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Licence to Krill: the Little-Known World of Antarctic Fishing 2 3

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Licence to Krill: the Little-Known World of Antarctic Fishing 2 3 LICENCE TO KRILL: THE LITTLE-KNOWN WORLD OF ANTARCTIC FISHING 2 3 CONTENTS Executive summary 5 Introduction 7 Creating an ocean sanctuary in the Antarctic 9 What are krill and why do they matter? 15 Which Antarctic animals depend on krill? 16 How will climate change affect krill? 17 What is driving demand for krill? 19 Who is fishing for Antarctic krill? 23 How much krill are they allowed to catch, and where? 24 Tracking the krill industry 25 What are the risks of industrial krill fishing? 27 What’s the problem with transhipping? 27 Krill fishing and the risk of: 32 a. Spills 32 b. Fire 33 c. Grounding 33 Is there such a thing as sustainable krill fishing? 34 What is Greenpeace calling for? 36 References 38 Iris Reefer in Discovery Bay, February 2018 © Daniel Beltrá / Greenpeace 4 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY GREENPEACE INVESTIGATIONS REVEAL immediate vicinity of penguin colonies and HOW KRILL-FISHING COMPANIES ARE whale feeding grounds. EXPANDING OPERATIONS IN THE FRAGILE ANTARCTIC OCEAN, PUTTING AN ENTIRE Crucially, krill fishing is taking place in areas FOOD WEB AT RISK. WHAT’S MORE, which have been put forward as ocean THEY ARE OFTEN INVOLVED IN FISHING sanctuaries. Such protected areas will help PRACTICES THAT COULD DAMAGE these marine ecosystems to build resilience WILDLIFE AND PROTECTED OCEAN AREAS. to the combined impacts of climate change, pollution and fishing. Penguins, whales, seals and more all depend on krill for their survival. But these small, As well as robbing marine animals of a vital shrimp-like crustaceans are threatened by food supply, industrial krill fishing in such both climate change and the growth in krill pristine waters carries huge environmental fishing, which has been driven in part by an risks. Groundings, oil spills and ship accidents increased demand for the krill oil found in such as fires all threaten the wildlife and some health supplements. fragile habitats of the Antarctic Ocean. Since 2010, the krill-fishing industry has Greenpeace’s investigation also exposes the grown steadily, with the entry of Norwegian regular use of transhipping, when a catch is companies and fishing boats, increased transferred from one vessel to another. Our catches by South Korean vessels, and the tracking of krill-fishing vessels shows that they emergence of the Chinese krill-fishing fleet. have anchored in protected waters, despite the recommendation that anchoring should Fishing for Antarctic krill is permitted in the be avoided as it can damage animals and Antarctic Ocean under the management of the structures on the seabed. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). The fishery For these reasons, Greenpeace is calling for is often referred to as the best-managed in the krill-fishing companies to restrict all fishing world, and is focused on the northern tip of the activity in areas under consideration as ocean Antarctic Peninsula, the South Orkneys and sanctuaries. We are also calling on krill-buying the Bransfield Strait. This closely follows the companies to stop sourcing from vessels that main krill-foraging areas for penguins, seals and continue to fish in these same areas. whales. Ultimately, we are calling for international Despite the industry’s attempts to portray collaboration between governments, itself as one of the world’s most sustainable companies and civil society to create a large- fisheries, evidence collected by Greenpeace scale network of ocean sanctuaries, including demonstrates a pattern of fishing activity in the Antarctic Ocean, to protect at least increasingly close to shore and in the 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030. Adélie Penguins and glacier ice in the Antarctic, January 2018 © Christian Åslund / Greenpeace 6 7 INTRODUCTION SITTING AT THE END OF THE WORLD, one species on which practically every animal THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN IS HOME TO A there relies: krill. BROAD DIVERSITY OF LIFE: COLONIES OF EMPEROR AND ADÉLIE PENGUINS, Krill are small, shrimp-like crustaceans which THE INCREDIBLE COLOSSAL SQUID, AND form the basis of the entire Antarctic food THE LARGEST ANIMAL ON THE PLANET, web. The main fishing grounds for krill vessels THE BLUE WHALE. THE ECOLOGY IN THE are found around the northern tip of the ANTARCTIC OCEAN HELPS TO REGULATE Antarctic Peninsula, the South Orkneys and OUR CLIMATE, AND ITS PRESERVATION the Bransfield Strait and closely follow the COULD BE VITAL TO BUFFER THE main krill foraging areas for penguins, seals WORST EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE. and whales. These iconic species are already INCREDIBLY, IT’S ONE OF THE FEW facing multiple threats from a changing ocean; MAJOR ECOSYSTEMS STILL RELATIVELY they do not need an additional strain on their UNDISTURBED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY. food supply from fishing vessels. Despite this, the Antarctic is already This expansion of krill fishing is being