Krill Meal and Krill Oil How Price and Tonnage Compeɵɵve Are They with Other fishmeals and Oils?
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Page 12 Krill Meal and Krill Oil How price and tonnage compeƟƟve are they with other fishmeals and oils? By Dimitri Sclabos Katevas, General Manager Tharos Ltd., Chile. Krill are swarming pelagic euphausiids, similar in appearance to shrimp, and are an im- portant member of the food chain and polar waters. They are relatively low in the trophic food web and form an essential part of the diet of diverse species such as fish, seabirds and whales. There are currently six krill species that are fished (Nicol and Endo 1997) particularly Antarctic krill Euphausia suberba. The Antarctic krill fishery is the largest extending to annual 10-year avg. of 145,000 tons. This catch represents only 1/50th of the total allowable catch where the standing stock is estimated between 55 and 160 million tons (Nicol and Foster, 2003). The development of the market for krill meal and oil as an aquaculture ingredient is lim- ited by technical difficulties, associated with catching and processing, and issues pertain- ing to its suitability of inclusion in the human food chain. Astaxanthin (Storebakken Page 13 1988), proteins and lipids close to 450 tons per/yr., that are present in high ... krill meal is not triglycerides (TG) and phos- concentrations in krill, de- called to become the pholipids (PL) enriched oils. grade rapidly once captured main relevant protein If current world production meaning that krill must be source, rather one that plans are fully accom- immediately processed once allow vegetable plished, it will increase dried on board. The extreme en- proteins to take a meal tonnage twofold and vironment characteristics of leading share in the krill oils three times in the a majority of oceans where feed. coming three to four years, krill are found increase the a tonnage that will not ease cost of exploiting this re- shortages of other marine- source limiting future specifically, are considered origin meals and oils, partic- growth. a rather new ingredient, alt- ularly for oils as the primary Although krill has been suc- hough in the 70s the former target is pricy human-grade cessfully cultured in exten- Soviet Union krill fishing applications, predominantly sive ponds (Hirano et al. fleet was manufacturing the human health and sup- 2003) there is currently no both. plement category. Nor is research suggesting that Whole fresh frozen, meats feed-grade TG-enriched krill intensive culturing methods and feed-grade meals are oil is a target, unless blend- may serve as a potential major krill products with an ed with phospholipids- source of protein and-or oil annual 10-yr avg. of enriched krill oils to help for aquaculture feeds. 70,000, 750 and 9,750 improve viscosity, and Krill meal, and krill oil more tons, respectively. In the hence, ease of encapsula- same period, krill oil was tion. South Antarctic Krill Fishing Effort Page 14 Krill Meal as a Feed dry basis] with the highest and halibut fed diets based Ingredient biological value. on krill protein and copepod Regarding palatability, krill oil. Several of Aquafeed.com’s meal has a low molecular The inclusion in feed formu- publications and articles weight of soluble com- lations of ingredients that have addressed Tharos pounds such as nucleotides, act as attractants has been research regarding protein, amino acids and high levels proposed as a means of in- palatability, pigment, heavy of trimethyl amine oxide, creasing feed consumption, metals, dioxins and other TMAO (190 MgN/100 g hence, growth of farmed important krill meal com- sample), all acting together shrimp. Given a choice be- pounds and their impact on as an effective attractant tween a base feed and one aquafeeds. and flavoring agent. containing krill meal for ex- Although pelagic meals and (Allahpichay and Shimizu ample, P. monodon show a oils are getting scarcer, 1984; Storbakken, 1988; significantly greater prefer- hence, expensive, krill meal Shimizu, et al., 1990; Ogle ence for feeds containing is not called to become the and Beaugz, 1991). krill meal. (The efficacy of main relevant protein Arnd et al. (1999) show ingredients included in source, rather one that al- that a 5% inclusion in- shrimp feeds to stimulate low vegetable proteins to creased palatability of high- intake. D.M. Smith, S.J. Ta- take a leading share in the ly fish oil/meal substituted brett, M.C. Barclay & S.J. feed. Krill meals’ negligible feeds to levels comparable Irvin. CSIRO Marine Re- amount of dioxins, PCB’s with traditional diets while search, Cleveland, Queens- and heavy metals help this Suontama et al. (2005) land, Australia. November goal. demonstrated excellent per- 10th 2010.) Krill meal is an excellent formance of both salmon In one research from the source of protein (avg. 60% Page 15 Institute of