AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR FORUM VOLUME V, NUMBER 1 MARCH 1973

W. ROSS ASHBY FROM TUE DESK OF TUE PRESIDENT

Prof. Dr. Ross Ashby, gentleman, genius I. The current year should be a year of less pressure but intensive planning and system­ and scholar, died at the age of 69 on atic expansion of our membership. The ASC profile must be strengthened. Our immediate November I 5th 1972. He was, of course, a goals: consolidating our modus operandi on a broad basis, intensifying our efforts to world authority on cybernetics and systems organize in small, geographically scattered, knowledgeable work groups, and to improve our theory. He came down from Sidney Sussex, public relations. The ASC FORUM, Journal and the Annual Proceedings give us visibility Cambridge, and practised medicine; served and exposure; quality and high standards are essential. for many years as Research Director of 2. 1972's activities were highlighted by several events: We held three conferences: one Barnwood House and at the Burden was sponsored by ASC alone, a second jointly sponsored with IEEE. Participation in the Neurologicallnstitute. Later he came to the AAAS Annual Meeting in December was a "first" for us, an important milestone. An invi­ United States, where he was Professor in the tation to apply officially for affiliated membership in AAAS is expected. Department of Biophysics, at the University Wehave consolidated our publication program and improved our visibility: the Journal of of Illinois from 196"1 to 1971. On retirement Cybernetics, which failed to appear last year, will resume publication shortly. Because of a he returned home to Great Britain and serious argument with the publisher, the four quarterly issues of Volume 2, 1972, were not spent the last few years of his life as profes­ released last year. Our disagreements have been settled. Nos. I and 2 (combined)of Volume sorial fellow at the University of Wales. 2, 1972, should be in the mail tatest at the beginning of March. (For tables of contents see Readers of the Forum probably knew page 2). Nos. 3 and 4 will follow in a month or two. The first two issues of the 1973 edition him best as an axiomatist. He was endowed are scheduled to appear within a reasonable time thereafter. All authors of papers with the ability to make plain the murky, submitted for publication in the Journalare receiving a formal acknowledgment. though intriguing, hinterland between sys­ 3. The next major project under consideration is an ASC sponsored international meet­ tems that are !arge enough to prove interest­ ing in West Berlin, the Allied controlled sector ofthat divided city. This meeting is to be ing and intractable, but not of such gigantic sponsored by ASC in collaboration with other cybernetic societies in Europe. According to proportians that they succumb to the aver­ our present plans, the "CaII for Papers" will be mailed shortly. Russian scientists and scien­ aging techniques, elegant in physics, which tific members of satellite countries aretobe included. This meeting would be the first such are thoughtlessly applied to the whole event outside ofthe United States sponsored by ASC. gamut of organizations. For example, he 4. An urgent need exists to cultivate neglected geographic areas: we require your assist­ applied the rigorous set theoretic approach ance. Our present membership development curve does not reflect a uniform upward trend of the Bourbaki School to dynamic stability area by area. How should we move to new peaks and avoid the valleys? and the irreducible order (adicity) of rela­ In this regard the following developments are significant: A new scientific advisory com­ tions; later in life. he made use of mittee is being formed und er the chairmanship of Carl Hammer. A new editor of the Jour­ comparably exact methods in elucidating nal will be appointed who will be assisted by three associate editors. The names will be an­ the vast difference between operating upon nounced in the next issue of the FORUM. Beginning_with No. 2 of this volume, the ASC the input (or output) of a system and opera­ FORUM will have a new editor. He will be assisted by three associate editors: Charles H. ting upon the class of functions, that is the Dym. Arthur S. lberall, and Felix F. Kopstein. system's structure. The roots of this 5. Finally, at long last the proceedings of the December 1971 and March 1972 Confer­ development (for the most part in unpub­ ences will be available in print shortly and shipped to the participants of these respective lished manuscript form) are obvious from meetings. an inspection of his pioneering work upon multivariate and . application) or in asking the basic question a trapper's hat (to keep out the cold on a Though most obtrusive (for Prof. Ashby that is converting a calculus of varieties and winter's journey). As snatches from had a yen