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Existing Cybernetics Foundations - B
SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND CYBERNETICS – Vol. III - Existing Cybernetics Foundations - B. M. Vladimirski EXISTING CYBERNETICS FOUNDATIONS B. M. Vladimirski Rostov State University, Russia Keywords: Cybernetics, system, control, black box, entropy, information theory, mathematical modeling, feedback, homeostasis, hierarchy. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Organization 2.1 Systems and Complexity 2.2 Organizability 2.3 Black Box 3. Modeling 4. Information 4.1 Notion of Information 4.2 Generalized Communication System 4.3 Information Theory 4.4 Principle of Necessary Variety 5. Control 5.1 Essence of Control 5.2 Structure and Functions of a Control System 5.3 Feedback and Homeostasis 6. Conclusions Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Cybernetics is a science that studies systems of any nature that are capable of perceiving, storing, and processing information, as well as of using it for control and regulation. UNESCO – EOLSS The second title of the Norbert Wiener’s book “Cybernetics” reads “Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine”. However, it is not recognition of the external similaritySAMPLE between the functions of animalsCHAPTERS and machines that Norbert Wiener is credited with. That had been done well before and can be traced back to La Mettrie and Descartes. Nor is it his contribution that he introduced the notion of feedback; that has been known since the times of the creation of the first irrigation systems in ancient Babylon. His distinctive contribution lies in demonstrating that both animals and machines can be combined into a new, wider class of objects which is characterized by the presence of control systems; furthermore, living organisms, including humans and machines, can be talked about in the same language that is suitable for a description of any teleological (goal-directed) systems. -
The Cybernetic Brain
THE CYBERNETIC BRAIN THE CYBERNETIC BRAIN SKETCHES OF ANOTHER FUTURE Andrew Pickering THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO AND LONDON ANDREW PICKERING IS PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF EXETER. HIS BOOKS INCLUDE CONSTRUCTING QUARKS: A SO- CIOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PARTICLE PHYSICS, THE MANGLE OF PRACTICE: TIME, AGENCY, AND SCIENCE, AND SCIENCE AS PRACTICE AND CULTURE, A L L PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, AND THE MANGLE IN PRAC- TICE: SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND BECOMING (COEDITED WITH KEITH GUZIK). THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO 60637 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, LTD., LONDON © 2010 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PUBLISHED 2010 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-66789-8 (CLOTH) ISBN-10: 0-226-66789-8 (CLOTH) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pickering, Andrew. The cybernetic brain : sketches of another future / Andrew Pickering. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-226-66789-8 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-66789-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Cybernetics. 2. Cybernetics—History. 3. Brain. 4. Self-organizing systems. I. Title. Q310.P53 2010 003’.5—dc22 2009023367 a THE PAPER USED IN THIS PUBLICATION MEETS THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS OF THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FOR INFORMATION SCIENCES—PERMA- NENCE OF PAPER FOR PRINTED LIBRARY MATERIALS, ANSI Z39.48-1992. DEDICATION For Jane F. CONTENTS Acknowledgments / ix 1. The Adaptive Brain / 1 2. Ontological Theater / 17 PART 1: PSYCHIATRY TO CYBERNETICS 3. -
Gordon Pask's North American Archive At
Gonçalo Furtado and Paul Pangaro, Gordon Pask’s North American Archive: Contents Listing, New York: Pangaro Inc, 2008-9 GORDON PASK’S NORTH AMERICAN ARCHIVE AT PANGARO Incorporated: CONTENTS LISTING Gonçalo Furtado, PhD (Oporto University) and Paul Pangaro, PhD (Pangaro Incorporated) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION by Gonçalo Furtado (page 2 to 3) NEW CONTENTS LISTING by Gonçalo Furtado and Paul Pangaro (page 4 to 145) BOX 1 (A - F) BOX 2 (A - F) BOX 3 (A - F) BOX 4 (A - F) BOX 5 (A - F) BOX 6 (A - B) BOX 7 (A ) BOX 8 (A - F) BOX 9 (A - D) BOX 10 (A - F) BOX 11 (A - F) BOX 12 (A - F) BOX 13 (A - F) 1 Gonçalo Furtado and Paul Pangaro, Gordon Pask’s North American Archive: Contents Listing, New York: Pangaro Inc, 2008-9 INTRODUCTION For several years Gordon Pask has been one of my main research interests. My PhD dissertation at the University College of London provided a thorough account of his life as well as his long interchanges with the fields of art and design. The following document consists of a description of materials related to him that are held at Godon Pask’s North American Archive. British maverick Gordon Pask was a world-renowned cybernetician, awarded the Wiener Gold Medal from the American Society of Cybernetics for his contribution to the field, and who became closely associated with the rise of second-order-cybernetics. For a clear understanding of his perspectives, I recommend works by his close colleagues, such as Ranulph Glanville and Paul Pangaro. As Pangaro stated: “Pask’s achievement was to establish a unifying framework that subsumes the subjectivity of human experience and the objectivity of scientific tradition.”1 The substantial 1993 festschrift published in Journal of Systems Research and edited by Glanville2 comprises texts that express the diversity of fields touched upon and influenced by Pask, as well as a description of his publications and projects. -
