DOCSLIB.ORG

Women on a Mission: African Methodist Episcopal Missionary Women, Gender and Race Relations, 1900-1940

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women on a Mission: African Methodist Episcopal Missionary Women, Gender and Race Relations, 1900-1940 Women on a Mission: African Methodist Episcopal Missionary Women, Gender and Race Relations, 1900-1940. Claire Cooke (20269401) BA (Hons), University of Western Australia, 2010 This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia School of Humanities (Gender Studies) 2014 ii Abstract Women on a Mission: African American Missionary Women, Gender and Race Relations, 1880–1940. In this thesis, I critically analyse how African American missionary women negotiated race and gender in South African missionary societies. The empirical material of this thesis is drawn from case studies of missionary women who were part of the African American denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), and its South African missionary societies. In recent decades, scholarship on mission women has burgeoned. Historians, missionary, and feminist scholars alike have applied varied methodologies to a wide range of contexts to study mission women’s experiences. Scholarship has also recently started to expand to the study of mission and convert women’s interactions. I draw on the emerging scholarship using an interdisciplinary approach to explore how AME women, especially, experienced mission work – whether born in the United States (US) or converted in the field. The timeframe is from 1900 to 1940, when the majority of US AME missionaries went to Africa. Relations between African Americans and white Americans in the US deteriorated at the end of the nineteenth century but this decline coincided with the expansion of AME missionary work. This missionary work provided US AME women with increased agency, which was denied to them at home. This thesis explores the power and agency that AME women had within both the US and South Africa, and asks how African American AME missionary women negotiated gender ideologies and practices in South Africa, how they interacted with African women, and how they negotiated the regulation of their sexuality and sexual behaviour in South Africa. These questions are explored through the overarching themes of power and agency in colonial hierarchies. I begin by outlining the opportunities women could access in the mission field before a more nuanced discussion on the power relations cultivated between US and convert AME women. The ideas of US AME women providing maternal guidance to ‘forlorn’ convert women dominate surviving accounts. One US iii AME mission woman went a step further and attempted to introduce ideas of Western femininity to female African students at a South African mission school. In the middle chapters I explore women who worked without their husbands and, in doing so, garnered power denied in the US to AME women, although in one instance there was a strong backlash. In Chapter Five how convert women not only assumed power that superseded that of mission women, but also managed to avoid any form of criticism is explored. Tentative conclusions suggest that holding positions of power was not always without question or hindrance and depended on personal agendas and existing kinship networks. All of these factors appear to have impacted the women studied in nuanced ways. The final chapter of the thesis captures the gendered and racial divides AME women negotiated through discussion of the regulation of sexuality and sexual behaviour. Although US AME women were preoccupied with the discontinuation of African coming-of-age rituals and polygamous marriage practices, silence surrounds the sexual scandal of a male AME Bishop that challenged the very core of the AME doctrine. This distinction between permissible AME male sexual behaviour and the close regulation of female sexual behaviour perhaps best epitomises the gendered access to power and agency discussed throughout the thesis. The mission field presented unprecedented opportunities for both African and US AME women, not without encountering racial and gendered double standards. iv Declaration The thesis is my own composition and was conducted by me during enrolment in the degree. All sources have been acknowledged and my contribution is clearly identified in the thesis. This thesis does not contain work that I have published, nor work under review for publication. v vi Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the unconditional love and support from my family and friends. I am forever grateful to each and every one of you. Many thanks also to Professor Jacqueline Van Gent for her generosity, advice, support, and feedback on the myriad of drafts during the course of my studies. I could not have asked for a better supervisor! Gareth Griffiths provided invaluable support during the early days of the project, feedback over the course of the