DOCSLIB.ORG

Local Knowledge Contestation in Caprivi's Fishery

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Local Knowledge Contestation in Caprivi's Fishery MSC THESIS CHAIR GROUP: FOREST AND NATURE CONSERVATION POLICY, WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY FISH NEVER FINISHES versus SHIFTING BASELINE SYNDROM Local knowledge contestation in Caprivi’s fishery management, Namibia Study programme: MSc. Forest and Nature Conservation (MFN) Author: Lisa Heider Supervisors: Dr. Paul Hebinck (Rural Development Sociology) Dr. Ir. Freerk Wiersum (Forest and Nature Conservation Policy) Thesis code: FNP-80436 FISH NEVER FINISHES versus SHIFTING BASELINE SYNDROM Local knowledge contestation in Caprivi’s fishery management, Namibia Wageningen, December 2012 Lisa Heider [email protected] II Abstract This study describes how local knowledge of fisher folk in Caprivi is contested by scientific actors from universities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the ministry and donor agents. In the attempt to increase democracy and stimulate emancipation of the rural poor, the Namibian government principally supports the concept of CBNRM in the form of communal conservancies and fishery co-management schemes. In drawing up the rules of the game for the management of natural resources by local people, their knowledge, including interests, skills, beliefs and practices, is largely marginalized by the scientific community. Local knowledge becomes selectively studied, transformed and adapted to meet globally accepted, scientific standards for conservation. Mismatches between scientific and local knowledge are inevitably culture-based and found explained in the social, cultural and political history of actors within a knowledge network. This study aims to contribute to a greater understanding of the nature of local knowledge networks in NRM, hoping to assist in the acknowledgement of unrestricted, unmodified and unconditional local knowledge in autonomous NRM. An analysis of knowledge spaces is used to investigate the diversity of knowledge axioms and culture-based interests that shape the way scientific and local networks construct knowledge, give meaning and priority to it and how it is applied in fishery management. It identifies the manifestations of cognitive conflicts and knowledge struggles and it delineates how the scientific network contests local knowledge in theory and practice. For this, a qualitative case study was conducted with participatory observations and interviews with informants from the scientific network and fisher folk from a fish market and six fishing villages and conservancies in the eastern Caprivi floodplain, Namibia. The empirical findings revealed knowledge axioms typical for the respective knowledge spaces, resulting in deviating ways of knowing nature. Numerous incompatibilities between the two scientific and local knowledge spaces result in conflicts related to interest and priority struggles, legal and perceptual ties to powerful actors, unsustainability of methods, resistance to rules and regulations and conflicts on a community level. Contestation of local knowledge through the scientific network could be identified in the phases in fishery management: knowledge construction, prioritization and the development of methodologies. According to this study, the contestation could be accounted to the nature of the scientific knowledge space. This contestation reflects in fishery management concepts that are built on scientific self-referencing and disciplining, aiming at creating forms of local participation that are compatible with the scientific knowledge space. But the fundamental differences between both knowledge spaces prove impossible to align through force and top-down control. The consequences of such strategies for the local knowledge network showed in the destabilization of the local knowledge network and in the reshaping of project rules and state regulations targeting the sustainable management of fisheries. III Human agency of local actors in the context of their knowledge space should be accepted, or rather welcomed as diverse and inimitable ways of knowing nature, which can teach lessons to Western societies and scientific communities. Local knowledge of fisher folk in Caprivi must gain respect and recognition in the development of CBNRM projects in order to make them locally sustainable, relevant and local empowerment-supporting. To stimulate emancipation of local people and to fully benefit from the diverse aspects of local knowledge, the local knowledge space should directly feed fishery management, instead of passing through the scientific space where it becomes transformed by the scientific network. Keywords: scientific spaces, local spaces, knowledge axioms, local knowledge contestation, fishery co-management, conservancies, FPAs, local empowerment, Caprivi, Namibia IV Acknowledgement I specifically would like to thank my thesis supervisors, Dr. Paul Hebinck and Dr. Ir. Freerk