Leveraging System Science When Doing System Engineering

Home , Biocybernetics, Control theory, Engineering cybernetics, George Klir, Medical cybernetics, Operations research

Richard A. Martin INCOSE System Science Working Group and Tinwisle Corporation System Science and System Engineering Synergy • Every System Engineer has a bit of the scientific experimenter in them and we apply scientific knowledge to the spectrum of engineering domains that we serve. • The INCOSE System Science Working Group is examining and promoting the advancement and understanding of Systems Science and its application to System Engineering. • This webinar will report on these efforts to: – encourage advancement of Systems Science principles and concepts as they apply to Systems Engineering; – promote awareness of Systems Science as a foundation for Systems Engineering; and – highlight linkages between Systems Science theories and empirical practices of Systems Engineering. 7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 2 Engineering or Science

• “Most sciences look at certain classes of systems defined by types of components in the system. Systems science looks at systems of all types of components, and emphasizes types of relations (and interactions) between components.” George Klir – past President of International Society for the System Sciences

• Most engineering looks at certain classes of systems defined by types of components in the system. Systems engineering looks at systems of all types of components, and emphasizes types of relations (and interactions) between components.

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 3 Engineer or Scientist or Systemist Engineers and Scientists have a lot in common: – Construct and test models and theories – Congregate to tell their peers about the work they do, successes and failures – Fragmented into domains of expertise – Use specialized languages and symbols to communicate among themselves – Few practitioners, the systemists, actually looking at the whole picture And some differences: – Phenomenon of interest (natural / human-made) – Primary value of method use (knowledge / operational capability)

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 4 SS Landscape*

• Chaos theory – Systems immunology • Systems theory • Complex systems – Systems neuroscience – Biochemical systems • Complex system • System dynamics theory • Cybernetics – Social dynamics – Ecological systems theory – Developmental systems – Biocybernetics • Systems ecology theory – Engineering cybernetics – Ecosystem ecology – General systems theory – Management cybernetics • Systems engineering – Living systems theory – Medical cybernetics – Biological systems – LTI system theory – New Cybernetics engineering – Sociotechnical systems – Second-order cybernetics – Earth systems engineering theory • Control theory and management – Mathematical system Affect control theory – Enterprise systems – theory – Control engineering engineering – World-systems theory – Control systems – Systems analysis • Systems theory in sociology – Dynamical systems • Systems theory in – Talcott Parsons – Perceptual control theory anthropology – John N. Warfield • Operations research • Systems psychology – Niklas Luhmann – Ergonomics • Systems biology Etc… – Computational systems – Family systems theory • biology – Systemic therapy – Synthetic biology

* According to Wikipedia (separate Wikipedia article on each topic listed) James Martin – IW13

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 5 Similar Methodology SE Method

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 6 Science supports engineering

Mature science-based Immature engineering engineering

Specific build from design models

Artificial or hybrid Engineering system specialize

General abstract from many models Natural systems Science

Duane Hybertson, IW13 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar 7/10/2013 7 Presentation SysSciWG Projects WG leaders – James Martin & Duane Hybertson • System Praxis Framework – Janet Singer, Hillary Sillitto, et. al. • Unified Systems Science Theory - Len Troncale, et. al. • Systems of Innovation/ System Pathologies - Bill Schindel & Bruce Beihoff • Unifying Ontology for Systemists (suspended)- Jack Ring & Richard Martin • Basic Structural Modeling – Joe Simpson • Synergizing Systemists – Jack Ring • SEBOK Part 2 – Rick Adcock and James Martin • IFSR Conversation ’14 – James Martin and Gary Metcalf • SS/SE Synergies white paper – Duane Hybertson, et. al.

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 8 Integrated Systems Approach

Systems thinking properties of interest; purpose and value appropriate boundary “whole systems thinking”, stakeholder alignment “understanding systems in a human context” establish human interest and intentionality wrt systems

Systems science effect of Systems engineering proposed changes theory of systems making choices about how to create and adjust a new system or modify an existing one the better to achieve a purpose

Domain application

applying systems approach to a particular domain

Sillitto, H., “Integrating Systems Science, Systems Thinking and Systems Engineering: understanding the differences and exploiting the synergies”. INCOSE International Symposium, Rome, July 2012

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 9 SS Landscape* • Chaos theory – Systems immunology • Systems theory • Complex systems – Systems neuroscience – Biochemical systems • Complex system • System dynamics theory • Cybernetics – Social dynamics – Ecological systems theory – Developmental systems – Biocybernetics • Systems ecology theory – Engineering cybernetics – Ecosystem ecology – General systems theory – Management cybernetics • Systems engineering – Living systems theory – Medical cybernetics – Biological systems – LTI system theory – New Cybernetics engineering – Sociotechnical systems – Second-order cybernetics – Earth systems engineering theory • Control theory and management – Mathematical system Affect control theory – Enterprise systems – theory – Control engineering engineering – World-systems theory – Control systems – Systems analysis • Systems theory in sociology – Dynamical systems • Systems theory in – Talcott Parsons – Perceptual control theory anthropology – John N. Warfield • Operations research • Systems psychology – Niklas Luhmann – Ergonomics • Systems biology Etc… – Computational systems – Family systems theory • biology – Systemic therapy – Synthetic biology

* According to Wikipedia (separate Wikipedia article on each topic listed)

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 10 Hard and Soft Aspects

Hillary Sillitto, 2009-2010 7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 11 7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 12 Elements of the Three Cultures (following Cross 2001)