for precise dialogue and feit the transmissions into a much more powerful memory; he was displaying a deep principle. need for lucidity) this axiomatic side of his calculus of diversities and affinities. The in­ ultra-stability perhaps, and chose for his character was perhaps the least important stances are Iegion. His students and col­ demonstration a quite preposterous artifact of all. For he could easily have made a leagues knew that creativity, with this man, like a coffee grinder with light bulbs machine to play these tricks, or have en­ was a habit of mind; many of those col­ attached. He was in Locarno, standing as gaged some im probable collation of biologi­ leagues and students he met during more though bemused by reflections on the water cal, sociological or ecosystems to exercise than 10 years happy residence in the United and actually conceiving a theory of replicas. the same skills. Rather, Ashby the scientist, States. In either case, by a very personal wit, he ex­ was unique in being the world's mostglobal One's memory of Ashby, like all people of hibited the essentials of a situation and its thinker; able to appreciate complexity as great calibre, is fragmented whereas their breadth also. It is no surprise that he few others could do. This quality appears in person is an amalgam of qualities. So, Prof. learned to play the flute in his65th year and his major innovations; in the very subtle Ashby had deep kindness, a wry sense of mastered it; or that throughout his life he identlfzcation of set theory (in contrast to its humor, a forbidding demeanor leavened by Continued on page 2. Ashby - Continued from poge 1. regarded the working of fretsaws and band­ journal of cybernetics saws as. among many other things, mathe­ matical operations. He was enthralled by transactions of the american mysteries (unsolved cases. murders, and the like) but his favorite mystery was that con­ society for cybernetics sciousness alone, remained ineluctable. Our last meeting was earlier in 1972 in London. Vol. 2, No. 1 Vol. 2, No. 2 He gave a brilliant scientific lecture, after January-March, 1972 Aprii-June, 1972 which he interpreted the character "Iago" over dinner. and the next morning, drove olf along the road to Bristol. contents contents You will forgive a slight departure from CYBERNETICS AND POLITICS, RESPONS I BI LI Tl ES OF COMPETENCE, the rules: Be damned to the past tense of Harvey Brooks obituaries; Ashby has earned the right to immortality. ON STRATEGie INTELLIGENCE IN FURTHER TOWARDS A TRIADIC DETERRENCE, January 1973 Robert H. Kupperman, Harvey A. CALCULUS PART 2, Smith, and L ee R. Abramson Christopher R. Longyear OFFICERS-t9'i3 COMPARISON OF EXPEDIENT AND Roy Herrmann-President üPTIMAL RE"INRlReEMEN "ON RANDOM SE"ARCH'ttSINuBINARY ArtmiT S. fb erafi-Vice Presi

SESSION 1-Roy Herrmann. Chairman from within the system (feed-forward or and Control Systems (M ICS) and General I. Roy Herrmann opened the session by natural laws) could in the future reverse Information Systems (GIS) are beginning to delivering a paper on "The Cybernetic Ap­ present trends. Unknowingly man has in the emerge and are coming into operational use. proach to Global Research". He took issue past reacted to economical developments by It is safe to predict that futuremanagerswill with the pessimistic views some economists formulating and applying new doctrines (the indeed be able to make intelligent use of and socio-political scientists voice about the classic economic theories. neoclassicism, intelligence systems, to paraphrase a weil· immediate future of man. "Limits to etc.). In this connection. the possibilities of known cxpression by . Some Growth" (Dennis Meadows), which takes a the multi-national corporations which in CO­ day such systems will provide not only fact­ IooK: at the rate at which man is consuming operation with national governments exer­ ual data in real-time, but also statistical ex­ available but scarce resources. is one of cise Controlling influences, expected to in­ trapolations, decision functions. and even those predictive evaluations centering on the crease in the future. were reviewed. Greater the calculated risks associated with alterna­ rapid increase of the world population. centralization of governmental and large. tive courses of action. Practically all nations are affected by the ex­ complex, international corporations aided 3. Allen Kent drew attention to the exist­ plosive developments of the last decades. and assisted by even greater sophistication ence of "Unsolvable Problems in Informa­ These have been caused not only by the of information and communication systems tion Science". rising number of people born into this world may be able to improve self-regulating eco­ He stated that his research had started but also by technologicaJ imprcwements re­ nomic and social forces. They are suscepti­ with an