sub-IAs.

21. Based on the EMP, the IA will set up its environmental management unit (EMU), normally with at least two employees The environmental management unit will take charge of (i) implementing the EMP and developing implementation details; (ii) supervising the implementation of mitigation measures during construction; (iii) implementing training programs for contractors; (iv) incorporating the environmental management, monitoring, and mitigation measures into the construction and operation management plans; (v) establishing and implementing the internal routine environmental monitoring; and (vi) reporting on the EMP performance to WPMO and other responsible agencies. The unit will be technically supported by LIEMCs and supervised by WEPB. All the IAs have appointed environmental officers who are adequately qualified and experienced to fulfill their tasks.

22. HEPB and WEPB will ensure the compliance with the PRC and local environmental regulations via regular and random environmental compliance monitoring and inspection during construction and operation. WEMC will conduct the actual environmental compliance monitoring and inspection on behalf of the two authorities mentioned above.

23. The local government will provide the IA with financial and management autonomy to operate the project facilities. The IA has relatively limited capacity for the environmental management, which will be strengthened by the relevant training of the Project, as summarized in Table A2.5.

24. The LIEMC will advise the PMO, the IA and contractors on all aspects of environmental management and monitoring for the Project. The LIEMC will (i) review project environmental practices and procedures; (ii) guide the environmental standard setting and assist in implementation procedures; (iii) review the start-up of the Project’s facilities; (iv) advise on the mitigation measures during construction and operation based on the EMP; and (v) investigate and make recommendations on other environmental issues.

2. Institutional Strengthening and Training

70 Appendix 2

25. There are two IA in the Project, i.e. Wuhan Urban Construction Fund Management Office (WFMO) and Wuhan Urban Drainage Development Co., Ltd, which will be responsible for the O&M of Sludge Treatment and Disposal Component, and several implementing units (IUs) are the Local District Water Bureau, which will be responsible for the O&M of two lake / channel rehabilitation components.

26. The WPMO will designate an environmental officer to coordinate the environmental management. The IA will establish an EMU with a leader and an appropriate number of staff to coordinate the environmental issues associated with each contract package on behalf of the IA. Both the WPMO’s environmental officer and EMU will supervise the contractor’s environmental management and implementation of mitigation measures during construction, under the guidance of WEPB. WEPB and WPMO will oversee the implementation of environmental management and mitigation measures done by the IA during operation. Contractors will bear the cost of implementation of mitigation measures during construction, while the IA will be responsible for the relevant cost during operation.

27. An assessment undertaken during PPTA shows that the WPMO/IA/IUs have adequate technical and institutional capacities for the project implementation. However, they lack the sufficient capacity in the environmental management and monitoring. For the proper implementation of EMP, it is necessary to build up and strengthen the relevant capacity of implementation and supervision agencies. Therefore, the EMP training (shown in Table A2.5) is needed, which will also be an element in the policy dialogue on the institutional component.

28. The relevant staffs, including the environmental officer of WPMO, environmental management staff of the IA and IUs, and contractors etc., will be trained in the field of environmental management, monitoring and supervision, mitigation planning, emergency response, environmental policy making and other environmental management techniques. Funding for the training program will be included in the project budget and in the O&M budgets during operation.

Appendix 2 71

29. The institutional component of the Project will also involve significant training from the loan implementation consultant in operating and maintaining the completed facilities.

Table A2.5 Institutional Strengthening and Training Program

Strengthenin Agency Strengthening Plan Timing g Activities

Institutional organization, During project preparation and Capacity WPMO, IA/IUs development of responsibilities for implementation building each position

Monitoring WPMO, IA/IUs, Procurement of relevant monitoring During project preparation and Equipment Contractors instruments and equipment implementation

Budget Period Number Training Attendees Contents Times (CNY (days) of Person 10,000)

XCIX. Environmental 4 2 60 8 laws and regulations; Environmental WPMO,IA/ protection laws, C. Environmental IUs, regulations and policies and plans; contractors policies CI. Basic environmental management practice

EMP WPMO,IA/I CII. Based on the actual 2 1 50 6 Us, case, adjustment implementation and adjustment, contractor and improvement of s EMP; and settlement

