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David Greven Conservancies and Their Impact on Livelihood And 15 David Greven Conservancies and their Impact on Livelihood and Environment: The Example of Impalila Conservancy Edited by the Cologne African Studies Centre Cologne 2018 David Greven Conservancies and their Impact on Livelihood and Environment The Example of Impalila Conservancy CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICA SERIES Edited by the Cologne Africa Studies Centre Issue 15 2018 This publication was funded by the Collaborative Research Center “Future Rural Africa” (CRC/Transregio 228, funded by DFG). Preface In den vergangenen zwanzig Jahren hat sich die Ethnologie verstärkt mit den Konsequenzen und Praktiken des Umweltschutzes und Artenschutzes im Globalen Süden, insbesondere in Afrika, auseinandersetzt. Nach dem Weltgipfel von Rio 1992 haben sich Maßnahmen des Umweltschutzes deutlich gestärkt. Neben einer Erweiterung von Nationalparks und anderen Schutzgebieten, in denen menschliche Nutzung ausgeschlossen wird, nahmen besonders Gebiete zu, die entweder in gemeinschaftsbasierten Ansätzen oder auf privater Basis neue Formen des Naturschutzes implementierten. Namibia ist in dieser Hinsicht ein paradigmatischer Fall. Mittlerweile sind dort knapp 50 Prozent der Staatsfläche in Schutzmaßnahmen einbezogen. Insbesondere gemeinschaftsbasierte Ansätze haben in den vergangenen 20 Jahren rasch an Raum gewonnen. 1996 schuf die namibische Regierung ein neues Rechtsstatut, das hier in vielerlei Hinsicht eine neue Basis schuf. Das zuständige Ministerium konzedierte, dass unter bestimmten Bedingungen, Wild durch lokale Gemeinschaften genutzt werden könne. Dafür mussten folgende Maßnahmen ergriffen werden. Eine Gemeinschaft musste ein „Managementgebiet“ mit klaren Grenzziehungen definieren und die soziale Gruppe klar umreißen (eingetragene, formalisierte Mitgliedschaft), die dieses Gebiet bewirtschaftet. Zusätzlich musste eine Managementplan erstellt werden, der deutlich machte, wie Wild in den Grenzen dieser Conservancy, so der namibische terminus technicus, bewirtschaftet werden solle. Dazu mussten interne Schutzzonen ausgewiesen werden, sogenannte Core Conservation Areas. Das verbleibende Gebiet der Conservancy wurde in verschiedene Nutzungszonen geteilt. Meist wurde eine weitere Zone für touristische Zwecke ausgewiesen. Nachdem der Managementplan durch das zuständige Ministerium abgenommen und die Conservancy offiziell ausgewiesen war, wurden durch das Ministerium jährliche Wildtierquoten zur eigenen Nutzung angegeben. Diese konnten dann prinzipiell selber abgejagt werden, oder an kommerzielle Jagdunternehmer gewinnbringend weiterverkauft werden. In Namibia wurde vornehmlich letztere Möglichkeit genutzt. Die Jagdunternehmer verkauften die Quoten dann per Tier weiter an touristische Trophäenjäger. Die Einkommen aus der kommerzialisierten Jagd sind insbesondere in den letzten zehn Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Zusätzlich zum Recht der kontrollierten Wildtiernutzung erwarb eine Conservancy das Recht, Flächen an Privatunternehmer, hier meist Tourismusunternehmer, zu verpachten. Auf den verpachteten Flächen konnten dann Hotels oder mitunter auch Campingplätze entstehen. In Verträgen wurde festgelegt, dass Teile der Belegschaft lokal rekrutiert werden mussten. iii Abstract This present study examines the impact of conservancies on community livelihoods and the environment by the example of Impalila Conservancy, a conservancy located in the most north-eastern part of Namibia. The data is based on a literature research, informal interviews, unstructured interviews and 20 semi-structured interviews with representatives of the different stakeholder groups, i.e. the conservancy management, the tourism sector and the community, to assess respective problems and perception of stakeholders within the conservancy setting. First, a survey is given on the theoretical framework of the conservancy approach that is based on the concepts of sustainability, ubuntu/ indigenous knowledge systems and community-based natural resource management. The data revealed that Impalila Conservancy currently does not belong to the successful Namibian conservancies. Deficits, some with different priorities depending on the stakeholder group, were identified at different levels, such as (1) institutional development and governance, (2) natural resource management and conservation, (3) economic conservation approaches and livelihood diversification, and (4) stakeholder relations. These deficits were largely attributed to previous mismanagements. Key Words: Natural Resource Management, Community-Based Natural Resource Management, Institutional Development, Conservation, Human-Wildlife Conflicts. iv Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Widlok at the University of Cologne for the support and the introduction into the very interesting topic of CBNRM that will certainly accompany me in the future. The initial support in Namibia and the week with the Collaborative Research Centre was very instructive. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Klingelhoeffer at the University of Namibia in Katima Mulilo for his enthusiasm about my research, and his introduction and support in the study area. A special thank you to David, my guide on Impalila Island, with whom I walked numerous kilometres over the island to conduct my interviews. Finally, I express my gratitude to my family and to my girlfriend for providing me support and encouragement throughout my studies. Thank you. David Greven v Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Sustainability .............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Communal and Economical Sustainability ............................................................... 5 2.2 Ecological and Environmental Sustainability ............................................................ 6 2.3 Sustainable Development ........................................................................................ 7 3. Ubuntu ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Implementation of Ubuntu ...................................................................................... 11 3.2 Ubuntu and the Environment ..................................................................................12 4. Natural Resources Management ...............................................................................16 4.1 Community-Based Natural Resource Management ................................................16 4.2 Conceptual Framework of Community-Based Natural Resource Management ......18 5. Community-Based Resource Management in Namibia ...........................................21 5.1 Conservation in Pre-Independence Namibia ..........................................................21 5.2 Policies towards Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Namibia ....23 5.3 Conservancies........................................................................................................24 6. Interim Conclusion ....................................................................................................29 7. Case Study – Impalila Conservancy .........................................................................32 7.1 Study Area ..............................................................................................................32 7.2 Methodology ...........................................................................................................34 7.3 Research Sample ...................................................................................................37 7.4 Limitation in the Field..............................................................................................38 8. Results ........................................................................................................................39 8.1 Institutional Development and Governance ............................................................40 8.1.1 Problems of Impalila Conservancy ...................................................................40 8.1.2 Awareness of Processes in the Conservancy ...................................................41 8.1.3 Work Circumstances in the Conservancy .........................................................42 8.1.4 Future Prospects..............................................................................................43 8.2 Natural Resource Management and Conservation .................................................43 8.2.1 Benefits for the Environment ............................................................................43 8.2.2 Natural Resource Management .......................................................................43 8.2.3 Future Prospects..............................................................................................44 8.3 Economic Conservation Approaches and Livelihood Diversification .......................45 8.3.1 Benefits for Community Livelihood ...................................................................45 8.3.2 Employment .....................................................................................................45 8.3.3 Community Livelihoods ....................................................................................45 8.3.4 Human-Wildlife Conflicts ..................................................................................47 vi 8.3.5 Future Prospects..............................................................................................47
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