attempt to develop the ultimate flected in increasing production of urban ble to a sensitive system of functionally in­ classification of all knowledge-an attempt facilities to shelter the rising populace and teracting elements which permit and call for that quickly led to the realization that the of every kind of goods needed to satisfy con­ the guiding (objective and subjective value) universality of classification is only in the sumer demand and increase produclive judgments of the "helmsman" to steer the eyes of the inventor and that the beholder capabilities of old and new industries. The ship of state through turbulent seas back can quickly develop empirical evidence that threats of death by starvation when food into calmer waters. The question of how will destroy it. The author, therefore. pro­ supplies become insufficient and of death by "nature" in the sense of game theory will ceeded to another view of the world of asphyxiation following the pollution of air come to the rescue of mankind has yet tobe knowledge which entailed an attempt to re­ and water have become a haunting thought. answered. The author of this paper does not veal the fundamental meaning of words These trends are accompanied by a grow­ believe that the threatening cataclysmic end through an examination of semantic con­ ing backlog of unanswered problems: un­ of man is in sight. at least not for a long time tent. Here it became evident that even the employment, rural-urban migration in the to come. major lexicons of the world would not per­ poor countries. and "a global ecosystem 2. Gar/ Hammer presented a d iscussion mit wresting out of lexeme-like units which showing signs of acute stress." These are on "Information Technology-Its Present would be useful to those who would be certainly serious indicators of a menacing and Future Impact on Decision Making." served by information systems. development which could, if not stopped The design and development of informa­ The next step was to seek synthetic rela­ soon, Iead to the end of human life on this tion systems has received considerable and tionship which could be applied selectively globe. The unsolved problem-how to stop ever-increasing attention since the introduc­ to the universe of discourse. This led to the and reverse this trend-is no doubt urgent tion of general-purpose. digital, electronic realization that consistency in systematic and calls for an early solution. Yet, very machines. The stated purpose of all such application of these relationships was suffi­ little has been done by man to find the right systems is to provide management with ciently elusive that they could not be ex­ answers. lf man hirnself has neither the will timely, accurate, and pertinent information ploited effectively in information systems. A nor the ability to alleviate the fears of cata­ at a reasonable cost so that better decisions further step was the design of computer clysmic developments which cause the world can be made with a faster reaction time. hardware which could search semantic units as we know it to come to an end, will "na­ Many published studies indicate that and exploit synthetic relationships. Al­ ture" or some other "system" not undcr the these goals are not as readily achieved as though a breadboard model was in control of man come to the rescue? would be apparent from the large number of operation for several years, an attempt to Dr. Herrmann then examined the possi­ systems in existence and in the planning develop a production versionwas aborted by bility and probability of finding the answers stages. It has been pointed out that the cost-effectiveness considerations. The field to thesevital questions with a cybernetic ap­ problern of organizing an effective manage­ of operating systems then settled down to proach to the evaluation of many variables, ment information system has become pro­ - simpler approaches. entailing the use of some known, some unknown. which consti­ gressively more complex as computer appli­ words derived from the discourse of authors, tute a complex total system of forces cations are extended to cover wider areas of leaving the task of exploiting the systems to (elements) which in this gigantic "universe" interest to management. Present concepts those who would interface with users, and to are made up of innumerable functionally seem to have fallen far short, in the majority the users themselves. related dependent and independent subsets of cases, of providing a real solution to the But the need to establish explicit relation­ and their elements. Basing his approach on problem. even under the guise of "total sys­ ships among words which would reveal se­ the application of Norbert Wiener's sym­ tems", "integrated systems", "real-time mantic content remained. The development bolic concept of the "helmsman," he system", or other cliches with which the of thesauri