Wiersum, who have made this learning experience a memorable and valuable one. Thank you for your kind support, respected suggestions and meaningful guidance during the course of the thesis development. I am also very grateful to Rodgers Lubilo, a Zambian Phd student from Wageningen University, who was my trusted person in Caprivi. Thank you for assisting me with all logistical, practical and emotional difficulties that I encountered during the field work. This study would have not been possible without the assistance from staff of the Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation (IRDNC), who allowed me to use their office facilities and helped me in establishing contacts in the local network. I would also like to thank Lancoh Moya for being my interpreter and friend during my time in Caprivi. A special word of thank goes to my friend Mekhala van der Schyff who accompanied me to Caprivi and assisted me in all possible ways. Thank you for your help, motivation and inspiration. Last but certainly not least, I thank all interview respondents for their trust and their time to share wonderful stories and meaningful information. Thank you for letting me be part of a different way of life. This experience has broadened my horizon and influenced the way I know nature. V Table of content Abstract III Acknowledgement V Table of content VI List of figures IX List of tables IX 1. Chapter 1- Introduction 10 1.1. Problem statement 10 1.2. Conceptual approach 10 1.2.1. Knowledge spaces 10 1.2.2. Knowledge networks in NRM 12 1.2.3. Local spaces in NRM 13 1.2.4. Scientific spaces in NRM 16 1.2.5. Local knowledge contestation in fishery management 18 1.3. Research objective and questions 22 1.3.1. Research objective 22 1.3.2. Research questions 22 1.3.3. Operational delineation 22 1.4. Methodology 23 1.4.1. Research design 23 1.4.2. Study area 24 1.4.3. Selection of informants 26 1.4.4. Methods for data collection 27 1.4.5. Methods for data analysis 29 1.4.6. Limitations 29 VI 2. Chapter 2- Historical background 31 2.1. Conservancies in Namibia 31 2.2. Fishery in Caprivi 33 2.2.1. Environmental conditions 33 2.2.2. Resource use patterns 33 2.2.3. Current management structure 34 2.2.4. Integrated Management of Zambezi/Chobe River 34 System Project 2.3. Community committees 36 3. Chapter 3- Interests and positions of actors 37 3.1. Local knowledge network 37 3.1.1. Knowledge construction 38 3.1.2. Prioritization 44 3.1.3. Methodologies 47 3.2. Scientific knowledge network 52 3.2.1. Knowledge construction 53 3.2.2. Prioritization 55 3.2.3. Methodologies 57 3.3. Conclusion 60 4. Chapter 4- Knowledge conflicts 63 4.1. Interest struggles and contradicting priorities 63 4.2. Legal and perceptual ties to the scientific knowledge network 64 4.3. Unsustainability of methods 68 4.4. Resistance to rules and regulations 70 4.5. Community conflicts 72 4.6. Conclusion 74 VII 5. Chapter 5- Discussion and conclusion 75 5.1. Manifestations of local knowledge contestation 75 5.1.1. Knowledge construction 75 5.1.2. Prioritization 80 5.1.3. Methodologies 81 5.1.3.1. Disciplining the local network 84 5.1.3.2. Local participation and self-referencing in fishery 85 management 5.2. Consequences of local knowledge contestation 88 5.2.1. Destabilization of local knowledge network 89 5.2.2. Local resistance and reworking of NRM approaches 92 5.3. Conclusive remarks 94 5.4. Reflections on theoretical and methodological research approach 99 approach Reference list 101 Appendix 1: Application letter for FPA VIII List of figures Figure 1: Conceptual model 23 Figure 2: Study area 24 Figure 3: Study site 26 Figure 4: Local knowledge of fish feeding grounds 38 Figure 5: Commercial fishery in Lusu village 40 Figure 6: Symbols of the local fishery management in Caprivi 43 Figure 7: Women fishing with mosquito nets 48 Figure 8: Traditional mokoros 50 Figure 9: NNF promoting the FPA concept to Sikunga conservancy and a Namibian TV 66 station Figure 10: The bulldog in relation to a 2-inch fishing net 69 List of tables Table 1: Study group division 26 Table 2: Theoretical positions and research implications 27 IX Chapter 1- Introduction 1.1. Problem statement In striving towards sustainable development of the rural poor, the Namibian government invests into strengthening national democracy and community emancipation. In the context of natural resource management (NRM), this has led to a current re-structuring of traditional state-controlled forms of management towards decentralized communal structures, such as communal conservancies (NACSO, 2011). However, in the attempt to empower local communities in NRM local knowledge still receives inadequate attention and recognition. Values, meanings, practices and goals of local people are continuously
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Namibia Crane News 11