72 Appendix 2 disputes CIII. Environmental responsibilities during construction and operation;

CIV. Major environmental issues during construction and operation

CV. Introduction of 2 1 40 4 relevant Environmental WPMO, technologies, type of technologies and IA/IUs, pollution control equipments contractors equipments and their function

Advanced training CVI. Basic theory; 3 2 60 8 on sludge heat CVII. International drying process, experience and best river/lake WPMO, management dredging, wetland IA/IUs practice; management, biological CVIII. Experience on remediation of the similar projects lake/river in China

Environmental WPMO, CIX. Monitoring methods; 2 1 20 4 monitoring and IA/IUs, CX. Tips on preparing reporting contractors the monitoring report

Appendix 2 73

CXI. Introduction of 2 5 10 5 national standard monitoring methods;

CXII. Introduction of monitoring

lab staff of instruments; Skills of sludge relevant quality analysis CXIII. Operation WWTPs method of monitoring instruments; and

CXIV. Quality assurance and control of the lab

Total 35

EMP = environmental management plan, IA = implementing agency, IU = implementing unit, WPMO = Wuhan project management office.

Note: The budget of training regarding to optimization of WWTPs’ operational performance in Wuhan will be under other funds.

Source: project preparatory technical assistance.

F. Reporting and Supervision

30. Internal Monitoring Reports. During construction, results of the internal monitoring done by contractors and CSCs will be reflected in the weekly construction reports. The reports will summarize (i) environmental issues during construction; (ii) mitigation measures taken, if any; and (iii) consequences of the impacts on the environment and/or surrounding communities.

74 Appendix 2

31. The contractors will be trained to take immediate actions to remedy the unexpected adverse impacts or inefficient mitigation measures, as required by the EMP. The PMO and IA will respond to these reports to ensure that contractors have taken the appropriate and timely action. Additional measures may be undertaken, if necessary, to ensure that all issues raised by the reports are properly addressed.

32. The results of the detailed internal environmental monitoring and mitigation actions during construction will be submitted on a monthly basis to the IA, quarterly to the PMO, and semiannually to HEPB and WEPB.

33. Compliance Monitoring Reports. WEMC authorized by HEPB and WEPB will be responsible for the environmental compliance monitoring and inspection according to the relevant PRC environmental regulations. The compliance monitoring reports will include (i) project background; (ii) construction activities; (iii) environmental conditions; (iv) sampling and measurement locations; (v) analytical results; (vi) interpretation and implications of the monitoring data; (vii) determination of the compliance status based on the applicable regulations and standards; and (viii) recommendations for the improvement. These reports will be submitted to WEPB and HEPB by WEMC, with a copy to WPMO.

34. Project Completion Environmental Audit Reports. A project completion environmental audit report will be prepared on the completion of each component, based on the PRC regulation on Environmental Check-and-Acceptance of Project Completion (MEP, formerly SEPA, 2001) within three months of the completion of each subcomponent. The report will focus on the project compliance with environmental performance standards when it is put into operation. The report will be sent to the local environmental authorities for review and approval. In case noncompliance is found, the construction project will be asked to meet the requirements before the commencement of commercial operation.

35. External Monitoring Reports. WPMO have the responsibility to monitor and assess the overall project activities under the project design and monitoring framework (PDMF), and will be accountable to ADB for ensuring the effective implementation of the EMP. WPMO, Appendix 2 75

assisted by the LIEMC, will be responsible for the environmental supervision and monitoring, and reporting to ADB. The external monitoring reports will submitted to ADB and WPMO on a semiannual basis. The reports will emphasize (i) progress made in the EMP implementation; (ii) implementation of mitigation measures; (iii) environmental compliance; (iv) institutional strengthening and training; (v) public consultation and (vi) problems occurred and relevant corrective actions undertaken.