journey, and shrewd advice about archives for which I am thankful. Van Ikin and Kieran Dolin were very helpful with navigating all the PhD paperwork. Thanks also to the Scholarships Office for kindly providing me with an Australian Postgraduate Award and travel grants over the years. I am deeply grateful for the UWA library staff, especially Anne Lim (Document Delivery) and Graeme Rymill (Research and Learning Support Officer) who consistently went above and beyond the call of duty to assist me. My thanks also to the staff and colleagues I met at the archives and libraries in the United States who made me feel very welcomed and provided excellent assistance. In no particular order: Rose Memorial Library, Drew University, New Jersey; Burke Theological Library, Columbia, New York; Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection, Temple University, Philadelphia; Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio; Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan; Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas; Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University; Manuscripts, Archives, and Rare Book Library at Emory University, Atlanta; and the Andover-Harvard Theological Library, Harvard. Special thanks to Deborah L. Dandridge, Field Archivist, African American Collections at the University of Kansas, for arranging my visit to Chester and Lillie Owen’s home in July 2012. The Owen family generously welcomed me into their home and I truly appreciated the opportunity to look at the rare archival materials. vii viii Table of Contents Introduction 2 Chapter 1 27 Tipping the Scales of Power: AME Missionary Women and Positions of Power in the Missionary Field of South Africa Chapter 2 54 Helping the ‘Motherland’: AME Women and Gendered Perceptions of South Africa Chapter 3 82 Teaching Power? Luella White and Domesticity at Wilberforce Institute Chapter 4 104 Out of Sight and Out of Control? AME Missionary Women and Gendered Authority in South Africa Chapter 5 133 In a Class of Their Own: Female AME Converts and the Importance of Education Chapter 6 160 Engendering Doctrine? The Gendered Control of Sexuality and Sexual Behaviour in the Mission Field Conclusion 186 Appendix 191 Chronological Date List of South Africa’s Presiding US Bishops and Their Spouses Primary Sources 192 Bibliography 201 ix x 1 Introduction Returning Home? AME Missionary Work in South Africa, 1880–1940 In 1936, a large crowd gathered at one of the piers in New York City to farewell two African American missionaries bound for Cape Town, South Africa. The couple, Richard and Charlotte Wright, were farewelled with elaborate presents, which included orchids sent by President Franklin Roosevelt.1 The expensive farewell at the New York docks was incongruent with the economic realities of the Great Depression sweeping across the United States of America (US) at this time, but it encapsulated the doctrine of the religious denomination the two missionaries represented. Even impoverished areas of the city, such as Harlem, featured African Methodist Episcopal (AME) churches, with their plush red velvet-lined pews and gold-decorated furnishings. This was the opening act for AME missionaries. The departure of missionaries was not itself remarkable, as the denomination had farewelled couples every four years who were bound for its various mission fields.2 What was exceptional about the Wrights is that this couple would be single-handedly responsible for implementing some of the most drastic changes that the AME mission field in South Africa had ever seen. Furthermore, they would write prolifically about their time in South Africa and the series of events that occurred while they were there, leaving us with a wealth of information to explore. The second act, their arrival in Cape Town, was radically different to the scenes witnessed in New York: many of the missionaries were detained on board of their ships, as South Africa’s colonial government feared that the agenda of the AME would incite an indigenous uprising. It is this hostile greeting by local authorities that prefaces the third act of AME missionaries’ foray into the mission field, and it is also where my 1 Charlotte Crogman Wright, Beneath the Southern Cross: The Story of an American Bishop’s Wife in South Africa (New York: Exposition Press, 1955), 13. 2 The AME normally only sent one US couple to the South African mission field at any given time. A notable exception to this occurred in 1937 when Bishop Amos White and his wife Luella White were invited by the Presiding Bishop to run a mission school. South African converts typically filled the other positions, such as Reverend, and taught at the mission schools, with the bulk of the work undertaken in the Transvaal and Cape Town. Occasionally, US AME ministers visited the mission field to offer support to the Presiding Bishop for brief periods. The most comprehensive surviving primary source material pertains to the Presiding Bishops. For a complete list, see ibid., 60. 2 study of how mission women specifically negotiated the mission fields of South Africa begins. Origins and Structure of the African Methodist Episcopal Church The AME is a religious affiliation that was founded by free African Americans in Philadelphia in the 1790s.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Impact of Basel Mission Ideology on the Thought of Carl Christian Reindorf Heinz Hauser-Renner