    Namibia Crane News 11 July 2005 National B lue crane census proposed The Namibia Crane Working Group is investigating a national Blue Crane census, to obtain an update on numbers. This proposal corresponds with the recom- mended actions from the Red Data Book account for Blue Cranes (see Namibia Crane News No. 6). The last count in December 1994 provided a total estimate of 49 adults and 11 yearlings. It will be interesting to see whether the population is still declining after the recent good rains. Ideally the census would include an aerial survey of Etosha and the grassland areas to the north, together with ground surveys. We are still deciding on the best time of year for the census, bearing in mind that we would like to pick up as many juveniles as Enthusiastic Kasika and Impalila guides out birding possible. Any incidental observations of the other two (Photo: Sandra Slater-Jones) crane species would also be noted, but a full census of help bird enthusiasts find Rosy-throated Longclaw, the latter species would probably be more feasible after Black Coucal, Luapula Cisticola, Slaty egret, African the rainy season, when the non-resident Wattled Skimmer, Swamp Boubou, Western Banded Snake Cranes visit the Nyae Nyae pans. You are welcome to Eagle and other exciting species like African Finfoot contact us with any comments and suggestions! Lesser Jacana, Pygmy Geese and Pel's Fishing Owl. Caprivi bird conservation/tourism grows! The Open Africa Initiative has expressed interest in Sandra Slater-Jones (Conservation International incorporating Kasika and Impalila Conservancy - Chobe Project: Field Facilitator) tourism activities into the "Open Africa Zambia Tel: +264 66 254 254; Cell: +264 81 2896889 Route" currently being investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Shared Resource Management on the Zambezi/Chobe Systems
    Shared Resource Management on the Zambezi/Chobe Systems in Northeast Namibia: Current Practices and Future Opportunities River fisheries study: February 2002–February 2003 Tor F. Næsje*, Rita Strand*, Clinton Hay**, John Purvis***, Eva B. Thorstad*, James Abbott****, Nande Nickanor** * Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway ** Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Private Bag 2116, Mariental, Namibia *** Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Private Bag 13355, Windhoek, Namibia/Namibia Nature Foundation, Post Office Box 245, Windhoek, Namibia. **** Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................3 1.1 Background.......................................................................................................3 1.2 Objectives of the river survey ............................................................................3 1.3 Objectives of this report ....................................................................................4 1.4 Linkages to other research components.............................................................4 2. METHODS ....................................................................................................................4 2.1 Subsistence fisheries .........................................................................................6 2.2 Access data storage...........................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use
    Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Islands Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 6 IUCN - The World Conservation Union IUCN Species Survival Commission Role of the SSC The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is IUCN's primary source of the 4. To provide advice, information, and expertise to the Secretariat of the scientific and technical information required for the maintenance of biologi- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna cal diversity through the conservation of endangered and vulnerable species and Flora (CITES) and other international agreements affecting conser- of fauna and flora, whilst recommending and promoting measures for their vation of species or biological diversity. conservation, and for the management of other species of conservation con- cern. Its objective is to mobilize action to prevent the extinction of species, 5. To carry out specific tasks on behalf of the Union, including: sub-species and discrete populations of fauna and flora, thereby not only maintaining biological diversity but improving the status of endangered and • coordination of a programme of activities for the conservation of bio- vulnerable species. logical diversity within the framework of the IUCN Conservation Programme. Objectives of the SSC • promotion of the maintenance of biological diversity by monitoring 1. To participate in the further development, promotion and implementation the status of species and populations of conservation concern. of the World Conservation Strategy; to advise on the development of IUCN's Conservation Programme; to support the implementation of the • development and review of conservation action plans and priorities Programme' and to assist in the development, screening, and monitoring for species and their populations.