36. The environmental reporting plan is demonstrated in Table A2.6.

76 Appendix 2

Table A2.6 Environmental Reporting Plan

Frequency of Purpose Type of Report From To Reporting

A. Construction Phase

Internal Internal monitoring report Contractors, IA Monthly Monitoring CSC

Internal monitoring report WEMC WPMO, IA, Quarterly LIEMC

Compliance Compliance monitoring report WEMC HEPB, As per the PRC monitoring WEPB regulation

External External monitoring report LIEMC ADB, Semiannual monitoring WPMO, IA

B. Test Operation Phase

Project Project completion WEMC HEPB, Once within three completion environmental audit report WEPB, months of project Environmental WPMO completion Audit

C. Operation Phase

Internal Internal monitoring report IUs WPMO, IA Quarterly for the Monitoring first three years of operation

Appendix 2 77

Frequency of Purpose Type of Report From To Reporting

Compliance Compliance monitoring report WEMC HEPB, As per the PRC monitoring WEPB regulation

External External monitoring report LIEMC ADB, Semiannual for monitoring WPMO, IA the fist three years of operation

WEMC = Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Centre, WEMC = Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Centre, CSC = construction supervision company, WPMO = Wuhan project management office, LIEMC = loan implement environmental management consultant, HEPB = Hubei Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, WEPB = Wuhan Environmental Protection Bureau, ADB = Asian Development Bank, IU = implementing unit.

Source: PPTA environmental consultants based on the individual environmental impact assessment report.

G. Work Plan

37. Before the project construction, WPMO and the IA will define the detailed responsibilities and requirements for contractors, and provide the detailed cost estimate of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring in the construction contracts. Meanwhile, they will define the responsibilities of their environmental management offices and prepare their work schedules.

38. Before the operation of project facilities, IA/IUs will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and monitoring during operation based on the EMP. These plans will be submitted to WEPB to help it to supervise the implementation.

H. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates

39. The IA/IUs will develop the detailed plans for procuring equipment, materials and civil works

78 Appendix 2

needed to implement the mitigation measures and monitoring plans. These plans will be incorporated into project contracts. Environmental considerations will be included in the procurement to ensure environmentally responsive procurement.

40. The cost estimates for mitigation measures and monitoring plans are listed in Table A2.1 and A2.2. HEPB and WEPB will cover the compliance monitoring costs as part of their enforcement function. The internal monitoring costs will be borne by contractors during construction and by the IA/IUs or O&M companies during operation, if applicable. Before implementing the monitoring plan, the responsible agency will present a more detailed breakdown of the estimated budget. During project implementation, the budget will be adjusted based on the actual requirements.

41. The contractors will bear the costs of all mitigation measures during construction, which will be included in the bidding documents and contracts. Meanwhile, the IA/IUs or O&M companies will bear the cost related to mitigation measures during operation. Costs related to environmental supervision during construction and operation will be borne by the IA.

42. The costs of LIEMC and training will be borne by the Project as a whole. Training program budgets will be included in the construction and operation contracts. Moreover, the training budget will be included in the O&M budgets during the operation phase.

I. Mechanisms for Feedback and Adjustment

43. The effectiveness of mitigation measures and monitoring plans will be evaluated by a feedback reporting system. Adjustment to the EMP will be made, if necessary. WPMO will play a critical role in the feedback and adjustment mechanism, as shown in the Figure A.1 below.

Based on the inspection and monitoring reports, the local environmental authorities will decide whether (i) further mitigation measures are required as the correction action; or (ii) the environmental management practices need some improvement. During the inspection, in case (i) Appendix 2 79 substantial deviation from the EMP is identified; (ii) any change is made to the Project; and (iii) any component is considered to have the possibility to cause substantial adverse environmental impacts or increase the number of affected people, WPMO will consult with the local environmental authorities and ADB immediately and conduct the additional environmental assessment and further public consultation, if necessary. The revised EMP will be submitted to the environmental authorities for approval, and then to ADB. The updated EMP will be passed to the contractor(s), and IA/IUs for implementation.

80 Appendix 2

Figure A.1. Mechanism for Feedback and Adjustment of Environmental Management Plan

ADB = Asian Development Bank, CSC = Construction Supervision Company; HEPB = Hubei Provincial Environmental

Protection Bureau, IA = Implementing Agency, IU = Implementing Unit, LIEMC = Loan Implementation Environmental Management Consultant; WEMC = Wuhan Environmental Monitoring Centre, WPMO = Wuhan Project Management

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Office.