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 13 7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 14 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar 7/10/2013 15 Presentation 100+ Systems Processes 1. Allometry Patterns …mechanisms or isomorphies... 2. Anergic Mechanisms 3. Ashby’s Conjecture (Requisite) 4. Attractors (Point, Periodic) 31. Field Dynamics 61. Periodic Processes 5. Autopoiesis, Allopoiesis 32. Fractal Structure, Time, & Process 62. Phases 6. Bifurcations 33. Fragmentation Processes 63. Plenitude, Principle of 7. Boundary Conditions 34. Flows, Generic Rules 35. Growth Patterns & Laws 64. Positive Feedback Mechanisms 8. Catastrophe Processes 36. Hierarchical Structure & Process 65. Potential Spaces or Fields 9. Closed Systems 37. Homeostatic Processes 66. Power Spectrum of Physics 10. Competitive Processes 38. Hypercycles 67. Replication-Recursive Mechanisms 11. Cooperative Processes 39. Input Mechanisms 68. Restructuring Rules 12. Counterparity Mechanisms 40. Information Flow Processes 41. Integration Processes 69. Self-Organizing Processes 13. Coupled Feedback Processes 42. Instability Mechanisms 70. Singularities 14. Couplings, Interactions 43. Least Action/Energy Principles 71. Soliton Theory (Long Waves) 15. Cycles and Cycling 44. Lifestage Cycles 72. Spin Processes 16. Decay Processes 45. Limit Cycle Processes 73. Stability Processes 17. Deutsch’s & Dollo’s Conjecture 46. Limits, Physical 47. Limits, Informational 74. States 18. Dev’t Patterns & Laws 48. Lotka-Volterra Substitutions 75. Steady State Mechanisms 19. Dissipative Str Processes 49. Lyapunov Functions 76. Strings, Generic Systems 20. Duality Mechanisms 50. Maximality Principles 77. Symmetry, Systems-Level 21. Emergence Processes 51. Meta-Heterarchical Str & Processes 78. System Identification, Sub-, Super 22. Energy Flow Processes 52. Minimization Principles 53. Morphodynamic Processes 79. Taxonomy, Systems 23. Entropy 54. Negative Entropy 80. Transgressive Equilibrium 24. Equilibrium Processes 55. Negative Feedback Mechanisms 81. Variation Mechanisms 25. Ergodic Processes 56. Network Dynamics 82 .Zipf’s/Pareto’s Conjecture 26. Evolutionary Processes 57. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 27. Exclusion Principle 58. Open Systems 59. Oscillations 28. Feedback Processes 60. Output Processes 29. Feedforward Processes © Dr. Len Troncale, June, 2010 Used 30. Fiegenbaums Constant with permission 7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 16 Natural Science Literature Case Studies “Not only the usual natural sciences that serve as a source of info. for our new sys of sys process theory, it is the new systems-based versions of those sciences. They have recently discovered their obligate complex systems natures.”

• Transitions/Phases/Modes are in part the result of Symmetry Breaks in Linkages. • Symmetry Breaking is a partial cause of Scalar Emergence. • Hierarchical Structure is a partial result of Scalar Emergence. • Coupled Negative & Positive Feedbacks are a partial cause of Dynamic Equilibrium • Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics is a necessary condition for Diffusion Limited Aggregation. • Diffusion Limited Aggregation is a partial cause of Fractal Structure. • Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics is a necessary

condition for Fractal Structure. © Dr. Len Troncale, Jan., 2013 Used with permission 7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 18 Systems of Innovation

Bill Schindel & Bruce Beihoff – IW13 7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 19 Interacting Loops of Innovation

Bill Schindel & Bruce Beihoff – IW13 7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 20 Relational Complexity Theory

Components F Operations Critical Internal Functions A Stockpile of raw materials f QA tracking m Milling the wood a waste F Operational model ρ Replication A resource model f Jobs, tasks, etc. r Quality Control, maintenance, a input specifications personnel φ Adaptation, reorganization B Infrastructure, facilities b internal structure, B infrastructure model Company Critical External Functions b workspace construction ρ v sales, marketing, procurement m g Products, corporate presence r b φ v a Competitive, Goods, Sales Core Incorporation Collaborative, Suppliers Marketing Processing A F Φ B Regulatory Resources, F A B Φ Management Policy, Legal Procurement, Manufacture Environment, Customers Employees Franchising Strategy Customers a a

XYZ Corporation Business Environment John J. Kineman, IW12 7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 21 a system for everyone

Princeton University "About WordNet." WordNet. synset links from WordNet Search Princeton University. 2010. entity 3.1 physical entity abstract entity

thing object relation attribute psychological matter feature location whole part of state cognition part quality (noesis) natural unit situation region object artifact discourse ability content body environment know-how geographic context regularity idea instrumentation body area live group part body orderliness structure method environment plan

system

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 22 Concept Map - System

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 23 Concept Map - Praxis

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 24 Concept Map – System Engineering

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 25 Concept Map – System Model

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 26 Concept Map – Fault Detection

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 27 The ontology conundrum

8 participants and 8 terms - emergence, human activity system, model, modes, praxis, problematic situation, system, systemist

yields 104 propositions (99 distinct), Spreadthink reigns supreme! 27 of which include another term

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 28 Similar Methodology?

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 29 Or just a Use Case Actor?

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 30 SysSciWG Admin

• Members of the Systems Science Working Group meet twice a year at the INCOSE International Workshop and the International Symposium. – Contact Systems Science Working Group (Systems- [email protected]) for additional information or to join this group. • Collaboration – http://groups.google.com/group/syssciwg (about 120 members) – https://sites.google.com/site/syssciwg2013 (SSWG wiki site-NEW) – http://syscoi.com/commons/ (Systems Community of Inquiry) – http://cmapspublic.ihmc.us/rid=1275487929775_861803180_25975/S SWG (cmap sharepoint site) – [email protected] (discontinued)

7/10/2013 INCOSE Enchantment Chapter Webinar Presentation 31