The Work of Art in the Age of Biocybernetic Reproduction W
The Work of Art in the Age of Biocybernetic Reproduction W. J. Thomas Mitchell Modernism/modernity, Volume 10, Number 3, September 2003, pp. 481-500 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.2003.0067 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/46443 Access provided by University of Leeds (29 May 2017 18:37 GMT) MITCHELL / the work of art in the age of biocybernetic reproduction 481 The Work of Art in the Age of Biocybernetic Reproduction W. J. T. Mitchell MODERNISM / modernity Until you were born, robots didn’t dream, they didn’t VOLUME TEN, NUMBER have desires. THREE, PP 481–500. —Said to the robot boy David by his designer— © 2003 THE JOHNS AI Stephen Spielberg HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS The life of images has taken a decisive turn in our time: the oldest myth about the creation of living images, the fabrication of an intelligent organism by artificial, technical means, has now become a theoretical and practical possibility thanks to new con- stellations of media at many different levels. The convergence of genetic and computational technologies with new forms of specu- lative capital has turned cyberspace and biospace, the inner struc- ture of organisms, into frontiers for technical innovation, ap- propriation, and exploitation—new forms of objecthood and territoriality for a new form of empire. In AI, Stephen Spielberg registers this change by telling a story about the invention of an image that is, quite literally, a “desiring machine.” David, the W.J.T. Mitchell is contemporary answer to Pinocchio, is a robot boy with dreams Professor of English and and desires, and with an apparently fully elaborated human sub- Art History at the jectivity. -
The Cybersemiotic Model of Communication: an Evolutionary View on the Threshold Between Semiosis and Informational Exchange1
tripleC 1(1): 71-94, 2003 ISSN 1726-670X http://tripleC.uti.at The Cybersemiotic Model of Communication: An Evolutionary View on the Threshold between Semiosis and Informational Exchange1 Søren Brier Department of Economics and Natural Resources, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Phone +45 3528 2689, Fax +45 3528 3709, [email protected] Abstract: This paper discusses various suggestions for a The new concept of intrasemiotics designates the semiosis of philosophical framework for a trans-disciplinary information the interpenetration between biological and psychological au- science or a semiotic doctrine. These are: the mechanical topoietic systems as Luhmann defines them in his theory. materialistic, the pan-informational, the Luhmanian second or- One could therefore view intrasemiotics as the interplay be- der cybernetic approach, Peircian biosemiotics and finally the tween Lorenz' biological defined motivations and Freud's Id, pan-semiotic approach. The limitations of each are analysed. understood as the psychological aspect of many of the natural The conclusion is that we will not have to choose between ei- drives. In the last years of the development of his theory, ther a cybernetic-informational or a semiotic approach. A Lorenz worked with the idea of how emotional feedback intro- combination of a Peircian-based biosemiotics with autopoiesis duced just a little learning through pleasurable feelings into in- theory, second order cybernetics and information science is stinctive systems because, as he reasoned, there must be suggested in a five-levelled cybersemiotic framework. The five some kind of reward of going through instinctive movements, levels are 1) a level of Firstness, 2) a level of mechanical mat- thus making possible the appetitive searching behaviour for ter, energy and force as Secondness, 3) a cybernetic and sign stimuli. -
Responsible and Regulatory Conform Machine Learning for Medicine: a Survey of Technical Challenges and Solutions
Responsible and Regulatory Conform Machine Learning for Medicine: A Survey of Technical Challenges and Solutions Eike Petersen*1, Yannik Potdevin2, Esfandiar Mohammadi1, Stephan Zidowitz3, Sabrina Breyer1, Dirk Nowotka2, Sandra Henn1, Ludwig Pechmann4, Martin Leucker1,4, Philipp Rostalski1,5, and Christian Herzog1 1Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 2Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany 3Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany 4UniTransferKlinik Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 5Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering (IMTE), Lübeck, Germany July 19, 2021 Abstract Machine learning is expected to fuel significant improvements in medical care. To ensure that fundamental principles such as beneficence, respect for human autonomy, prevention of harm, justice, privacy, and transparency are respected, medical machine learning applications must be developed responsibly. A large number of high-level declarations of ethical principles have been put forth for this purpose, but there is a severe lack of technical guidelines explicating the practical consequences for medical machine learning. Similarly, there is currently consid- erable uncertainty regarding the exact regulatory requirements placed upon medical machine learning systems. In this paper, we survey the technical challenges involved in creating medi- cal machine learning systems responsibly and in conformity with existing regulations, as well as possible solutions to address these challenges. We begin by providing a brief overview of existing regulations affecting medical machine learning, showing that properties such as safety, robustness, reliability, privacy, security, transparency, explainability, and nondiscrim- ination are all demanded already by existing law and regulations — albeit, in many cases, to an uncertain degree. Next, we discuss the key technical obstacles to achieving these desir- able properties, and important techniques to overcome those barriers in the medical context. -