    [Show full text]
  • EUS Report Ok.Indd
    1 1. Background In December 2006, the Government of Botswana was informed by the Namibian Government of fish disease outbreaks in the Chobe-Zambezi River. Infected fish were first observed at Impalila Island, Namibia, by the Namibians in October 2006. Similar cases of fish infection were further seen on the Zambian side of the Zambezi River. Subsequent to this, a fish sampling team was assembled by Botswana’s Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) in mid- December 2006 to undertake surveys in the area to determine if the infection had spread to the Botswana side of the Chobe River. The findings indeed confirmed that the fish infection had spread to the Chobe River. Clinical signs of infected fish included body lesions, skin ulceration and blood patches on the body. However, no dead fish were observed in the Botswana side although reports by Zambia indicated that dead fish were seen by fishers floating in the water, especially in the Kasaya River, a tributary of the Zambezi River. After the confirmation of the occurrence of the infection in the Chobe River, water, tissue, blood and soil samples were collected for further analysis at the National Veterinary Laboratory (NVL) in Sebele, Gaborone, Botswana. A ban on fishing and fish imports from the affected areas was also instituted with immediate effect until further notice. The Government of Namibia had also imposed a fishing moratorium starting from 21 December 2006 to 28 February 2007. The results from the NVL, which concur with those of Namibia, indicated that there was a lot of faecal bacteria in the Chobe River water rendering it unsuitable for drinking.
    [Show full text]
  • Luregn Lenggenhager Nature Conservation, Development And
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 Ruling nature, controlling people: nature conservation, development and war in North-Eastern Namibia since the 1920s Lenggenhager, Luregn Abstract: Recent nature conservation initiatives in Southern Africa such as communal conservancies and peace parks are often embedded in narratives of economic development and ecological research. They are also increasingly marked by militarisation and violence. In Ruling Nature, Controlling People, Luregn Lenggenhager shows that these features were also characteristic of South African rule over the Caprivi Strip region in North-Eastern Namibia, especially in the fields of forestry, fisheries and, ulti- mately, wildlife conservation. In the process, the increasingly internationalised war in the region from the late 1960s until Namibia’s independence in 1990 became intricately interlinked with contemporary nature conservation, ecology and economic development projects. By retracing such interdependencies, Lenggenhager provides a novel perspective from which to examine the history of a region which has until now barely entered the focus of historical research. He thereby highlights the enduring relevance of the supposedly peripheral Caprivi and its military, scientific and environmental histories for efforts to develop a deeper understanding of the ways in which apartheid South Africa exerted state power. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-150287 Monograph Published Version Originally published at: Lenggenhager, Luregn (2018). Ruling nature, controlling people: nature conservation, development and war in North-Eastern Namibia since the 1920s. Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien. Luregn Lenggenhager Ruling Nature, Controlling People Caprivi Strip region in North-Eastern Namibia, especially in the fields of forestry, fisheries and, ultimately, wildlife conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • David Greven Conservancies and Their Impact on Livelihood And