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Appendix 3

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 2647 - PRC

March 6, 2016

Wuhan Urban Environmental Improvement Project Sludge Treatment

CLIMATE RISK AND VULNERABILITY AND

ASSESSMENT REPORT

Prepared by WSP Ltd. ii Appendix 3

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... II

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

A. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT AND THE PROJECT AREA ...... 1

II. METHDOLOGY ...... 6

III. CLIMATE OBSERVATION AND CHANGE PROJECTIONS...... 7

A. OBSERVATIONAL TEMPERATURE DATA AND THEIR FUTURE PROJECTIONS ...... 7

B. OBSERVATIONAL RAINFALL DATA AND THEIR FUTURE PROJECTIONS ...... 10

IV. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON THE PROJECT AND IMPLICATIONS ON PROJECT DESIGN ...... 12

A. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS ON THE PROJECT ...... 12

B. CLIMATE CHANGE FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE PROJECT DESIGN ...... 12

V. THE ADAPTION OPTIONS ...... 13

VI. CONCLUSIONS ...... 14

Figures

FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT SITES AND WUHAN METEOROLOGICAL STATION ...... 3

FIGURE 2 ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ...... 8

FIGURE 3 WUHAN MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE AND FUTURE PROJECTION ...... 9

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Appendix 3

FIGURE 4 WUHAN MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AND FUTURE PROJECTION ...... 9

FIGURE 5 ANNUAL PRECIPITATION...... 10

FIGURE 6 WUHAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION AND FUTURE PROJECTION ...... 11

Tables

TABLE 1 LOCAL METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WUHAN ...... 4

TABLE 2 THREE CLIMATE PROJECTIONS AND THEIR INPUT CONDITIONS REPRESENT THE UNCERTAINTY RANGES ...... 6

TABLE 3 INFORMATION OF THE METEOROLOGICAL STATION ...... 7

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Appendix 3

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Climate change is expected to impose various impacts to urban infrastructures. In order to achieve a sustainable development, it is important to make climate adaptation adjustments to engineering specifications, alignments, and master planning; incorporate associated environmental measures; and adjust maintenance and contract scheduling in urban infrastructure development projects (ADB 2010).

2. An effective climate-proofing of urban infrastructure development requires the assessment of project specific climate change risk and vulnerability. It also needs to identify, evaluate and implement feasible adaptation measures to strengthen the project resilience to the future impact resulting from climate change.

3. This report presents the results of a climate-change risk and vulnerability assessment (CRVA) for the Sludge Treatment Subproject of Wuhan Urban Environmental Improvement Project (the Project) in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Two future time snapshots, i.e., 2050 and 2070, were used to illustrate the impact consequences.

1.1 Background of the Project and the Project Area

4. With an area at about 8494 km2 and total population of 110.33 million, Wuhan is located in the central part of China. Geographically, Wuhan is located at the Yangtze Plain and east of the Jianghan Plain. It has a large river network system. The river area occupies a quarter of the total area. Yangtze, the longest river in the PRC, passes through the city from the southwest to the northeast. Han River passes from southwest to east and then flows into the Yangtze through the city. There are more than 10 rivers passing through the City of Wuhan such as Fu River, , and etc. There are about 166 lakes in the Wuhan area including East Lake, Sha Lake, , and Moshui Lake.

5. Wuhan is in a subtropical humid monsoon climate zone. Its climate features include mild temperature, four distinct seasons, abundant rainfall, long frost-free seasons, low sunlight and foggy weather. The annual average temperature is 16.7℃ and the extreme maximum temperature was 42.2℃ recorded in July 1920. The average frost-free period is as long as 240 days. The average annual relative humidity is 77%. The average annual precipitation is about 1258.3mm. The precipitation between May to September accounts for 73.6% of the total annual precipitation. The annual average sunshine is 1943.8 hours and the average annual foggy duration is 18 days. The annual average wind speed is 3.53 m/s and the predominant wind direction is in the southeast direction.

1

2 Appendix 3

6. Due to its geographic location, there are many lakes and rivers in Wuhan. In recent years, water pollution becomes more serious. The government in Wuhan has built more wastewater treatment plants to treat the excessive amount of wastewater and bio-sludge. The proposed project components under the ADB Loan 2647-PRC will contribute to the development of sludge treatment, with a goal to reduce the sludge moisture content down to 60% and to make use of the product as a landscaping fertilizer.