A Short History of Cybernetics in the United States
Stuart A. Umpleby A Short History of Cybernetics in the United States The Origin of Cybernetics Cybernetics as a field of scientific activity in the United States began in the years after World War II. Between 1946 and 1953 the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation sponso- red a series of conferences in New York City on the subject of „Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems.“ The chair of the confe- rences was Warren McCulloch of MIT. Only the last five conferences were recorded in written proceedings. These have now been republished.1 After Norbert Wiener published his book Cybernetics in 1948,2 Heinz von Foerster suggested that the name of the conferences should be changed to „Cybernetics: Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems.“ In this way the meetings became known as the Macy Conferences on Cybernetics. In subsequent years cybernetics influenced many academic fields – computer science, electrical engineering, artificial intelligence, robotics, management, family therapy, political science, sociology, biology, psychology, epistemology, music, etc. Cybernetics has been defined in many ways: as control and communication in ani- mals, machines, and social systems; as a general theory of regulation; as the science or art of effective organization; as the art of constructing defensible metaphors, etc.3 The term ‚cybernetics‘ has been associated with many stimulating conferences, yet cybernetics has not thrived as an organized scientific field within American uni- versities. Although a few cybernetics programs were established on U.S. campuses, these programs usually did not survive the retirement or death of their founders. Quite often transdisciplinary fields are perceived as threatening by established disciplines. -
A Poetics of Designing
/// PREPRINT - author's manuscript /// published in Springer’s Design Research Foundations series: Thomas Fischer and Christiane M. Herr, eds. (2019): Design Cybernetics. Navigating the New, Springer, Cham (~310 pages). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-18557-2_13 A Poetics of Designing Claudia Westermann Abstract The chapter considers second-order cybernetics as a framework that is ac- curately described as a poetics. An overview is provided on what it means to be in a world that is uncertain, e.g., how under conditions of limited understanding any activity is an activity that designs and constructs, and how designing objects, spaces, and situations relates to the (designed) meta-world of second-order cybernetics. If it cannot be determined whether the world is complex or not, to assume that the world is complex is a matter of choice linked to an attitude of generosity. The chapter highlights that It is this attitude, which makes designing an ethical challenge. Designers require a framework that is open, but one that supplies ethical guidance when ’constructing’ something new. Relating second- order design thinking to insights in philosophy and aesthetics, the chapter argues that second-order cybernetics provides a response to this ethical challenge and essentially it entails a poetics of designing. 1.1 Introduction And in these operations the person “I,” whether explicit or implicit, splits into a number of different figures: into an “I” who is writing and an “I” who is written, into an empiri- cal “I” who looks over the shoulder of the “I” who is writing and into a mythical “I” who serves as a model for the “I” who is written. -
Introduction: an Evolutionary History of Biosemiotics
Chapter 1 Introduction: An Evolutionary History of Biosemiotics Donald Favareau Abstract1 The present chapter is intended to provide an introductory overview to the history of biosemiotics, contextualizing that history within and against the larger currents of philosophical and scientific thinking from which it has emerged. Accordingly, to explain the origins of this most 21st century endeavour requires effectively tracing – at least to the level of a thumbnail sketch – how the “sign” con- cept appeared, was lost, and now must be painstakingly rediscovered and refined in science. In the course of recounting this history, this chapter also introduces much of the conceptual theory underlying the project of biosemiotics, and is therefore intended to serve also as a kind of primer to the readings that appear in the rest of the volume. With this purpose in mind, the chapter consists of the successive examination of: (1) the history of the sign concept in pre-modernist science, (2) the history of the sign concept in modernist science, and (3) the biosemiotic attempt to develop a more useful sign concept for contemporary science. The newcomer to biosemiotics is encouraged to read through this chapter (though lengthy and of necessity still incomplete) before proceeding to the rest of the volume. For only by doing so will the disparate selections appearing herein reveal their common unity of purpose, and only within this larger historical context can the contemporary attempt to develop a naturalistic understanding of sign relations be properly evaluated and understood. 1 Pages 1–20 of this chapter originally appeared as The Biosemiotic Turn, Part I in the journal Biosemiotics (Favareau 2008). -