    15 David Greven Conservancies and their Impact on Livelihood and Environment: The Example of Impalila Conservancy Edited by the Cologne African Studies Centre Cologne 2018 David Greven Conservancies and their Impact on Livelihood and Environment The Example of Impalila Conservancy CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICA SERIES Edited by the Cologne Africa Studies Centre Issue 15 2018 This publication was funded by the Collaborative Research Center “Future Rural Africa” (CRC/Transregio 228, funded by DFG). Preface In den vergangenen zwanzig Jahren hat sich die Ethnologie verstärkt mit den Konsequenzen und Praktiken des Umweltschutzes und Artenschutzes im Globalen Süden, insbesondere in Afrika, auseinandersetzt. Nach dem Weltgipfel von Rio 1992 haben sich Maßnahmen des Umweltschutzes deutlich gestärkt. Neben einer Erweiterung von Nationalparks und anderen Schutzgebieten, in denen menschliche Nutzung ausgeschlossen wird, nahmen besonders Gebiete zu, die entweder in gemeinschaftsbasierten Ansätzen oder auf privater Basis neue Formen des Naturschutzes implementierten. Namibia ist in dieser Hinsicht ein paradigmatischer Fall. Mittlerweile sind dort knapp 50 Prozent der Staatsfläche in Schutzmaßnahmen einbezogen. Insbesondere gemeinschaftsbasierte Ansätze haben in den vergangenen 20 Jahren rasch an Raum gewonnen. 1996 schuf die namibische Regierung ein neues Rechtsstatut, das hier in vielerlei Hinsicht eine neue Basis schuf. Das zuständige Ministerium konzedierte, dass unter bestimmten Bedingungen, Wild durch lokale Gemeinschaften genutzt werden könne. Dafür mussten folgende Maßnahmen ergriffen werden. Eine Gemeinschaft musste ein „Managementgebiet“ mit klaren Grenzziehungen definieren und die soziale Gruppe klar umreißen (eingetragene, formalisierte Mitgliedschaft), die dieses Gebiet bewirtschaftet. Zusätzlich musste eine Managementplan erstellt werden, der deutlich machte, wie Wild in den Grenzen dieser Conservancy, so der namibische terminus technicus, bewirtschaftet werden solle.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Observations
    Biodiversity Observations http://bo.adu.org.za An electronic journal published by the Animal Demography Unit at the University of Cape Town The scope of Biodiversity Observations consists of papers describing observations about biodiversity in general, including animals, plants, algae and fungi. This includes observations of behaviour, breeding and flowering patterns, distributions and range extensions, foraging, food, movement, measurements, habitat and colouration/plumage variations. Biotic interactions such as pollination, fruit dispersal, herbivory and predation fall within the scope, as well as the use of indigenous and exotic species by humans. Observations of naturalised plants and animals will also be considered. Biodiversity Observations will also publish a variety of other interesting or relevant biodiversity material: reports of projects and conferences, annotated checklists for a site or region, specialist bibliographies, book reviews and any other appropriate material. Further details and guidelines to authors are on this website. Lead Editor: Arnold van der Westhuizen – Paper Editor: Les G Underhill CHECKLIST AND ANALYSIS OF THE BIRDS OF NAMIBIA AS AT 31 JANUARY 2016 CJ Brown, JM Mendelsohn, N Thomson & M Boorman Recommended citation format: Brown CJ, Mendelsohn JM, Thomson N, Boorman M 2017. Checklist and analysis of the birds of Namibia as at 31 January 2016. Biodiversity Observations 8.20: 1–153 URL: http://bo.adu.org.za/content.php?id=315 Published online: 22 April 2017 – ISSN 2219-0341 – Biodiversity Observations 8.20:
    [Show full text]
  • Aerial Wildlife Census of the Caprivi River Systems a Survey of Rivers, Wetlands and Floodplains September 2007 ______
    ____________________________________________________________ AERIAL WILDLIFE CENSUS OF THE CAPRIVI RIVER SYSTEMS A SURVEY OF RIVERS, WETLANDS AND FLOODPLAINS SEPTEMBER 2007 ____________________________________ Funded by GEF Report Prepared by Michael Chase Elephants Without Borders PO Box 682 Kasane Botswana Tel: 267 6250505 Email: [email protected] October 2007 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefully acknowledge the long hours flown by Alan Parnass from Wings4Wildlife. Patrick Aust is recognized for his support and participation with the aerial survey. I would like to thank Simon Mayes for introducing the survey team to community members and to the Ministry of Environment staff based in the protected areas of the Caprivi. Chris Brown from the Namibia Nature Foundation and Jo Tagg of the ICEMA project were particularly encouraging of this study and I am grateful for their support. I appreciate the assistance of my aerial observers, Thandazani Nkala and Kelly Landen. I am particularly indebted to Kelly who spent many hours meticulously verifying hundreds of observer photos. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results of an aerial wildlife census of the Caprivi River systems in Namibia conducted during September 2007. The purpose of this survey was to provide recent information on the distribution and abundance of wildlife species relative to protected areas and conservancies. The report compares the results of the September 2007 (Sept07) aerial survey to an earlier survey conducted in August 2004 (Aug04). Maps and tables illustrating the distribution and abundance of wildlife species in various land use categories are presented. Wildlife numbers were highest in, or bordering conservation areas. A total of 17,050 head of wildlife was observed during the aerial survey.
    [Show full text]
  • Mid-Term Review of WWF-Norway Funded Project: Integrated Co-Management of the Zambezi/Chobe River Fisheries Resources Project, February 2012
    INTEGRATED CO-MANAGEMENT OF ZAMBEZI / CHOBE RIVER FISHERIES RESOURCES PROJECT Project No.: WWF –9F0792 WWF-Norway –Norad – 5012 - GLO-08/449-29 Mid-Term Review of WWF-Norway Funded Project: Integrated Co-management of the Zambezi/Chobe River Fisheries Resources Project, February 2012 Project reviewer, Dr Weyl, at Lake Liambezi Meeting at Impalila Conservancy Abundant small fish species on floodplain Fish from Lake Liambezi being dried for export by: Olaf Weyl Field Document no. MFMR/NNF/WWF/Phase II/7 WWF-Norge Tel: +47 -22 03 65 00 Direct: +267 -71768265 Postboks 6784 St. Olavs Fax: +47 00 22 20 06 66 Plass, 0130 Oslo E-mail:mdekock.no Norway http://www.wwf.no http://www.panda.org Mid-Term Review of WWF-Norway Funded Project: Integrated Co-management of the Zambezi/Chobe River Fisheries Resources Project Project No.:WWF –9F0792 WWF-Norway –Norad – 5012 - GLO-08/449-29 Project Name: Integrated management of the Zambezi/Chobe River System Fishery Resource Project Dr Olaf LF Weyl 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 3 Mid-Term Review...................................................................................................................... 6 Relevance and Quality of Project Design ................................................................................... 6 Implementation strategies ........................................................................................................ 7 Project monitoring
    [Show full text]
  • Experience an Authentic Secluded African Lodge
    INFORMATION PACK EXPERIENCE AN AUTHENTIC SECLUDED AFRICAN LODGE Nestled on the secluded Impalila Island in Namibia, Ichingo Chobe River Lodge is surrounded by breathtaking scen- ery, abundant wildlife, birdlife and direct access to the Chobe River. Quieter, more secluded and personalised the lodge is ideal for families, couples or groups who wish to enjoy the very best of an African river safari and fishing ex- perience. The accommodation consists of eight large air-conditioned Meru safari tents with en suite bathrooms and private balconies. The main lodge buildings include a relaxing lounge area, a welcoming bar, outdoor pool with a viewing deck with loungers overlooking the river, and a separate open-air dining room for all meals. Unwind and en- joy the sights, sounds and fun activities of a true river safari experience. #ZambeziQueenCollection t +27 21 715 8412 e [email protected] w www.zqcollection.com #IchingoChobeRiverLodge An exclusive and unique African experience As you arrive at the lodge via tender boat you will be greeted by the Ichingo Chobe River lodge host. You will receive an introduction and tour of the property to familiarise yourself with the lodge as well as a list of all the fun exciting activities that are included in your package. Each tent has its own allocated boat and guide so that you have full flexi- bility to plan your itinerary with the help and insight of the host. Freshly cooked breakfast, delicious buffet lunches and 3 course plated dinners are served in the open-air dining area using fresh vegetables grown in our vegetable garden.