7. The proposed project components, sludge treatment subproject will improve the environment and increase the living standards in Wuhan urban area.

8. The proposed sludge treatment subproject contains two sub-components outputs, which are summarized below.

Component 1: Huangjia Lake Sludge Treatment Plant

9. This component will be used for disposing the sludge from the Huangjia Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant with a capacity of 20,000m3/d. The design capacity is 120t/d (the sludge moisture content is 80%), which equals to a disposal rate of 600 t/d sludge (96% moisture content). The sludge treatment plant will apply the technology of thermal hydrolysis at a low temperature and deep dewatering process. It will reduce the sludge moisture content to below 60%. Then the product will be used for soil improvement or for landfilling.

Component 2: Sanjintan Sludge Treatment Plant

10. This component will manage sludge from expansion program in Sanjintan Wastewater Treatment Plant with a capacity of about 20,000m3/d. The design capacity is 200t/d (the sludge moisture content is 80%), which equals to a disposal of 4000 t/d sludge that has 99% moisture content. The sludge treatment plant will apply process of the vacuum dry plate and frame at a low temperature and modified plate and frame. The sludge moisture content will be reduced to 60%. After dewatering, the sludge will be used for municipal landscaping.

11. According to the preliminary design, Sanjintan Sludge Treatment Plant and Huangjia Lake Sludge Treatment Plants will be located in Sanjintan Wastewater Treatment Plant of and Huangjia Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant of Hongshan District, respectively.

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Appendix 3

Figure 1 Location of the Project Sites and Wuhan Meteorological Station

Dongxihu District

12. Dongxihu District has the longitude from 113.88E to 114.5E and the latitude from 30.57N to 30.78N. The area of the district is 499.71km2. The landscape in Dongxihu district is lacustrine plain except for the northern area. The topography is low in the center and high on all sides, and it inclines from west to east. The average elevation in the district is between 18-26m except for the northern area. The elevation in the north area is 60-69.1 m and it is hilly in topography.

13. There are four rivers going through the Dongxihu District, including Han River, Hanbei River, Lun River, Fu River. The catchment area in Dongxihu District is 470 km2.

Hongshan District

14. Hongshan District has longitude from 114.12E to 114.63E and the latitude from 30.47N to 30.7N. The area of the district is 480 km2. The landscape in Hongshan District is given priority with plain. The topography is low in the northwest and high in the southeast. The average elevation is 25.3m above the sea level. The highest elevation is 201m, which located on Dingguan Mountain. The topography of the project site is hilly.

15. The Yangtze River flows through north, east and west side of Hongshan District, with a river section length of over 75km. The river water level is always between 14.57m and 20.05m. Moreover, there are about 14 lakes in the district.

16. Local meteorological parameters of Wuhan are shown below.

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4 Appendix 3

Table 1 Local Meteorological Parameters of Wuhan No. Parameter Description Data

1 Average 16.7℃

2 Temperature Highest 35.8℃

3 Lowest -9.2℃

4 Average annual precipitation 1258.3mm Precipitation 5 Maximum daily precipitation 317.4mm

Average 6 Humidity 77%

Average 7 Pressure 101.32kPa

Annual predominant wind 8 direction SE

Summer predominant wind 9 Wind direction and direction SE speed Annual predominant wind 10 direction Not obvious

11 Annual average wind speed 3.53m/s

12 Average annual foggy days 18days Special Average annual sunlight 13 meteorology duration 1943.8hour

Source:

1. Official website of China Meteorological Administration (from 1951-2012);

2. Data of annual predominant wind direction and summer predominant wind direction are derived from Preliminary Design of Sanjintan Sludge Treatment Plant.

Potential risks of climate change to the project components

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Appendix 3

17. The potential climate risks to urban infrastructure such as sludge treatment equipment and facilities mainly come from extreme variations in temperature, precipitation and flood. Especially during the wet years and rainy seasons, flood may cause severe damage to the sludge treatment equipment and facilities , and hamper the sludge transportation.

