Stocks and flows of buildings
Analysis of stock, demolition and construction of buildings in Tampere between 2000 and 2018 Table of content • Study background – About the study – Study material
• Results – General results – Building type specific findings – Location specific findings
• Conclusion – Goals – Tools
• Discussion Image: Tiia Monto
11.9.2019 2 Purpose of the study Create awareness for the potential of building stock and construction waste
→ reduce greenhouse gas emission in the building sector
→ carbon neutral Tampere by 2030
Image: Verkhovynets Taras/ Shutterstock
11.9.2019 3 About the study • Observations on demolished and newly constructed buildings 2000 – 2018 in Tampere • Comparison between building types, sizes, ages and building material • Considering existing building stock
Image: Pixabay/ Shutterstock Image: torgethotel.fi Image: Verkhovynets Taras/ Shutterstock
11.9.2019 4 Studied material • Finnish National Register: -dataset on existing and demolished buildings in Tampere (49.148 records) • City of Tampere: -dataset on existing buildings (49.263 records) -dataset on demolished buildings (8.539 records)
Used for study (after processing) • buildings demolished 2000 - 2018: 3.134 records (local and national datasets) • existing buildings: 43.639 records (national dataset) – built 2000 - 2018: 8.317 records (national dataset)
11.9.2019 5 Data processing
1st quantity → → 2nd →spatial
data tables contain information on: GIS (Geographic Information System)
-building type Every dot = one building: -coordinates -year of construction (/ demolition) -building type -building material -year of construction (/ demolition) -size -building material -… -size -…
11.9.2019 6 Data processing
1st → →
data tables graphs and statistics
11.9.2019 7 Data processing
1st quantity → → 2nd →spatial
11.9.2019 8 Data processing
2nd → →
grid map by building type combines several dots „heat map“ grid
-size colours indicate e.g. amount and total size of buildings -number of dots
11.9.2019 9 Results General
Total floor area (m²) built and demolished after 2000
4.429.880 • Demolished buildings between 2000 and 2018: 3.122 • New construction between 2000 and 2018: 8.294
1.053.459 • Total floor area demolished: ~1.000.000m² • Total floor area new constructed: ~4.500.000m²
11.9.2019 10 Results average age
average age / building type for buildings demolished 2000 - 2018
70 64 65
60
50 50
42 40 40 38 38 36 37 37 33 34
30
20
10
0 Detached houses Row houses Blocks of flats Dormitories Holiday cottages Utility buildings Commercial and Public buildings Warehouses Industrial Agricultural Transport office buildings buildings buildings buildings
• average age for buildings demolished 2000 – 2018 is 50 years • average age of existing building stock is 39 years
11.9.2019 11 Results average age average age / building type
45 42 • Make approx. 75% (~740.000m²) of total
40 demolished floor area 38 37 37 36 • Average age only 37 years 35 34
30 • Detached houses (64 years) and Blocks of flats (65 years) only make approx. 8% of 25 total demolished floor area
20
15
10
5
0 Commercial and Public buildings Warehouses Industrial Agricultural Transport office buildings buildings buildings buildings
11.9.2019 12 Increase of life expectancy
> 50 years →
11.9.2019 13 Results average age
Highest average ages / building Lowest average ages / building type type 70 70 65 • Blocks of flats and 64 office buildings are 60 60 structurally similar
50 50 → Average age correlates
40 40 with function 36 34 33
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0 Detached houses Blocks of flats Row houses Commercial and office Warehouses buildings
11.9.2019 14 Results average age
average age for building materials of buildings demolished 2000 -2018 60 • wood and brick traditional (oldest) materials
54 • Concrete and steel relatively new materials
50 49 • Detached houses’ (91% wooden) average 41 age 64 years (10 years above wood) 40 36
30 → Average age correlates with function rather 23 than building material 20
10
0 Concrete Brick Steel Wood Other
11.9.2019 15 Results stock and building materials
floor area (m²) for building materials by decade of construction for current building stock 3.500.000
3.000.000
2.500.000
2.000.000
1.500.000
1.000.000
500.000
0 -1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000- Concrete Brick Steel Wood →
Image: wickes.co.uk Image: homedepot.com Image: slhardware.com.my Image: indiamart.com 11.9.2019 16 Results material composition
material composition material composition for buildings demolished after 2000 for buildings built after 2000 100,00%