    “Obstinate” Pastor and Pioneer Historian: The Impact of Basel Mission Ideology on the Thought of Carl Christian Reindorf Heinz Hauser-Renner n 1895, after twenty-five years of historical and ethnological Reindorf’s Western Education Iresearch, Carl Christian Reindorf, a Ghanaian pastor of the Basel Mission, produced a massive and systematic work about Reindorf’s Western education consisted of five years’ attendance the people of modern southern Ghana, The History of the Gold at the Danish castle school at Fort Christiansborg (1842–47), close Coast and Asante (1895).1 Reindorf, “the first African to publish to Osu in the greater Accra area, and another six years’ training at a full-length Western-style history of a region of Africa,”2 was the newly founded Basel Mission school at Osu (1847–55), minus a born in 1834 at Prampram/Gbugblã, Ghana, and he died in 1917 two-year break working as a trader for one of his uncles (1850–52). at Osu, Ghana.3 He was in the service of the Basel Mission as a At the Danish castle school Reindorf was taught the catechism and catechist and teacher, and later as a pastor until his retirement in arithmetic in Danish. Basel missionary Elias Schrenk later noted 1893; but he was also known as an herbalist, farmer, and medi- that the boys did not understand much Danish and therefore did cal officer as well as an intellectual and a pioneer historian. The not learn much, and he also observed that Christian principles intellectual history of the Gold Coast, like that of much of Africa, were not strictly followed, as the children were even allowed to is yet to be thoroughly studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Africans, Cherokees, and the ABCFM Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century: an Unusual Story of Redemption
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History 8-8-2007 Africans, Cherokees, and the ABCFM Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century: An Unusual Story of Redemption Gnimbin Albert Ouattara Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Ouattara, Gnimbin Albert, "Africans, Cherokees, and the ABCFM Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century: An Unusual Story of Redemption." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2007. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/5 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AFRICANS, CHEROKEES, AND THE ABCFM MISSIONARIES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: AN UNUSUAL STORY OF REDEMPTION By Gnimbin Albert Ouattara Under the Direction of Charles G. Steffen ABSTRACT My dissertation, “Africans, Cherokees, and the ABCFM Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century: An Unusual Story of Redemption,” assesses the experience of American missionaries in the Cherokee nation and in Western Africa during the nineteenth century. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), founded in 1810, was the first successful foreign missionary society in the U.S., and its campaign among the Cherokees served as springboard for its activities in “Western Africa”—Liberia, Ivory Coast, Gabon, and South Africa. Although the Cherokees and the West Africans were two different peoples, the ABCFM used the same method to Christianize them: the Lancasterian method with which the missionaries planned to “civilize” the Cherokees and West Africans before Christianizing them.
    [Show full text]
  • Biography.Pdf Biography
    I use this biographical note to describe how I succeeded in doing something no-one has Johannes and Catherine Zimmerman and children done before me. I solved the problem Charles Darwin left behind him and found the long sought for logical proof for his theory of evolution. The leap towards a new solution is rarely linear. My success came by taking a somewhat circuitous path. If I borrow a title from my old tutor, Peter Singer, one of the premier philosophers of our time, then it was the fruit of an exercise in a Practical Ethics that begins in 1737 with Jacobus Capitein who travelled all the way from the Gold Coast to study at the University of Leiden. It continues with the young German Pietist Johannes Zimmerman who arrived in the Jacobus Capitein, 1717–1747 Gold Coast in the mid-nineteenth century as a missionary for the Basel Mission which had been requested, by the Danish government, to oversee the spiritual welfare of the many “mulatto”, or mixed race, children fathered by the officers and men stationed at Fort Christiansborg. Once there, Zimmerman married Catherine Mulgrave. Originally born as Gewe, in Portuguese held Angola, she had arrived in the Gold Coast by way of Jamaica, so pointing to an important West Indian dimension. My path then continued with my good fortune in studying, while an undergraduate at University College, Oxford, with Singer. I garnered success in resolving Darwin because I could combine what I learned from him with what I learned from both my studies in Sanskrit and Indian Philosophy at Oxford University’s Indian Institute, and from my parents.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the December 2019 Edition of the IWS Bibliography