18. There are several lakes and rivers within the Wuhan municipal area, such as Hougong Lake, Longyang Lake, Moshui Lake, Han River, Tongshun River. Area of the water bodies accounts for 25% of the city area. As shown in Figure 1, the two sludge treatment plants will be located along Yangtze River and near Han River. River flood has been the biggest climate hazard to the city, and it is followed by the urban flood (waterlogging) caused by localized severe storms.

19. The flood of Yangtze and Han River are caused by long-time heavy rainfall. This type of flood is generally characterized by a large amount discharge and high flood peak flows with a long duration, such as the flood in 1954 and 1998. The biggest flood occurs when water of Yangtze or Han River and the flood from the other rivers joined at the city.

20. Wuhan has some large engineering projects for flood prevention. The most well-known one is the Flood Protection Project (FPP) of Wuhan City. In the FPP, flood wall with length of 808km was built up to prevent the river flood and the design standard was followed the flood happened in 1954.

21. Urban flood frequently has occurred in recent years due to the poor capacity of drainage systems and extreme heavy rainfall events. The biggest urban flood occurred recently was the flood caused by continued rainfall with 100-year precipitation reoccurrence interval in 2013.

22. By the end of 2010, the urban drainage network has covered over the area of 425 km2 in Wuhan, and the length of pipeline keeps on increasing 170km every year. However, waterlogging still occurs frequently. Wuhan New Zone Lake/Channels Rehabitation and Pumping Station is one of the components of Wuhan Urban Environmental Improvement Project, which aims at improving the capacity of flood and waterlogging prevention in Wuhan New Zone. In 2013, Wuhan government started Three-year Action Plan for Drainage Facilities Construction of Wuhan Central Urban Area. In January 2015, the local government issued Two-year Action Plan for Flood Protection, Pollution Control and Water Supply of Wuhan Central Urban Area. In April 2015, Wuhan was selected as one of the national “sponge city” pilot cities.

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6 Appendix 3 II. METHDOLOGY

23. The future climate projection is subject to considerable uncertainty. One important aspect in climate change V&A assessment is to comprehend such uncertainty in decision making and policy planning process.

24. The first important uncertainty is the uncertainty of future GHG emission rate. To reflect such an uncertainty, different GHG Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) was used by IPCC AR5 to represent different trajectories of future social-economic development.

25. The second important uncertainty is resulted from limited understanding of the climate systems, hence possible errors in GCM simulation of the real world. The climate sensitivity resulted from a comprehensive scientific experiment involved a large number of GCMs was introduced to produce a possible uncertain range.

26. Thus a combination of different RCPs and climate sensitivities could be used to characterize the future climate change scenarios and their associated uncertainty ranges. RCP6.0 with mid-climate sensitivity represents a middle range future global change scenario, which was used as an indicator of the mid scenario projection of the future global change, while RCP4.5 with low-climate sensitivity and RCP8.5 with high-climate sensitivity was used as an indicator of the corresponding low and high bound of the uncertainty range as shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Three Climate Projections and Their Input Conditions Represent the Uncertainty Ranges Climate Representative Concentration Pathways Climate Sensitivity Projection

Mid scenario RCP 6.0 Mid

Low scenario RCP 4.5 Low

High scenario RCP 8.5 High

27. For this study, only a site-specific climate change scenario is needed due to the small spatial scale of the project area. The site specific temperature change scenario was constructed by comparing the observed daily data with the normalised GCM pattern

6

Appendix 3

value in 2050 and 2070 from the GCM grid where the climate station is located14. In this study, all observation data from the station was used to represent the baseline climate condition for the site.

28. In the following two sections, the method described above is adopted to generate the change projections for climate variables (such as maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation) that may become hazardous to the proposed project.

29. Rainfall and temperature data were collected from Wuhan meteorological station near the project site. Table 3 lists the information for the station, and its location is shown in Figure 1.

Table 3 Information of the Meteorological Station Station Name Longitude (°) Latitude (°) Altitude (m) Observation Period

Wuhan 114.08 30.37 231 1951-2012

III. CLIMATE OBSERVATION AND CHANGE PROJECTIONS

A. Observational Temperature Data and Their Future Projections

30. The proposed project is located in the sub-tropic monsoon Asia climate zone with warm temperature. The annual mean temperature at the project site has gradually increased in the past 60 years according to the observation data from 1951 to 2011. Figure 2 shows the changing pattern for the annual mean temperature and 5-year mean temperature during the past 62 years. Figure 2 shows that mean temperature shows a rising pattern e over the long run at the project area.