Marine Research and the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Re- search (NIFES) in Bergen, Norway, using proteins from Northern krill (Thysanoessa inermis), Antarctic krill and Arctic amphipod (Themisto libellula), concluded that krill meal could successfully replace fishmeal up to 60%. (Institute of Marine Re- search, Bergen, Norway; Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Nor- wegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Aq- uaculture Protein Centre, Ås, Norway; 4National Insti- Not all krill Meals are the same—although the may look the same. tute of Nutrition and Sea- food Research (NIFES), Ber- gen, Norway). tion lapses each 50ppm, to phospholipids, whereas South Antarctic krill meal 100ppm onwards for feed- EPA & DHA are found in the natural pigment (in the form grade meals. Less than range of 19 to 24%, or of Astaxanthin) has a typical 100ppm pigment meals are higher (as part of lipids). range of 115-175ppm dry currently sourced off pro- The fat has a high content basis, depending in pro- cesses that extract oils from of phospholipids (30-50% of cessing, resource and fish- the meal, oils used in hu- lipids). Fish fed with diets ing conditions. The end man health applications. containing krill meal in- product contains the same Tharos’ selling principle crease their natural Omega type and coloring agent as stands for krill meal prices 3 and natural astaxanthin naturally fed wild caught varying in a ratio of US$50 content. salmon adding a strong sell- per ton for every 50ppm Krill meal is added in aqua- ing argument for feed man- pigment difference. culture feed diets in a range ufacturers focused on natu- Krill meal fat content, in an of 1 to 8% (Dimitri Sclabos ral or organic conscious average of 15% (8 – 18%, unpublished reports 2001 buyers. up to 26-27% if used for and 2005), used at pre- When Tharos Ltd introduced human-grade krill oil extrac- harvest or throughout the to the market, in the early tion), depends on fishing whole rearing and growth 90s, krill meal sales sepa- season and processing con- phase, depending on diet’s rated by pigment content, it ditions. For traditional krill target. Markets for these was a time when Japanese meal-processing layouts, feeds include shrimp, trout krill meals prevailed in the around 70% of raw krill and salmon-feed manufac- market sold primarily by original fat content remains turers. protein content. bonded to krill meal protein. Best krill meals are a result This fat contains high Ome- Tharos’ pigment segmenta- of fresh and whole raw krill ga-3 concentrations linked processed on board (at-sea) Page 16 factory trawlers within the The Fluoride Question first two hours after the krill Soevik & Breakkan, 1979, has been captured, allowing first indicated the high fluo- the highest freshness ex- ride content of the exoskel- pressed in a very low TVN eton of krill for E. superba value in the range of 5 – 20 but all other krill species so (mgN/100g). (Raul Toro, far examined have similar Mr. Dimitri Sclabos, inde- high levels (Sands et al., pendent report 1999-2003, 1998). It seems that high unpublished data). One re- exoskeleton fluoride con- cent publication expands on centration is a general fea- this concept. the fish skeleton (Virtue et ture of euphasids, hence, al. 1995). Krill Meal shows a remarka- feed users have to take this bly low content of undesira- feature into account when Using a typical processing ble substances such as assessing potential prod- layout, with fresh raw krill, heavy metals and dioxins, ucts. (including the exoskeleton), closely related to the unpol- the resulting krill meal has Aquafeed.com has pub- luted waters where it is natural organic fluorine con- lished Tharos research captured and processed tent in a range of 1,000- about krill Fluoride. (Dimitri Sclabos & Raul Toro 3,000 ppm. All krill species contain high Aquafeed.com report June Many surveys have demon- levels of natural organic flu- 2003). strated that the use in aq- orine in their shells (Nicol & Arsenic inorganic form is uaculture of crustacean Stolp 1991; Soevik & found in krill in an amount meals, despite its high fluo- Breakkan 1979; Virtue et of less than 0,01ppm while ride content, poses no risk al., 1995). However, South fish have 1-10ppm of As/kg to the animal’s health. Fish Antarctic krill is a key food (wet weight). In whole don’t accumulate fluoride in source for a huge number krill, Arsenic level reaches 3 their fillets, so is not harm- of predators, fluoride being ppm As/Kg (Deheyn, D. et ful for human consumption. involved in the synthesis of al, 2000). bones and scales (Steffens, Since Soevik and Braekkan Methyl mercury found in W. & lbrecht, M., 1982). (1979) found high concen- fish feeds is accumulated in Despite the high fluoride trations of fluoride in krill fish’s flesh and slowly elimi- level of whole raw fresh (1,300-2,400 ppm DW in nated.