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WRA Species Report Family: Malvaceae Taxon: Durio zibethinus Synonym: NA Common Name: Durian Stinkfrucht Durião durión Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -2 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethinus (Malvaceae) Page 1 of 9 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 y 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score -2 Print Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethinus (Malvaceae) Page 2 of 9 Supporting Data: 101 2009. Bumrungsri, S./Sripaoraya, E./Chongsiri, [Is the species highly domesticated? No] "Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is one of T./Sridith, K./Racey, P.A.. The Pollination themost popular and economically important fruit crops in South East Asia." … Ecology of Durian (Durio zibethinus, "Durio zibethinus was introduced to Thailand more than 300 y ago (Brown 1997, Bombacaceae) in Southern Thailand. Journal of Subhadrabandhu & Ketsa 2001) and it is hardly surprising therefore that at least Tropical Ecology. 25(1): 85-92. 200 cultivars, resulting from human selection, have been reported in Thailand (Hiranpradit et al. 1992). Some of these (e.g. ‘Mon Thong’, ‘Chanee’, ‘Kan Yaw’, ‘Kradum Thong’) are more popular than others and are grown commercially in large plantations." … "Semi-wild durian trees are robust, and resist drought and fungal infection much better than commercial varieties." [Certain cultivars may be highly domesticated, but this assessment refers to the "wild" type] 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Durian is perhaps Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian native to Sumatra and Borneo, but it is so widely naturalized and cultivated in Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Asia for its edible fruit that its origins are uncertain. Today durian is grown in Sri Museum Press, Honolulu, HI Lanka, southern India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Philippines, but has not become popular outside Asia." 202 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Quality of climate match data 2-High] "Durian is perhaps native to Sumatra and Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Borneo, but it is so widely naturalized and cultivated in Asia for its edible fruit that Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop its origins are uncertain. Today durian is grown in Sri Lanka, southern India, Museum Press, Honolulu, HI Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Philippines, but has not become popular outside Asia." 203 1987. Morton, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates. J.F. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "The durian is ultra- Morton, Miami, FL tropical and cannot be grown above an altitude of 2,000 ft (600 m) in Ceylon; http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/index 2,300 ft (700 m) in the Philippines, 2,600 ft (800 m) in Malaysia. The tree needs .html abundant rainfall. In India, it flourishes on the banks of streams, where the roots can reach water." 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "- Altitude range: 0 - 900 CAB International, Wallingford, UK m - Mean annual rainfall: 2000 - 4000 mm - Rainfall regime: bimodal; uniform - Dry season duration: 0 - 5 months - Mean annual temperature: 25 - 27ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 26 - 34ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 21 - 30ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > 15ºC" 203 2008. Janick, J./Paull, R.E.. The encyclopedia of [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "The ideal temperature fruit & nuts. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, UK range for durian growth is 27-30⁰ C, with a relative humidity of 75-80%. Growth is limited below a mean monthly temperature of 22⁰ C, though flowering and fruiting appear to be more prolific. Temperatures below 10⁰ C cause premature leaf abscission, while temperatures of 46⁰ C can be tolerated." 203 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kindt, R./Jamnadass, [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Durian is strictly R./Simons, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree tropical; it grows successfully near the equator, and up to 18 deg from the reference and selection guide version 4.0. World equator in Thailand and Australia. At these extreme latitudes, extension growth Agroforestry Centre, comes to a halt during coolest months. It needs well-distributed rainfall, but a (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/) relatively dry spell stimulates and synchronizes flowering." 204 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian "Durian is perhaps native to Sumatra and Borneo, but it is so widely naturalized Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop and cultivated in Asia for its edible fruit that its origins are uncertain. Today durian Museum Press, Honolulu, HI is grown in Sri Lanka, southern India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Philippines, but has not become popular outside Asia." 204 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kindt, R./Jamnadass, [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] "Native: R./Simons, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree Indonesia, Malaysia. Exotic: Australia, Cambodia, Dominica, India, Myanmar, reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Agroforestry Centre, Zanzibar" (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/) Print Date: 2/27/2012 Durio zibethinus (Malvaceae) Page 3 of 9 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian range? Uncertain (?)] "Durian is perhaps native to Sumatra and Borneo, but it is Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop so widely naturalized and cultivated in Asia for its edible fruit that its origins are Museum Press, Honolulu, HI uncertain. Today durian is grown in Sri Lanka, southern India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Philippines, but has not become popular outside Asia." 301 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Naturalized beyond native range? Probably Yes] "Durian is perhaps native to Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Sumatra and Borneo, but it is so widely naturalized and cultivated in Asia for its Islands and Other Tropical Places.
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