was the response to this need. pointed to a number of parts of the total field abounds. Most such systems provide, Although they were not produced as ends in system, which following similar develop­ at best. dated and voluminous outputs themselves, quantitative evidence of the ments in the human system may cause aber­ which tell little more than could have come operations' usefulness of these thesauri has rations (pattern changes in cell splits d ue to from "ye olde tab shoppe". not emerged which would have suggested nature's errors) or the formation of antibod­ Nevertheless. a good case can be made that system outpul judged tobe useful was ies, and even the consequence of prey and now for electronic data management sys­ really employed. predator actions upsetting or righting the tems designed to provide current data and Thus the stage is set for a d iscussion of existing equilibrium of powerful elements. selected information. More advanced why some objectives have not been attained The instructions given to such a system systems, such as Management Information Continued on poge 5. AAAS Annual Meeting - Continued from p.5. tion by the Congress, and realistic decisions amination setting. The context for their use and perhaps why they may not be attainable by the Judiciary relevant to medicine, medi­ is similarly determined by the priorities set at all. cal care and the health of the American by the participants in response to questions. 4. "Are We Ready for the Advariced people; 4. Recommend priorities for the ex­ In this fashion the attempt has been to util­ Scientific Information Retrieval Systems?" penditure of the mttional health budget to ize those principles of information transfer queried Robert M. Landau in his paper. attain highest possible Ievels of health; which rellect the use of a limited number of He opened by exploring the relationships 5. ldentify national health emergencies and statements whose selection is derived via in­ between information generators and infor­ local health emergency areas; 6. Develop terrogative statements from the diagnosti­ mation users and the Iack of feedback in the and maintain a national health code cian to the primary participant. In system. The nature of the intellectual. phy­ governing such matters as standards of care MacKay's terms, it is the use of such inter­ sical. temporal and economic distances be­ and of environmental health, and qualifica­ rogative statements eliciting a mutualistic tween stored information and the users of tions of professional and para-professional interaction between the diagnostician and information are considered. The implica­ personnel. the child that illustrates an educational tions of the rapid merging of the technolo­ Dr. Rutstein made clear his view that a process while simultaneously initiating it. gies in computers, communications and Quality Control System must be the key­ 4. As an extension of remarks made at micrographics were outlined. The stone of any plan for a National Health Pro­ the first session of a new special interest economics of the traditional scientific gram. group on foundations ofinformation science information delivery systems were compared 2. Man.fred Kochen discussed "Informa­ (SIG/ FIS) of the American Society for In­ to the economics of the new direct access tion Systems for Urban Problem-Solvers." formation Science, Laurence B. H eilpri11 delivery system. Differences in the quality Information systems are classified discussed the "Impact of the Cybernetic and timeliness of the information delivered according to their role in problem-solving. A Law of Requisite Variety on a Theory of In­ was described. There are psychological new conceptualization of problem-solving formation Science". problems involved in the acceptance of the makes more precise the distinction bctwccn The search for an integratcd, comprchcn­ new d irect access systems. The vastness a nd well-defined problems. which we try to solve, sive theory ofinformation science (JS) has so complexity of the new electronic Iandscape and ill-structured problems. with which we far been unsuccessful. Appearance of a that can be so quickly traversed is not easily try to cope. For information systems to help theory has been retarded by one centrat understood nor readily accepted. However with well-defined problems, an analogue to constraint, the !arge number of disciplines the symbiosis is possible and feedback from Shannon's coding theorem was suggested. concerned with human communication. the users to the system designers is essential Eleven principles for the design of informa­ Cross disciplinary interdependence occurs in order for the scientilic community to take tion systems to help with ill-structured in two ways: theoretical relation of IS phe­ the best advantage of thew enew systems. A problems were formulated. nomena to a given science, and