14 Projection data source: http://www.worldclim.org/cmip5_5m

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8 Appendix 3

19 Annual mean 18.5 5-Year Mean 18 17.5 )

℃ 17 16.5 16

Temperature( 15.5 15 14.5 14 1951 1954 1957 1960 1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 Year

Figure 2 Annual Average Temperature

31. By 2050, the annual maximum daily temperature is projected to increase by 1.4℃ under the mid scenario with an uncertainty range of 1.2℃ to 1.9℃ from the low and high scenarios. The annual minimum daily temperature is projected to increase by 1.6℃ under the mid scenario with an uncertainty range of 0.8℃ to 2.2℃ from the low and high scenarios.

32. By 2100, the annual maximum daily temperature is projected to increase by 2.6℃ under the mid scenario with an uncertainty range of 1.4℃ to 2.2℃ from the low and high scenarios. The annual minimum daily temperature is projected to increase by 2.1℃ under the mid scenario with an uncertainty range of 0.6℃ to 1.8℃ from the low and high scenarios.

33. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the observed monthly mean maximum temperatures and minimum temperatures, and their future climate change projections for Wuhan. The projection has relative small uncertainty between low and mid projection, but has a high uncertainty under high climate scenario.

34. In summary, the temperature at the project area will likely rise in the future.

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Appendix 3

40 Baseline 35 2050-RCP6.0 30 2070-RCP6.0 )

℃ 25

20

15 Temperature( 10

5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 Month

Note:

1. The bar indicates the uncertainty range of the projection as defined in Table 2.

Figure 3 Wuhan Monthly Maximum Temperature and Future Projection

35 Baseline 30 2050-RCP6.0 2070-RCP6.0 25

20 )

℃ 15

10

Temperature( 5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 Month

Note:

1. The bar indicates the uncertainty range of the projection as defined in Table 2.

Figure 4 Wuhan Monthly Minimum Temperature and Future Projection

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10 Appendix 3

1.2 Observational Rainfall Data and Their Future Projections

35. The precipitation in Wuhan is characterized by relative high inter-annual variability and seasonality. The annual average rainfall of Wuhan is 1258mm with a coefficient of variation (Cv) of 0.22. The maximum was 2058mm recorded in1954, while the minimum was 730.4mm of 1966 (Figure 5).

2500

2000

1500

1000 Precipitation (mm) 500

0 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Year

Figure 5 Annual Precipitation

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Appendix 3

300

Baseline 250 2050-RCP6.0 2070-RCP6.0 200

150

Precipitation (mm) 100

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 Month

Figure 6 Wuhan Monthly Precipitation and Future Projection

36. The average rainfall of the rainy season from May to September (5 months) is 766mm, which accounts for 61% of the annual total. The rainfall changing pattern is not obvious under climate change.

37. On average, rainfall is projected to increase over a long term in the future. The climate change will likely lead to rainfall increase at the project area, especially in the wet season, which implies an increased flood risk in the future.

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12 Appendix 3

IV. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON THE PROJECT AND IMPLICATIONS ON PROJECT DESIGN

A. Climate Change Impact and Implications on the Project

38. To support the climate change risk and vulnerability assessment, the climate change information needs to be pertinent to the project components that are sensitive to the climate. As indicated in previous sections, the project area is very likely becoming warmer in the future, which will accelerate the spreading of the sludge treatment

exhaust, which contains H2S, NH3, C8H5NHCH3 and other components. Therefore, mitigation measures such as deodorization should be considered in the project design.

39. Climate change impact on heavy rainfall such as storm events is much significant. The heavy rainfall which may trigger a flood poses a high risk to the project components. Therefore it should be the major climate hazard in the project design consideration. According to the data of precipitation listed in Section III, the climate change will likely lead to rainfall increase for the project area, especially in the wet season. As stated in Section I, Wuhan government has implemented many engineering projects for river flood protection and damage caused by river flood has been reduced to some extent. Additionally, drainage system improvement is implemented every year. However, the capacity system is still inadequate. Flood occurs frequently, especially in wet season. Thus, flood is the biggest climate risk to the proposed project.