Curriculum Vitae Richard Jung
Curriculum Vitae Richard Jung 31 December 2005 Richard Jung CURRICULUM VITAE 31 December 2005 ADDRESS Kouřimská 24 +420 607 587 627 CZ - 284 01 Kutná Hora [email protected] Czech Republic www.RichardJung.cz PERSONAL Born 19 June 1926 in Čáslav, Czechoslovakia Czech & US citizen CURRENT POSITIONS Director, International Center for Systems Research, Czech Republic Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Theoretical Psychology, University of Alberta DEGREES Doctor of Philosophy in Social Relations, Harvard University Doctor of Laws, Charles University in Prague LANGUAGES Fluent: Czech, English, French, German, Norwegian Reading ability: Latin; Slavic, Germanic and Italic languages ACADEMIC CONCENTRATION Applications of systems analysis in the behavioral sciences Theory and methodology in psychology and sociology Philosophy, history, and sociology of science Developmental psychology, socialization, and social control CURRENT RESEARCH General systems theory: An attempt at a comprehensive formulation Theory of experience and action: A phenomenological and cybernetic formulation of psychological and sociological theory Metatheory of living systems: Classification and description of transformations between fundamentally different ways of analyzing living systems Complex systems research: Application of systems analysis to individual and aggregate human behavior Richard Jung CURRICULUM VITAE 31 December 2005 TEACHING EXPERIENCE AND PREFERENCES Taught a variety of courses on all levels from first year undergraduate to post- doctoral and -
Cybernetic Aspects in the Agile Process Model Scrum
ICSEA 2014 : The Ninth International Conference on Software Engineering Advances Cybernetic Aspects in the Agile Process Model Scrum Michael Bogner, Maria Hronek, Andreas Hofer, Franz Wiesinger University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria Department of Embedded Systems Engineering Hagenberg, Austria Email: [michael.bogner, maria.hronek, andreas.hofer, franz.wiesinger]@fh-hagenberg.at Abstract—Agile process models provide guidelines for modern It comprises various theories, primarily the theories of infor- software development. As one of their main purposes is to mation and communication, and the theory of regulation and complete projects under external influences as successfully as control. Without the laws of cybernetics, almost nothing would possible, the question arises as to how reliably and routinely work - no aircraft, no computer, no large city and no organism given project goals can be achieved by means of such process [4]. As one of the most fundamental and powerful sciences, models. This is all the more relevant as today, unfinished software cybernetics incorporates the essential mechanisms in order to projects frequently lack certain functionality, or missed project deadlines are still on the daily agenda in software development. cope with complexity: self-control, self-regulation and self- Therefore, research has been done to identify the coherences organization. In our world of increasing complexity, cyber- between agile process models and cybernetics. Cybernetics is a netics provides the invariant laws of functioning. This holds natural science based on biocybernetics which forms the basis true for biological, technical, physical, social and economic for well-functioning processes. It was analysed how it helps to systems, but most people are not aware of that [5] [6]. -
V No 1, March 1973
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR CYBERNETICS FORUM VOLUME V, NUMBER 1 MARCH 1973 W. ROSS ASHBY FROM TUE DESK OF TUE PRESIDENT Prof. Dr. Ross Ashby, gentleman, genius I. The current year should be a year of less pressure but intensive planning and system and scholar, died at the age of 69 on atic expansion of our membership. The ASC profile must be strengthened. Our immediate November I 5th 1972. He was, of course, a goals: consolidating our modus operandi on a broad basis, intensifying our efforts to world authority on cybernetics and systems organize in small, geographically scattered, knowledgeable work groups, and to improve our theory. He came down from Sidney Sussex, public relations. The ASC FORUM, Journal and the Annual Proceedings give us visibility Cambridge, and practised medicine; served and exposure; quality and high standards are essential. for many years as Research Director of 2. 1972's activities were highlighted by several events: We held three conferences: one Barnwood House and at the Burden was sponsored by ASC alone, a second jointly sponsored with IEEE. Participation in the Neurologicallnstitute. Later he came to the AAAS Annual Meeting in December was a "first" for us, an important milestone. An invi United States, where he was Professor in the tation to apply officially for affiliated membership in AAAS is expected. Department of Biophysics, at the University Wehave consolidated our publication program and improved our visibility: the Journal of of Illinois from 196"1 to 1971. On retirement Cybernetics, which failed to appear last year, will resume publication shortly. Because of a he returned home to Great Britain and serious argument with the publisher, the four quarterly issues of Volume 2, 1972, were not spent the last few years of his life as profes released last year.