practical re­ few suggestions were made to assist in this 3. Mark N. Ozer described his use of lation of the science to IS dissemination of feedback. "Diagnosis of Brain Function as an Adap­ its contributions. SESSION 11-Car/ Hammer. Chairman tive Process". Prof. Heilprin was concerned with the I. "Measuring the Quality of Medical The mode of description of brain function first. The main difficulty in making IS Care for the Improvement of Health" was is considered to have implication for the models is the above mentioned interaction discussed by David Rutstein. procedures followed in dealing with the of many sciences of communication. Promi­ He indicated how the quality of medical communication of information in educa­ nent among these are physics, biology. psy­ care can be measured with the objective tion. The neurologist traditionally views chology. library science, computer science, (I) of determining the status of health of the function as relating to structure. Our con­ several social sciences, applied logic and population, and (2) for devising and implc­ cepts of brain function are strongly tied to mathematics. and not least, cybernetics. menting methods for improvement of the the anatomical or spatial distribution of le­ That cybernetics should apply to IS is not a health of the population by keeping at a sions of the nervous system. Such existing new idea. But more precision has emerged minimum unnecessary disease, disability models of brain function are less applicable recently. Cybernetics is now seen to underlie and untimely death: a. The design was out­ to the time continuum in which func.tional nearly all IS phenomena through tw o cen­ lined of a Guidance System and an Early disturbances evolve. It is particularly inap­ trat concepts: variety, and the law of requi­ Warning System to collect objective data on plicable to the developmental continuum of site variety. The last (stated by Ashby) pro­ a nation-wide and regional basis that could the child. A new model of brain function vides a quantitative approach to system establish a baseline and evaluate at stated may be considered which is ad aptive in its regulation and control. IS concerns regula­ intervals the health of the populations implications. It may serve to outline the re­ tory activity in typically !arge. goal-seeking served. This Quality Control System will habilitative possibilities rather than the systems. That is, propagation of meaningful serve as an information network for present areas of destruction. It may also serve to ini­ human messages between sender and recip­ and predictive use and will distinguish the tiate the new process of adaptation it seeks ient on an "IS path" is a goal-seeking efficiency with which medical care is pro­ to stimulate. process. vided from the quality of care received by Diagnosis is not viewed simply as a proc­ The IS path is biophysically and topologi­ the population. b. Dr. Rutstein proposed an ess of defining the anatomical substrata. cally invariant in space and time. It consists administrative structure at national and re­ Communication of the mode of adaptation in three segments, two within the communi­ gional Ievels that could convert the numbers is intrinsic to the process. A model diagnos­ cants and one external to both. Within this yielded by the Quality Control System into tic protocol has been developed called the environmental segment are located the phy­ better health of the population. The pro­ Neurodevelopmental Observation (NDO). sical artifacts of IS. All social structures de­ posed administrative agency would: I. Con­ This time-limited protocol explores a pend on variation and matehing of the tinuously assay the state of the pinpoint limited number of problem-solving strate­ centrat segment. This includes Iransmission measures to improve national and regional gies in carrying out a set of prolotype tasks. of knowledge and education. The law of health; 2. Create new indices of health to The number of possible strategies to be requisite variety affects each stage of propa­ identify preventable and remediable causes used is limited to three during any specific gation along an IS path. More specifically. it of unnecessary disease. disability and un­ interaction. A commonly agreed upon set of has shaped all steps in the bibliographic timely death; 3. Prepare, upon request, Iabels is established for describing these access to knowledge. Applications of the law documented scientific. professional and strategies. In response to questions. the par­ of requisite variety at interfaces in IS sys­ technical evaluations that are essential and ticipant has the opportunity to select which tems were described in references to the au­ basic to constructive administrative policy of the sets of strategies offered is tobe incor­ thor's papers. in the Executive Department. sound legisla- porated in a context for use outside the ex- BIOCYBERNETICS GROUP Data Collection in Health System To Establish a Dialogue (Reply by Mark N. Ozer) Louise Speck