90,00%
80,00%
70,00%
60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10,00%
0,00%
Concrete Brick Steel Wood Concrete Brick Steel Wood
11.9.2019 17 Planning for deconstruction and adaptability
either → →
or →
11.9.2019 18 Results number of buildings and size Total number of buildings • 2,5x more construction than demolition built and demolished 2000 - 2018
8.294 • floor area of new construction is approx. 4.2 3.122 times higher than demolition
0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000
Total floor area (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • New buildings mostly become larger
4.429.880
1.053.459 → a reason for demolition is demand for larger
0 1.000.000 2.000.000 3.000.000 4.000.000 5.000.000 buildings
Average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018
546
337
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
11.9.2019 19 Planning for extension
→
11.9.2019 20 Building stock whole
• Tampere region
11.9.2019 21 Building stock whole
• Tampere city area
11.9.2019 22 Demolition whole after 2000 • Tampere city area -hide little demolition -clusters of high demolition ~525.000m² = 50% of all demolition
11.9.2019 23 Demolition Commercial buildings after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of high demolition
11.9.2019 24 Demolition Residential buildings after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of high demolition
11.9.2019 25 Construction whole after 2000 • Tampere city area -hide little construction -clusters of high construction ~3.35Mio m² = 75% of all construction
11.9.2019 26 Construction Residential buildings after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of high construction
11.9.2019 27 Construction Commercial buildings after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of high construction
11.9.2019 28 Comparison whole demo. – constr. after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of demo. and constr. -clusters contain: -71% of demo.: commerc. buildings -66% of constr.: residential buildings -22% of constr.: commerc. buildings
11.9.2019 29 Results residential buildings
average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • detached houses built after 2000 approx.
0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 twice as big as demolished ones
89 Detached houses 201 -trend towards larger homes sustainable?
627 Row houses 489
616 Blocks of flats 2.244 • new blocks of flats approx. 3,6 times larger -higher demand on living space due to ”modern” households? Number of buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018
0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000
520 Detached houses 2.828
22 Row houses 645
58 Blocks of flats 893
Image: Vuores, Tampere/ oikotie.fi 11.9.2019 30 Results residential buildings
number and floor area of detached houses demolished after 2000 divided by construction decade • demolition of mainly old houses 8.000 84 90 7.000 73 80 (heritage?) 68 66 6.000 70 60 5.000 50 4.000 -demand for larger houses 31 40 3.000 30 25 -modernization of homes 2.000 20 11 1.000 11 10 3 1 0 0 -1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-
Floor area Number of buildings
number and floor area of blocks of flats demolished after 2000 divided by construction decade • size of demolished blocks of 12.000 25 21 flats has changed from the 10.000 20 1940s to 1950s 8.000 15 6.000 9 10 4.000 5 5 5 2.000 3 1 2 0 0 -1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-
Floor area Number of buildings 11.9.2019 32 Results holiday cottages
average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • average size and amount of holiday
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 cottages built after 2000 almost doubled compared to demolished ones 47 Holiday cottages 80
Number of buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
189 Holiday cottages 378
Image: Mario Kolkwitz
11.9.2019 33 Results holiday cottages
floor area of holiday cottages demolished and built yearly after 2000 • Higher replacement 4000 for Mökki typology?
3500 -possibly due to spatial 3000 qualitative need
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Demolished Built
11.9.2019 34 Results commercial & office buildings
average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • average size is approx. 3.6 times higher for
0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 new buildings than demolished ones • number is roughly the same 1.408 Commercial and office buildings 5.117 Commercial centres instead of smaller shops?
