Stocks and flows of buildings Analysis of stock, demolition and construction of buildings in Tampere between 2000 and 2018 Table of content • Study background – About the study – Study material • Results – General results – Building type specific findings – Location specific findings • Conclusion – Goals – Tools • Discussion Image: Tiia Monto 11.9.2019 2 Purpose of the study Create awareness for the potential of building stock and construction waste → reduce greenhouse gas emission in the building sector → carbon neutral Tampere by 2030 Image: Verkhovynets Taras/ Shutterstock 11.9.2019 3 About the study • Observations on demolished and newly constructed buildings 2000 – 2018 in Tampere • Comparison between building types, sizes, ages and building material • Considering existing building stock Image: Pixabay/ Shutterstock Image: torgethotel.fi Image: Verkhovynets Taras/ Shutterstock 11.9.2019 4 Studied material • Finnish National Register: -dataset on existing and demolished buildings in Tampere (49.148 records) • City of Tampere: -dataset on existing buildings (49.263 records) -dataset on demolished buildings (8.539 records) Used for study (after processing) • buildings demolished 2000 - 2018: 3.134 records (local and national datasets) • existing buildings: 43.639 records (national dataset) – built 2000 - 2018: 8.317 records (national dataset) 11.9.2019 5 Data processing 1st quantity → → 2nd →spatial data tables contain information on: GIS (Geographic Information System) -building type Every dot = one building: -coordinates -year of construction (/ demolition) -building type -building material -year of construction (/ demolition) -size -building material -… -size -… 11.9.2019 6 Data processing 1st → → data tables graphs and statistics 11.9.2019 7 Data processing 1st quantity → → 2nd →spatial 11.9.2019 8 Data processing 2nd → → grid map by building type combines several dots „heat map“ grid -size colours indicate e.g. amount and total size of buildings -number of dots 11.9.2019 9 Results General Total floor area (m²) built and demolished after 2000 4.429.880 • Demolished buildings between 2000 and 2018: 3.122 • New construction between 2000 and 2018: 8.294 1.053.459 • Total floor area demolished: ~1.000.000m² • Total floor area new constructed: ~4.500.000m² 11.9.2019 10 Results average age average age / building type for buildings demolished 2000 - 2018 70 64 65 60 50 50 42 40 40 38 38 36 37 37 33 34 30 20 10 0 Detached houses Row houses Blocks of flats Dormitories Holiday cottages Utility buildings Commercial and Public buildings Warehouses Industrial Agricultural Transport office buildings buildings buildings buildings • average age for buildings demolished 2000 – 2018 is 50 years • average age of existing building stock is 39 years 11.9.2019 11 Results average age average age / building type 45 42 • Make approx. 75% (~740.000m²) of total 40 demolished floor area 38 37 37 36 • Average age only 37 years 35 34 30 • Detached houses (64 years) and Blocks of flats (65 years) only make approx. 8% of 25 total demolished floor area 20 15 10 5 0 Commercial and Public buildings Warehouses Industrial Agricultural Transport office buildings buildings buildings buildings 11.9.2019 12 Increase of life expectancy > 50 years → 11.9.2019 13 Results average age Highest average ages / building Lowest average ages / building type type 70 70 65 • Blocks of flats and 64 office buildings are 60 60 structurally similar 50 50 → Average age correlates 40 40 with function 36 34 33 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Detached houses Blocks of flats Row houses Commercial and office Warehouses buildings 11.9.2019 14 Results average age average age for building materials of buildings demolished 2000 -2018 60 • wood and brick traditional (oldest) materials 54 • Concrete and steel relatively new materials 50 49 • Detached houses’ (91% wooden) average 41 age 64 years (10 years above wood) 40 36 30 → Average age correlates with function rather 23 than building material 20 10 0 Concrete Brick Steel Wood Other 11.9.2019 15 Results stock and building materials floor area (m²) for building materials by decade of construction for current building stock 3.500.000 3.000.000 2.500.000 2.000.000 1.500.000 1.000.000 500.000 0 -1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000- Concrete Brick Steel Wood → Image: wickes.co.uk Image: homedepot.com Image: slhardware.com.my Image: indiamart.com 11.9.2019 16 Results material composition material composition material composition for buildings demolished after 2000 for buildings built after 2000 100,00% 90,00% 80,00% 70,00% 60,00% 50,00% 40,00% 30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00% Concrete Brick Steel Wood Concrete Brick Steel Wood 11.9.2019 17 Planning for deconstruction and adaptability either → → or → 11.9.2019 18 Results number of buildings and size Total number of buildings • 2,5x more construction than demolition built and demolished 2000 - 2018 8.294 • floor area of new construction is approx. 