One program of the Biocybernetics scientists, and medical administrators. But The general principle of privileged com· Group is the establishment of dialogues in how would these systems be viewed by the munication must be maintained. The ineffi­ the Forum on questions of interest to the layman, the patient, the health ciency inherent is a cost which must be paid members of the American Society for Cy­ professionals? Is a fully automated health and is worth paying. The "need to know" bernetics. It is hoped that the membership delivery service wanted by the sick human principle must be strengthened. There is no will respond with discussions of these issues being in need of reassurance? To what ex­ need in the overwhelming number of in­ and will support new topics tobe introduced tent is the privileged flow of physician­ stances for use of identification numbers in the future. The first in this series follows: health-patient data in danger of being and particularly the use of a single number IS THE BIOMEDICAL COMPUTER assessed by unscrupulous parties? What are such as that of social security. The issue re­ SYSTEMS ANALYST A SORCERER'S the patient's "civil rights" in regard to his lates to the question of the availability of APPRENTICE? own health data? What kind of bind is the technology for control rather than for feed­ physician placed in when he is forced to ar­ The "electronic brain" with its gigantic back for growth. The theme for biofeedback bitrarily conform to a disease classification is the use of information not only for limit­ memory capacity and tremendous informa­ system which is unjustified in terms of pro­ ing deviation but also for enhancing growth. tion processing speed has the potential of viding good medical care to a patient and One way that the computerization of becoming an irreplaceable tool of the health may be derogatory tothat person ifthe file is health services might be growth enhancing services professions. Computers help not compromised? wouJd be for options for revision of diagnos­ only in dia-gnosis-a-ncrtreatment of diseases, " The specter of Big Brother being able to tic categories so that they are more opera­ but in prevention as weil. The diagnosis of a monitor citizens through their social secur­ tional. Rather than categorizing mental complex heart defect may require evalua­ ity numbers is an unwelcome thought to health problems as at present such as tions of 192 symptoms which are typical of many cltizens of this democracy. Yet "schizophrenia" etc., we might ask ques­ 40 possible illnesses! According to V. Savin. improvements in health services are plainly tions such as in what ways has this patient USSR, the computer needs only 20 seconds needed. Questions should be asked now, shown success and adaptation. The input to evaluate these data. Improved distribu­ and Options considered, before health deliv­ provided the computer is in such instances tions of health services are possible through ery systems are implemented which will re­ not derogatory but rather a description of the integration of telecommunications and sult in the escalation of compromise of priv­ the patient's strengths. This may help computers. As necessary, the information in ileged physician-patient data. Any scientist change the entire tenor of history-taking the computer memory can be used for plan­ familiar with double-blind studies knows and enhance the documentation of health ning optimal distribution of services, medi­ that there is no necessity for patients to be rather than disease. cal professionals, paramedical personnel, identified. Why then must the name and hospital beds. ambulances. and other types social security number of a patient be of medical facilities to serve a network of coupled with his diagnosis in a clerk's An answerby health maintenance facilities. Computers office? Thought should be given to alterna­ could keep track of the costs of the health tive solutions and the consequences of these, Dr. Roland Fisher will system. provide information for preventive before the computer systems analyst, acting appear in the next issue. We medicine programs. and serve as an epi­ in good faith, becomes a sorcerer's appren­ welcome additional comments, demicological alerting system. tice unleashing an unstoppable deluge of which should be addressed to All of these objectives would probably be privileged communications. Do you have Dr. Speck, A.S.C. judged as "good" by engineers-computer any suggestions to make?

MEMBERSlllP AND RENEWAL APPLICATION

GENTLEMEN: Piease consider my application for membership/renewal in the American Society for Cybemetics. Annual dues are $20 for members and $5 for students. Dues include the quarterly Ietter, and the ASC quarterly joumal.

