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673 Studi Etnobotani Pemanfaatan JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI (2018) Vol. 6 (3) : 673 – 687 STUDI ETNOBOTANI PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN DURIAN (Durio spp) di DESA LABIAN IRA’ANG KECAMATAN BATANG LUPAR KABUPATEN KAPUAS HULU (Studi Ethnobotany of Utilization of Durian Plant (Durio spp) in Labian Ira’ang village Batang Lupar Sub District, Kapuas Hulu Regency) Antonius Suprianto, Farah Diba, Hari Prayogo Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak. Jl. Daya Nasional Pontianak 78124 Email: [email protected] Abstrak Ethnobotany is a study of the utilization of plants used by a particular ethnic or tribe to meet the needs of clothing, food, boards, and drugs. Durian (Durio spp) dubbed as the King of Fruit is one of the popular fruit in Indonesia. This study aims to study the ethnobotany and utilization of durian plants ranging from roots, stems, skins, flowers, and fruit in Labian Ira’ang village, Batang Lupar sub district, Kapuas Hulu regency. The method used is the snowball sampling. Through snowball sampling technique the samples were selected on the basis of person to person recommendations according to the study to be interviewed. The results showed that there are two species of durian in Labian Ira'ang village, Batang Lupar sub-district, Kapuas Hulu regency. The species of durian consist of Durio kutejensis and Durio zibethinus, with 8 local names: Durian pepakan, Durian kuraras, Durian burawing, Durian lelek , Durian malele, Durian besusuk, Durian kaban and Durian tempurung. There are others type of durian fruit and the local community called local durian. The name of local durian was done with the condition of the place where it grows and who planted it. The parts used by the community include roots, stems, bark, flowers, leaves, fruit, fruit peel and seeds. Durian plants are not only utilized for one or two uses, but many are used with various uses. In addition, durian plants also have a view that is part of the belief by the local community by utilizing the flowers as an abundant of rice producer. Keywords: Durian, Durio zibethinus, Durio kutejensis, Etnobotani, Tembawang PENDAHULUAN 1989). Jenis Durio sp di seluruh dunia Indonesia merupakan salah satu sekitar 27 jenis dan 18 jenis diantaranya negara mega biodiversitas karena memiliki tumbuh di Kalimantan, 11 jenis di Malaya, kawasan hutan tropika basah dengan dan 7 jenis di Sumatera (Kostermans. tingkat keanekaragaman hayati tergolong 1958). tinggi di dunia. Termasuk juga dengan Durian (Durio spp) merupakan salah kekayaan keanekaragaman jenis buah- satu tanaman asli Asia Tenggara yang buahan tropisnya. Indonesia merupakan beriklim tropis basah seperti Indonesia, salah satu dari delapan pusat Thailand dan Malaysia (Ashari, 2004). keanekaragaman genetika tanaman di Jenis durian yang ada di Pulau Kalimantan dunia khususnya untuk buah-buahan tropis sebanyak 18 jenis meliputi Durio seperti durian (Sastrapradja dan Rifai, zibethinus, Durio kutejensis, Durio dulcis, 673 JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI (2018) Vol. 6 (3) : 673 – 687 Durio grandiflorus, Durio graveolens, menyuburkan tanah (Meitrisnaningsih, Durio oxleyanus, Durio testudinarium, 2005). Durio acutifolius, Durio affinis, Durio Kondisi hutan di Indonesia khususnya carinatus, Durio excelcus, Durio griffithii, Kalimantan saat ini sangat Durio lanceolatus, Durio lissocarpus, memprihatinkan dengan adanya persoalan Durio oblongus, Durio purpureus, Durio alih fungsi hutan. Dimulai dari pembukaan beccarianus dan Durio lowianus. lahan untuk kelapa sawit, pertambangan, Durian (Durio spp) dijuluki the King kebakaran hutan dan lainnya. Bahkan of Fruit yang merupakan salah satu buah hutan rakyat dan hutan tembawang cukup populer di Indonesia. Buah yang menjadi salah satu korbannya, bila dilihat memiliki rasa dan aroma yang khas ini potensi pada kawasan tersebut memiliki sangat digemari oleh sebagian besar peran sangat penting bagi masyarakat masyarakat. Rasa buahnya yang manis dan Dayak yang berada di kawasan tersebut. aroma harum buahnya menjadi daya tarik Tembawang merupakan suatu bentuk tersendiri bagi pecinta durian. Warna pengolahan lahan yang dilakukan oleh daging buahnya bervariasi, ada yang masyarakat suku Dayak di Kalimantan bewarna putih, kuning, dan oranye, serta Barat. Pembentukan tembawang dilakukan buah ini dilengkapi dengan adanya setelah petani melakukan perladangan kandungan kalori, vitamin, lemak, dan berpindah, dimana sebelum meninggalkan protein, akan tetapi kurang dalam hal lahan bekas ladangnya mereka tanami pemanfaatan lainnya (Widyastuti dkk, berbagai jenis pohon penghasil buah, 1993). kayu, getah dan rempah-rempah sebagai Bagian buah durian yang lebih umum tanaman obat (Sumarhani & Kalima, dikonsumsi adalah bagian salut buah atau 2015). dagingnya. Jika dilihat kegunaan durian Selain ditanam banyak juga jenis ternyata bukan hanya daging buahnya yang tumbuh secara alami melalui yang dikonsumsi, tetapi jika digali lebih regenerasi alam. Tembawang, selain dalam lagi dapat ditemukan berbagai terdapat di dalam kawasan, kebun, manfaat dari semua bagian tumbuhan pekarangan, juga terdapat dilahan bekas durian tersebut, misalnya batang dari rumah panjang yang dimiliki oleh durian dapat digunakan sebagai bahan masyarakat adat Dayak yang hidup di bangunan (Purnomosidhi dkk, 2007). pedalaman Kalimantan (Sundawati. 