4.2 3.122 times higher than demolition 0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 Total floor area (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • New buildings mostly become larger 4.429.880 1.053.459 → a reason for demolition is demand for larger 0 1.000.000 2.000.000 3.000.000 4.000.000 5.000.000 buildings Average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 546 337 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 11.9.2019 19 Planning for extension → 11.9.2019 20 Building stock whole • Tampere region 11.9.2019 21 Building stock whole • Tampere city area 11.9.2019 22 Demolition whole after 2000 • Tampere city area -hide little demolition -clusters of high demolition ~525.000m² = 50% of all demolition 11.9.2019 23 Demolition Commercial buildings after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of high demolition 11.9.2019 24 Demolition Residential buildings after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of high demolition 11.9.2019 25 Construction whole after 2000 • Tampere city area -hide little construction -clusters of high construction ~3.35Mio m² = 75% of all construction 11.9.2019 26 Construction Residential buildings after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of high construction 11.9.2019 27 Construction Commercial buildings after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of high construction 11.9.2019 28 Comparison whole demo. – constr. after 2000 • Tampere city area -clusters of demo. and constr. -clusters contain: -71% of demo.: commerc. buildings -66% of constr.: residential buildings -22% of constr.: commerc. buildings 11.9.2019 29 Results residential buildings average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • detached houses built after 2000 approx. 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 twice as big as demolished ones 89 Detached houses 201 -trend towards larger homes sustainable? 627 Row houses 489 616 Blocks of flats 2.244 • new blocks of flats approx. 3,6 times larger -higher demand on living space due to ”modern” households? Number of buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 520 Detached houses 2.828 22 Row houses 645 58 Blocks of flats 893 Image: Vuores, Tampere/ oikotie.fi 11.9.2019 30 Results residential buildings number and floor area of detached houses demolished after 2000 divided by construction decade • demolition of mainly old houses 8.000 84 90 7.000 73 80 (heritage?) 68 66 6.000 70 60 5.000 50 4.000 -demand for larger houses 31 40 3.000 30 25 -modernization of homes 2.000 20 11 1.000 11 10 3 1 0 0 -1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000- Floor area Number of buildings number and floor area of blocks of flats demolished after 2000 divided by construction decade • size of demolished blocks of 12.000 25 21 flats has changed from the 10.000 20 1940s to 1950s 8.000 15 6.000 9 10 4.000 5 5 5 2.000 3 1 2 0 0 -1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000- Floor area Number of buildings 11.9.2019 32 Results holiday cottages average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • average size and amount of holiday 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 cottages built after 2000 almost doubled compared to demolished ones 47 Holiday cottages 80 Number of buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 189 Holiday cottages 378 Image: Mario Kolkwitz 11.9.2019 33 Results holiday cottages floor area of holiday cottages demolished and built yearly after 2000 • Higher replacement 4000 for Mökki typology? 3500 -possibly due to spatial 3000 qualitative need 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Demolished Built 11.9.2019 34 Results commercial & office buildings average size (m²) buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 • average size is approx. 3.6 times higher for 0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 new buildings than demolished ones • number is roughly the same 1.408 Commercial and office buildings 5.117 Commercial centres instead of smaller shops? Number of buildings built and demolished 2000 - 2018 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 107 Commercial and office buildings 99 Image: Ratina, Tampere/ Kuvio 11.9.2019 35 Results commercial & office buildings floor area of commercial & office buildings demolished and built after 2000 • Small number of large 80000 business presmises 70000 replaces large number of smaller ones 60000 • Structural change of business 50000 40000 → centres & hypermarkets 30000 20000 10000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Demolished Built 11.9.2019 36 Results commercial & office buildings number