Return together with your check to: Mr. Gary D. Bearden, ASC Suite 716, 1130-17th Street, NW Washington, DC 20036 NAME------­ ADDRESS------CITY ST ATE ZIP ___ TITLE/OCCUPATION ______SIGNATURE ______UPCOMING CONFERENCES NEW PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO Nanda, R . et al. 21-26 April 1973 CYBERNETICS "Simulating Passenger Arrivals at Airports." lndustrial Engineering 4: 12-19, March 1972. FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RAILROAD CYBERNETICS sponsored by the Association of American Novotarskll, V. A. et al. Railroads, Washington, D.C- Contact: R. B. Ackofi, RusseU L. and Emery, Fred E., " Aigorithm for Optimizing the Synthesis of Curry, Vice ?resident, Management Systems, On Purposeful Systems. Chicago & New York, Complex Automatie Systems." Automation Aldine-Atherton. 1972. Association of American Railroads. 1920 L and Remote Control 33:127-136, January 1972. Street, N. W., Washington D.C. 20036 Bateson, M. C., Our Own Metaphor. New York, Knopf. 1972. 23-24 April 1973 Pao, Y. C. FOURTH ANNUAL PITTSBURGH CONFER­ Berlin, V. G., " Mathematical Model of Underwater Simu­ ENCE ON MODELING AND SIMULATION "Parallel Randomized Search Strategies." lation of Astronaut Extravehicular Activi­ sponsored by School of Engineering, Univer­ Automation and Remote Control 33:398- ties." Journal ofSpacecraft and Rockets 9:229- sity of Pittsburgh in cooperation with the 403, March I 972. 230. April 1972. Pittsburgh sections of IEEE and The Instru­ ment Society of America. Contact: William G. Boakes, R. A. and HaUiday, M. S., Parkman, Ralph Vogt or Marlin H. Mickle, 231 Benedum Inhibitions and Learning. New York, Aca· The Cybernetic Society. New York, Pergarnon Engineering Hall. University of Pittsburgh, dernie Press. 1972 Press. 1972. PA. 15213 Cunningham, Michael, 23-25 May 1973 lntelligence. Its Organization and Develop­ Peterfreund, Emanuel, et al. ment. New York, A~emic Press. 1972. AllE SILVER ANNIVERSARY CONFERENCE /1 ~/'ormation . -~J •.v t ems. and Psychoana(vtical ON NEW AND OLD WAYS Grams, Ralph Raymond, Theory. International University Press. 1972. Ch icago, Illi nois. Problem Solving, Systems Analysis and Medi­ 24-29 June 1973 cine. Springfield, IL, C. C. Thomas. 1972. Rothman, S. and Mosmann, C. Computers and Society: The Teclmology and XX INTERNATIONAL MEETING Hamming, R. W., The Institute of Management Sciences. Tel lts Social lmplications. Chicago, Science Re­ "Computer and the lntellectural Frontier". search Associates. 1972. Aviv. Israel. hosted by the TIMS Israel Computers and Automation 21:25-29, June (ORSIS) and the Leon Recanati Graduale 1972. School of Business Administration of the Tel Rutledge, C., et al. Aviv University. Hoos, I. R., "Cybernetics and the Sea." Joumal of Environ­ Systems Analysis in Public Policy. Berkeley, mental Science 15:15-21, May 1972. 18-20 July 1973 CA. University of California Press. I972. FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON Shinnar, R. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, ELECTRONIC CRIME COUNTERMEAS­ "System Approach for Reducing Car Pollu ­ Bedford­ URES Body Engineering: A Symposium. tion. " Science 175: 1357- 1360. March 24. Contact: Mr. John S. Jackson. Conference shire. England. July 1970. London. 1972. 1972. Chairman. Electrical Engineering Department, KadanofT, L. P., University of Kentucky. Lcxington. KY. 40506 ''From Simulation Model to Public Policy." Tedcschl, James T. 31 Oct-2 Nov. 1973 Anu·rica11 Seienlist 60:74-79, January 1972. The Social lnj/uence Processes. Chicago. AllE FIRST ANNUAL SYSTEMS ENGINEER­ Aldine-Atherton. 1972. Kemeny, John G., ING CONFERENCE Man and the Computer. New York. Scribner. New York City. on " Man and His Rote in Sys­ 1972. Ursul, A. D. tems". hosted by the Metropolitan New York l1~/'ormation and Cybemetics. (Trans.) Joint Chapter. Program Coordinator. c/ o Tcchnical Mamey, M. and Smlth, Nlcholas M. Publications Research Service. Arlington. Services Director. AllE. 25 Technology Park/ " lnterdisciplinary Synthesis". Policy Sciences. VA. JPRS-56465. Available-National Tcch­ Atlanta. Norcross. Georgia 30071 Vol 3. 1972. pp. 289-323. nical Information Center.

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