1993). Tumbuhan durian juga memiliki peran Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi di yang sangat penting dalam pencegahan tembawang ialah durian. Sebagian besar erosi di lahan-lahan yang miring, karena masyarakat memanfaatkan durian untuk perakaran durian akan mencengkram kebutuhan sendiri serta kebutuhan lapisan tanah atas, sehingga tanah tersebut ekonomi. terbebas dari erosi. Adapun sisa-sisa Kesadaran masyarakat akan peman tanaman atau serasah akan tertahan oleh faatan tumbuhan durian belum disadari batang durian sehingga dapat karena kurangnya data dan informasi 674 JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI (2018) Vol. 6 (3) : 673 – 687 tentang pemanfaatan tumbuhan durian, Februari 2018. Alat yang digunakan dalam sehingga tidak memperdulikan akan penelitian adalah kamera, kuisioner, GPS, pentingnya durian bagi kehidupan sehari- peta lokasi, dan alat perekam, sedangkan hari. Bertitik tolak dari hal tersebut, maka bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan studi tentang pemanfaatan adalah tumbuhan durian yang meliputi: tumbuhan durian mulai dari manfaat akar, batang, kulit batang, daun, bunga, primer dan sekundernya, yang menunjang buah, biji dan kulit buah. Penelitian pengetahuan masyarakat secara luas apa menggunakan metode snowball sampling. sebenarnya manfaat durian selain bahan Metode dilakukan dengan wawancara konsumsi dan bahan bangunan. kepada masyarakat yang terdiri atas 20 Salah satu habitat durian berada di responden Poerwandari (1998) Desa Labian Ira’ang Kecamatan Batang menyatakan pemilihan responden dengan Lupar Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. Daerah ini metode snowball sampling dilakukan merupakan pensuplai buah durian untuk dengan meminta informasi pada orang daerah sekitar dan luar kota. Oleh karena yang telah diwawancara. Patton (2002) itu, studi mengenai pemanfaatan dan menyatakan teknik snowball sampling pengolahan durian di Desa Labian Ira’ang dilakukan dengan sampel dipilih dirasakan sangat penting agar dapat berdasarkan rekomendasi orang ke orang. memberikan gambaran informasi Penelitian dimulai dengan pengumpulan mengenai seberapa besar potensi manfaat informasi dari pemilik buah sebagai durian oleh masyarakat setempat maupun informan awal kemudian akan masyarakat luas. mengarahkan kepada informan yang lain Tujuan penelitian untuk mendata yang banyak mengetahui tentang pemanfaatan dan pengolahan tumbuhan pemanfaatan dan pengolahan tumbuhan durian oleh masyarakat Desa Labian durian, seperti: tokoh adat, penggemar Ira’ang Kecamatan Batang Lupar durian, pembeli durian, dan pengolah hasil Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu yang dimulai dari durian. Selanjutnya akan dilakukan akar, batang, kulit, bunga, dan buahnya. pengecekan tentang manfaat tersebut Adapun manfaat dari penelitian kepada orang yang pernah diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi menggunakannya. Setelah didapatkan mengenai pemanfaatan dan pengolahan informasi tersebut, penelitian dilanjutkan tumbuhan durian oleh masyarakat dengan melihat/mendata serta mengambil setempat dan masyarakat luas. gambar di lapangan. METODE PENELITIAN Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa primer yang merupakan data hasil Labian Ira’ang Kecamatan Batang Lupar pengamatan secara langsung yang Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu Provinsi diperoleh di lapangan melalui diskusi dan Kalimantan Barat dengan lama waktu wawancara langsung dengan masyarakat penelitian tiga (3) minggu dilapangan, sebagai responden dengan bantuan dimulai 26 Januari 2018 sampai dengan 16 kuisioner dan data sekunder yang 675 JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI (2018) Vol. 6 (3) : 673 – 687 merupakan data yang diperoleh tidak dianalisis dalam bentuk tabulasi dan langsung oleh peneliti dari subjek analisis deskritif, sehingga diperoleh hasil penelitiannya. Pengumpulan data sekunder kajian etnobotani pemanfaatan tumbuhan mulai dari mencatat data-data yang sudah durian, mulai dari bagian yang ada diperoleh dari laporan-laporan serta dimanfaatkan, meliputi: akar, batang, kulit, dari literatur lainnya yang menunjang data bunga dan buah, cara pengolahan dan primer. Hasil wawancara kemudian manfaatnya. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN dikelompokan menjadi 7 nama lokal yang Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan di meliputi: durian kuraras, burawing, lelek, lapangan ditemukan dua jenis durian yang malele, tempurung, kaban, besusuk dan 5 terdapat di Desa Labian Iraang yaitu Durio nama
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