driven in experiencing the impacts of climate change part by an increased demand for the krill oil at one of the fastest rates on the planet. found in some health supplements. Fishing Western Antarctica, for example, is one of for Antarctic krill is still permitted in the the fastest-warming areas in the world, and Antarctic Ocean, which is not protected by the Antarctic Peninsula has experienced a the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic temperature rise of about 3°C during the Treaty covering the Antarctic landmass but past 50 years. What’s more, the creeping is managed under the Commission for the expansion of industrial fishing is targeting the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Fog, mountains and humpback whales in the Antarctic, January 2018 © Christian Åslund / Greenpeace 8 9 Resources (CCAMLR). Creating a network of This report both exposes current bad fishing well-managed Antarctic ocean sanctuaries practice in ecologically sensitive waters, and would be the first step to protecting krill, the sets out why the industry should voluntarily wildlife that depend on krill, our oceans, and halt fishing in areas under consideration as our planet. ocean sanctuaries. As might be expected, there is a clear overlap between the countries most strongly opposed to marine protection and those with an active fishing industry in the region. As the largest fishery in the Antarctic Ocean, the krill industry represents a significant lobby capable of transforming or opposing efforts to create an ocean sanctuary. It has a strong presence on CCAMLR, and is also able to exert influence through trade bodies such as the Association of Responsible Krill harvesting CREATING AN companies. OCEAN SANCTUARY IN THE ANTARCTIC Submarine image of the seabed in the Antarctic, January 2018 © Greenpeace OCEAN SANCTUARIES ALLOW WILDLIFE Governments have already committed to AND ECOSYSTEMS TO RECOVER FROM protect 10% of coastal waters and marine THE COMBINED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE areas by 2020, and negotiations begin CHANGE, POLLUTION AND OVERFISHING. in September 2018 for a new UN Oceans HEALTHY OCEANS PLAY A VITAL ROLE Treaty that would enable the protection IN TRANSFORMING CO2 FROM THE of biodiversity in areas beyond national ATMOSPHERE INTO WHAT IS KNOWN jurisdiction. AS BLUE CARBON AND HELPING US TO AVOID THE WORST EFFECTS OF CLIMATE However, the Antarctic Ocean is different. CHANGE. WHEN OUR OCEANS ARE After long negotiations over the course of PROPERLY PROTECTED WE ALSO SEE the second half of the 20th century, there MORE DIVERSITY OF LIFE, AND MORE AND are already international agreements for BIGGER FISH. how the seas around Antarctica should be managed. In 2002, CCAMLR committed to For these reasons, scientists say we need to establish a network of sanctuaries in the protect 30% or more of the world’s oceans Antarctic Ocean and then in 2011 agreed by 2030 through a global network of ocean a framework through which to create it. sanctuaries.1 However, only around 5% of So unlike the majority of international the world’s oceans are currently protected.2 waters, we don’t need to wait for a new UN As the UN Oceans Assessment points out: Oceans Treaty. If we want to protect a third “urgent action on a global scale is needed to of the world’s oceans, we must seize this protect the world’s oceans from the many opportunity to create a large-scale network pressures they face”.3 of ocean sanctuaries in the Antarctic Ocean. 10 11 There is growing political momentum behind at a meeting of CCAMLR in October 2017, the creation of sanctuaries in the Antarctic. and pushed the proposal back for further CCAMLR has a mandate to protect marine life negotiations. in the Antarctic Ocean and in October 2016 created the world’s largest ocean sanctuary While this is still under consideration there in the Antarctic’s Ross Sea.4 The Commission’s are two more plans being put forward to the member states have proposed additional Commission: the EU proposal to protect the sanctuaries in East Antarctica, the Weddell Weddell Sea,5 and the Chilean and Argentine Sea and around the Antarctic Peninsula. proposal for the Western Antarctic Peninsula6 Greenpeace is calling for fishing, except for (see Figure 2). These form our next big scientific purposes, to be tightly restricted in opportunities to restrict fishing in sensitive these areas as a precautionary measure. areas and protect marine life in the Antarctic. Sadly, governments were unable to reach consensus on an East Antarctic sanctuary Atlantic Ocean Lazarev Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Scotia Cosmonauts Sea Weddell Sea Sea Cooperation Sea Bellingshausen ANTARCTICA Sea Davis Sea Indian Ocean Amundsen Mawson Sea Sea Ross Sea D’Urville Southern Sea Ocean Somov Sea Pacific Ocean Figure 1: Seas and oceans around Antarctica Iceberg in Hope Bay in the Antarctic, January 2018 © Christian Åslund / Greenpeace 12 13 THE WEDDELL SEA OCEAN SANCTUARY PROPOSAL THE WEDDELL SEA IS ONE OF THE LAST Atlantic PRISTINE AREAS IN THE ANTARCTIC, NOT Ocean LEAST BECAUSE IT HAS SO FAR BEEN SPARED BY THE INDUSTRIAL FISHING FLEET.
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