    [Show full text]
  • Botswana/Namibia)
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING KASIKILI/SEDUDU ISLAND (BOTSWANA/NAMIBIA) MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA VOLUME I MEMORIAL 28 February 1997 __________ Memorial of the Republic of Namibia INTRODUCTION A. Procedural Statement B. Summary of Argument Part One The Interpretation of the ANGLO-GERMAN Treaty of 1890 INTRODUCTION A. The Issue before the Court B. The Relevant Rules of Treaty Interpretation CHAPTER I THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE DISPUTED SECTION OF THE BOUNDARY CHAPTER II THE BACKGROUND OF THE 1890 TREATY: CONTEMPORARY KNOWLEDGE OF THE AREA CHAPTER III THE OBJECT AND PURPOSE OF THE 1890 TREATY CHAPTER IV THE PREPARATORY WORK OF THE 1890 TREATY AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF ITS CONCLUSION A. In General B. The Decision on the Line of the Chobe River C. The Creation of the Caprivi Strip D. The Introduction of the Concept of 'the Centre of the Main Channel' E. The 1889 Map F. Conclusions Regarding the Preparatory Work CHAPTER V THE WORDS OF THE TREATY: THE MAIN CHANNEL OF THE CHOBE RIVER A. Legal Considerations B. The Scientific Evidence 1. In general 2. Topography 3. Hydrology and geomorphology a. Sediments b. Erosion c. Existence and characteristics of sediment bars 4. Conclusion as to the scientific evidence C. The 'Centre' of the Main Channel CONCLUSION TO PART ONE Part Two THE SUBSEQUENT CONDUCT OF THE PARTIES TO THE ANGLO-GERMAN TREATY OF 1890 AND THEIR SUCCESSORS IN TITLE WITH RELATION TO KASIKILI ISLAND INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I THE LEGAL RELEVANCE OF THE SUBSEQUENT CONDUCT OF THE PARTIES TO A TREATY A. Subsequent Practice of the Parties as Evidence of Their Understanding of the Meaning of the Treaty 1.
    [Show full text]
  • CP Factsheet 2017 Amended 30|10|2018
    With only a small number of guests per boat, staying in one of the three Chobe Princesses is like being on your very own houseboat. The entire boat can also be booked exclusively, giving you your very own private villa on the water. As you drift down the Chobe River and spot incredible wildlife scenes, you'll be able to completely relax in an intimate river safari experience. The Chobe National Park boasts one of the densest populations of elephant on the African continent, estimated at approximately 120 000. The Park is also home to a large number of buffalo, leopard and lion, along with a variety of antelope and abundant birdlife and is within travelling distance of one of the greatest natural wonders of the world, the magnificent Victoria Falls. Best time to travel There is no best or worst time to visit the Chobe area, because every month offers visitors something special. However, if guests are looking for a pure wildlife experience, the drier winter months from June to August see greater concentrations of game along the banks of the Chobe River. The summer months from November to May see the birdlife explode with the addition of the summer migrants to the area. If you're a fishing enthusiast, you'll be excited to know that we have excellent fishing through the summer and winter – it's just that the techniques we use change. Access The Chobe Princesses are moored on the Namibian side of the Chobe River. Here's information on how to reach the houseboats: By Car: If you're on a self-drive safari, secure parking can be arranged for your vehicles next to the Botswana Immigration Office.
    [Show full text]