Number of buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
107 Commercial and office buildings 99
Image: Ratina, Tampere/ Kuvio
11.9.2019 35 Results commercial & office buildings
floor area of commercial & office buildings demolished and built after 2000 • Small number of large 80000 business presmises
70000 replaces large number of smaller ones 60000 • Structural change of business 50000
40000 → centres & hypermarkets
30000
20000
10000
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Demolished Built
11.9.2019 36 Results commercial & office buildings
number and floor area of commercial and office buildings demolished after 2000 divided by construction decade • 1970s buildings with 50.000 25 repair and upgrading
45.000 22 needs
40.000 20
18 35.000 16 Commercial and office 30.000 15 buildings from the 70s are 25.000 already outdated? How can
20.000 10 we make buildings more adaptable to their changing 8 15.000 needs? 5 6 10.000 5
5.000
1 1 0 0 -1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000-
Floor area Number of buildings
11.9.2019 37 Results public buildings
average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • Average size has almost doubled compared
0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 to demolished buildings • Number of new buildings as increased by 40% 1.379 Public buildings 2.830 – High amount of residents has an increased demand for public buildings
Number of buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
80 Public buildings 129
Image: TMRW – Studio Daniel Libeskind 11.9.2019 38 Results public buildings
floor area of public buildings demolished and built after 2000 – Kauppi area (university hospital) 45000 • Large demolition 40000 • Large new construction
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Demolished Built
11.9.2019 39 Results industrial buildings, warehouses
average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • average sizes almost equal for demolition
0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 and construction
1.274 Warehouses • half the demand on warehouses 1.363
1.473 Industrial buildings 1.485 Construction for disassembly?
Number of buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
146 Warehouses 75
144 Industrial buildings 164
Image: TAKO, Tampere/ Andras Varga 11.9.2019 40 Results warehouses
floor area of warehouses demolished and built after 2000 • Peaks in demolition 30000 correspond to high construction of other 25000 building types
20000 → high replacement rate for commercial & office space
15000 and blocks of flats
10000
5000
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Demolished Built
11.9.2019 41 Results industrial buildings
floor area of industrial buildings demolished and built after 2000 • Demolition corresponds 40000 with new construction
35000 • Relocating of industrial buildings
30000
25000 Relocation possible without 20000 demolition?
15000
10000
5000
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Demolished Built
11.9.2019 42 Demolition - Construction after 2000 – Ratina/ Kalevanharju/ Iidesranta
44 buildings/ ~50.000m² demolished 80% commercially used 64 buildings/ ~300.000m² constructed 40% blocks of flats 50% commercially used
Image: etuovi.com
11.9.2019 43 Demolition - Construction after 2000 – Ratina/ Kalevanharju/ Iidesranta
Image: tampere.fi
11.9.2019 44 Demolition - Construction after 2000 – Kaleva/ Kalevanrinne
30 buildings/ ~50.000m² demolished 85% commercially used 39 buildings/ ~140.000m² constructed 70% blocks of flats 10% commercially used 15% public buildings
Image: toimitilat.kauppalehti.fi
11.9.2019 45 Demolition - Construction after 2000 – Härmälä
75 buildings/ ~87.000m² demolished 72% commercially used 8% residential buildings 106 buildings/ ~185.000m² constructed 98% blocks of flats
Image: Skanska Oy
11.9.2019 46 Goals • Extend buildings’ lifespans in order to save resources and emissions – Maintenance – Refurbishment – Design for functional and spatial adaptability
• In the case of Tampere: – design for extension – Design for adaptation
11.9.2019 47 Goals • Extend building materials’ lifespans in order to save resources and emissions – Design for deconstruction (Reuse of building components) – Recycling and reuse of construction material
• If using virgin resources, consider embodied energy, reusability and scarcity
• In the case of Tampere: – Strategies for carbon intensive materials such as concrete and steel – Considering the use of wood and other less carbon intensive materials
11.9.2019 48 Tools • Analysis based on local data – Spatial analysis based on data to discover future potentials – (needs further development)
• Masterplans – Stir new construction based on existing building mass
• Building policies – Change from one-size-fits all solutions to location specific policies – Implement Circular Economy principles in the planning process
11.9.2019 49 Kiitos!