40. Moreover, wind direction will influence the direction of odor spreading. Generally, the sludge treatment plant should be located in the area of leeward of residential area and should be at downstream of predominant wind direction.

B. Climate Change Factors Considered in the Project Design

41. In accordance with the preliminary design of the Project, deodorization techniques are used for smell spreading prevention in the Project. Biological deodorization craft is selected for deodorization of Sanjintan Sludge Treatment Plant while biological and chemical group deodorization craft is used for deodorization of Huangjia Lake Sludge Treatment Plant.

42. Layout of drainage system and sludge treatment facilities in the project are in accordance with the existing municipal facilities and topography in order to decrease operation fee and reduce waterlogging damage to the sludge treatment facilities.

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Appendix 3

43. According to the preliminary design of the Project, the location of the two plants are in the area of leeward of residential area and staff offices’ summer predominant wind direction.

V. THE ADAPTION OPTIONS

44. As discussed previously, flood is the major climate risk to the project. To avoid costly maintenance and/or business disruption in the future, the project should take the additional flood risk induced by climate change impact into the project design and construction consideration. Adaptation options are listed below.

45. The flood wall of Wuhan should be checked and maintained regularly. If it is necessary, design standard of flood wall should be improved.

46. The drainage system may need to be adjusted to a higher design standard. A conservative 6% increment of the sewage and drainage capacity is recommended, and a 10% increment for the critical components would be more appropriate, given the difficulty of repair and replacement of urban drainage system in the future.

47. Stormwater Management and Rainwater Reuse. Conventionally the surface runoff is collected through catchment basins and discharges to the nearby rivers through stormwater drainage pipes. This practice changes the ecological condition and increases the flood level downstream, and also pollutes the receiving waters. The common urban flooding in PRC cities during heavy rains is the direct result of this practice.

48. The current acceptable practice for stormwater management is that project development should have little or no impact to the stormwater. This can be achieved by design and install stormwater management facilities such as infiltrations, detention ponds, rain water recycle and reuse, etc. The proposed project will include the stormwater management facilities to collect, store, recycle and reuse the stormwater so as to minimize the ecological impact for the stormwater (ADB 2015b).

49. LID (Low Impact Development). LID is proposed to be considered in the project design since one of the main reasons of waterlogging is the large-area impermeable ground. LID enhances our ability to protect surface and ground water quality, maintain the integrity of aquatic living ecosystems, and preserve the physical integrity of receiving streams.

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VI. CONCLUSIONS

50. 39. This report presents a quantitative and qualitative assessment of climate change relevant to the project by making use of the pattern scaling based GCM ensemble method. The advantage of the method is that it not only takes the key uncertainties in climate change into the future projection consideration, but also treats these key uncertainties accordingly. Therefore climate change projections and their associated uncertainty range can be produced consistently through combination of the different scenarios. A quantitative impact assessment can then be conducted by building the risk profile for the key vulnerable components, and targeted adaptation options can subsequently be identified and evaluated.

51. The biggest climate related risk to the project is flood caused by heavy rainfall. Several adaptation options were identified in Section V.

52. This study was constrained by a number of limitations:

a. Detailed climate change impact on the flood at Wuhan requires the development of hydrological model, which was not conducted in this study.

b. The flood assessment was based on the hydrological information of Wuhan in general. No specific hydrological data is available for the two project sites.

c. The urban flood assessment is built on daily rainfall observation of 08:00 to 08:00. For urban flood modelling and assessment normally requires sub-daily hydro-met observations, i.e., hourly time series data.

d. The adaptation options discussed were presented as initial recommendations. Although the mid scenario may be used in supporting design adjustment or adaptation planning, some critical transport infrastructure may be required to sustain high climate risk; hence a projection developed on a higher change scenario may be needed.

e. No economic data was available to investigate the cost-benefit of implementing such adaptation options. However, we recommend selection of appropriate adaptations and/or their combination to be considered in project design wherever it is feasible.

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