Defence Forces Review Defence Forces 2015 Defence Forces Review 2015 Pantone 1545c Pantone 125c Pantone 120c Pantone 468c DF_Special_Brown Pantone 1545c Pantone 2965c Pantone Pantone 5743c Cool Grey 11c Vol 12 Vol Printed by the Defence Forces Printing Press Jn13715 / Aug 2015/ 2000 Defence Forces Review 2015 ISSN 1649-7066 Published for the Military Authorities by the Public Relations Branch at the Chief of Staff’s Division, and printed at the Defence Forces Printing Press, Infirmary Road, Dublin 7. © Copyright in accordance with Section 56 of the Copyright Act, 1963, Section 7 of the University of Limerick Act, 1989 and Section 6 of the Dublin University Act, 1989. DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2015 I II DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2015 The material contained in these articles are the views of the authors and do not purport to represent the official views of the Defence Forces. DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2015 III IV DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2015 PREFACE “ On some positions, Cowardice asks the question ‘Is it safe?’ Expediency asks the question ‘Is it politic?’ And Vanity comes along and asks the question ‘Is it popular?’ But Conscience asks the question ‘Is it right?’ And there comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular, but we must do it because Conscience tells us it is right.” Martin Luther King As Officer in Charge of the Defence Forces Public Relations Branch, I am honoured to be involved in the production of the Defence Forces Review and once again it is my pleasure to present our publication for 2015. In a year that saw the new White Paper on Defence referring to the considerable broadening of the concept of security and the identification of an evolved pallet of threats (to include cyber terrorism, energy security, climate change and piracy), it is no coincidence that the contributors to this year’s Review are part of an ever-increasing cohort that choose to research, conclude and share their findings on military related topics. The diverse range of material covered within this year’s publication is testament to the complex environment within which members of the Irish Defence Forces currently operate. The focus of the Defence Forces Review of 2015 is threefold: to encourage continued critical thinking and debate, to provide an accurate and deeper understanding of contemporary research both within and outside the Defence Forces and to encourage further academic analysis & contributions for 2016. I applaud all those contributors who altruistically gave of their precious time and energy to donate their academic research to our publication and express my appreciation for their support and commitment to the cause. It would be remiss of me not to take this opportunity to congratulate the Review’s Editor, Lt Col Neil Nolan, on his remarkable achievement in carefully synthesising an anthology of articles which challenges as much as it entertains. This is also the occasion to express my sincere gratitude to Capt John Gaffney and his staff in the Defence Forces Printing Press as well as Capt Declan Barrett and his Staff in the Defence Forces Information Office for their excellent efforts in ensuring that the 2015 Review is presented efficiently to our readers. Further copies of the Review are available from the Defence Forces Public Relations Branch at info@ military.ie or online at http://www.military.ie/info-centre/publications/defence-forces- review Michael P. Dawson Lieutenant Colonel Officer in Charge - Defence Forces Public Relations Branch DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2015 V VI DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2015 EDITOR’S NOTE “ …ideas are indestructible, and great thoughts are immortal, and great principles, enshrined in the history of a race, pass on to new generations with ever-increasing vivifying powers.”1 In a year which bore witness to many diverse international and regional security challenges, and saw Ireland reflect on its Defence Policy requirements, this edition of the Defence Forces Review presents a wide-ranging collection of articles which offer critical analysis of both contemporary and historical issues of interest to the Defence Community. The breadth of topics addressed in this year’s edition includes both World Wars, national and regional foreign policy, terrorism, legal considerations, technological developments and Command and Leadership issues. Last year’s Review marked the centenary of the outbreak of the Great War with a number of articles on the subject, including Irish involvement in the conflict. This year’s Review opens with a searing account by Kevin Myers of the ill-fated Gallipoli campaign, 100 years on. In an evocative and poignant article, the suffering, heroics and gallantry of some of the many Irish soldiers who fought and died on the peninsula are recounted in vivid detail. Their exploits were overshadowed for many years by the dominant narrative of 1916 and events surrounding independence, which presented many challenges for the nascent Irish State. One such challenge is addressed by Cdt Paul Fleming, who examines Ireland’s approach to neutrality and foreign policy during the post-independence period. This is followed by an appraisal of Ireland’s complex relationship with Hitler and Germany during ‘the Emergency’, for which Lt Col Stephen Ryan delves into Irish Military Archives’ files to expose some fascinating insights from that period. Turning to Regional Security issues, Gnr Terence O’Reilly analyses the demise of the Armed Forces of East Germany, the Nationale Volksarmee, following the fall of the Berlin Wall, and argues that in the orderly manner in which they were decommissioned, they made their own unique contribution to European peace and security. Staying with European Security, Professor Patrick Keatinge charts the evolution of the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy, and assesses the EU’s policy response to the Ukraine crisis, while Comdt (Retd) John J Ryan examines the European Union Human Rights Review Panel which was established in Kosovo in 2009 and assesses its effect as a Human Rights accountability mechanism within Common Security and Defence Policy infrastructure. Lt Col Jan Zöller draws this theme to a close with an examination of contemporary Peace Support imperatives and an assessment of the suitability of Regional Organisations, particularly NATO, for the conduct of Peace Support Operations. Looking at the Maritime Domain, and as the first Naval Service overseas deployment on a humanitarian mission continues in the Mediterranean, Cdr (NS) Pat Burke assesses the role of International Law of the Sea in addressing global maritime security threats. Comdt Conor Gorey follows with an examination of the implications of Access/Area Denial (A2/ AD) strategies on the US Navy’s deployment concepts and its ability to fulfil its strategic 1 Sheehan, P.A. (1899) ‘Our Personal and Social Responsibilities’, [online], available: http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/E890000-007.html, [accessed 07 July 2015]. DEFENCE FORCES REVIEW 2015 VII mission. The focus then shifts to the cyber or ‘fifth’ domain, with an examination by Capt Ken Sheehan of developments in this area, including a critical assessment of some of the difficulties, including legal constraints, associated with the conduct of operations in cyberspace. Lt Col Jerry Lane develops this theme further with an evaluation of the adequacy of the existing legal supervisory regime in meeting the significant developments which have occurred in weapons and weapons systems. Staying with technological developments, Lt Donncha Lenihan offers a detailed account of the material science associated with armour protection, and critically assesses the utility of material models for armour designers and military planners. In the first of two articles on the subject of terrorism, Comdt Laura Fitzpatrick proposes the use of the ‘Hierarchy of Effects’ model in examining terrorist publicity and propaganda in order to develop a better understanding of terrorist objectives and intent. This is followed by a detailed analysis of Islamic State by Capt Desmond O’Reilly, who focuses on the group’s evolution, sources of finance and use of social media, as it attempts to realise its stated ambition of establishing a world caliphate. Addressing issues of Command and Leadership, Lt Col Seán Murphy examines the centrality of the value of duty to the military profession and details the relationship between values, organisational culture and effective leadership. Comdt Declan Crummy then assesses the Civil Military Relations (CMR) environment in Ireland and exposes some of the tensions which exist between the civilian and military components of the Defence Organisation, highlighting the need for greater focus on this area in Professional Military Education. The final article in this year’s Review is the winning paper of theIrish Military Heritage Award 2014, in which Caitlin White critically examines a memoir of the legendary 17th Century figure Kit Cavenaugh, exposing several weaknesses in the text, and offering a number of possible explanations for the manner and timing of its publication. Abstracts of the research dissertations written by the students of the 71st Senior Command and Staff Course as part of the MA in Leadership, Management and Defence Studies (LMDS) programme are included in section two of the Review. To view any of the theses listed, please contact the Defence Forces Library at: [email protected]. Due recognition is gratefully accorded to Comdt Brendan Lyons for his considerable assistance in editing this year’s Review. Finally, the Review concludes with short biographical details of the contributing authors, to whom we offer our appreciation for an inspiring and thought provoking collection. Their efforts have ensured that the Defence Forces Review continues to have “...the distant aim, the longer reach, to teach men how to teach men how to teach.”2 Neil Nolan Lieutenant Colonel Officer Commanding - 28 Infantry Battalion 2 Ramsay, A.E. (1935) ‘Epitaph: a Syndic’, Frondes Salicis, London: Cambridge University Press, p.