    The Robert E. Webber Institute for Worship Studies Bibliography on Worship Studies Edited by Mark A. Torgerson, Ph.D. December 2019 The Master and Doctor of Worship Studies programs are based significantly on the eight volumes of The Complete Library of Christian Worship. Numerous articles and bibliographies appear in these volumes. Because they form a basis of knowledge for our program, they will not be cited but once in the reference materials below. The following bibliography covers additional resources (by no means exhaustive), some of which may be required reading for courses in the Master and Doctor of Worship Studies programs. In light of the fact that Christian worship is always embodied within the cultural context of a community, the resources mentioned in the following bibliography will refer to cultural analyses as well as theological studies. Many titles could easily be categorized under several “headings,” so it would be wise to explore multiple areas when building a list of possible resources to examine. Recent titles added to the bibliography are located just after the table of contents. The titles mentioned are also integrated into the bibliography under the appropriate headings. Table of Contents I. General Theological Resources .................................................................................. 7 A. Introductory Materials ................................................................................................... 7 B. The Church ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook Will Appear in Our Website Version
    YARRA THEOLOGICAL UNION A College of University of Divinity H A N D B O O K 2021 98 Albion Road, Box Hill, Vic. 3128 All mail to: P.O. Box 79, Box Hill 3128 Telephone: 03 9890 3771 ABN 32 005 425 203 CRICOS Provider 01037A Email: [email protected] Website: www.ytu.edu.au Facebook: @yarratheologicalunion CONTENTS ACADEMIC CALENDAR 4-7 UNIVERSITY OF DIVINITY 8 SCHOOL OF GRADUATE RESEARCH 8 CODE OF CONDUCT 9 COLLEGES 10-11 KEY DATES FOR 2022 11 YTU VISION AND MISSION 12 MEMBER COLLEGES AND FEAST DAYS 13-14 YTU ADMINISTRATION 15 FACULTY, SENIOR FELLOWS AND SPECIAL OFFICES 16-17 ENROLMENT 18-19 ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES FOR PASTORAL MINISTRY 19 FEE STRUCTURE, FEE-HELP 20-21 LIBRARIES AND LIBRARY STAFF 22-23 STUDENTS' REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL 24 YOUR RIGHTS AS A UD STUDENT 25-26 GENERAL COURSE REQUIREMENTS 27-29 ARK LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 29 TURNITIN & PLAGIARISM 30 UNDERGRADUATE ACADEMIC AWARDS 31 DIPLOMAS 32 BACHELOR DEGREES 33-34 EXPLANATION OF THE UNIT NUMBERING SYSTEM 35 A NEW POINTS SYSTEM 36 NOT FOR CREDIT UNITS 37-38 UNDERGRADUATE UNITS ............................................................................... 39-84 FIELD A – HUMANITIES UNDERGRADUATE 39 AL Languages 40-41 FIELD B – BIBLICAL STUDIES UNDERGRADUATE 42 BA Old Testament 43 BN New Testament 47 BS Biblical Studies 51 FIELD C – CHRISTIAN THOUGHT AND HISTORY UNDERGRADUATE 52 CH Church History 53 CT Systematic Theology 61 FIELD D – THEOLOGY: MISSION AND MINISTRY UNDERGRADUATE 66 DL Liturgical Studies 68 DM Missiology 71 DP Pastoral Theology and Ministry Studies 75 DS Spirituality 78 DT Moral Theology 81 SUPERVISED READING UNITS UNDERGRADUATE 84 - 2 - CONTENTS POSTGRADUATE AWARDS 85 RESEARCH AWARDS 96 POSTGRADUATE UNITS .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Repräsentiert. Mit Dieser Bemerkung Beginnt Ulrike Sill Die Einleitung
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 Rezension zu: Ulrike Sill, Encouters in the Quest of Christian Womanhood. The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana, Leiden 2010 Schubert, Frank Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-87109 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Schubert, Frank (2013). Rezension zu: Ulrike Sill, Encouters in the Quest of Christian Womanhood. The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana, Leiden 2010. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte (Revue suisse d’histoire), 63(2):298-299. rn uuest oI unnsnan womanhood. lhe |tasel Mission in Durch eine Besserstellung der Frauen sollte eine Voraussetzung für die voll- Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana. Leiden, Brill,2010 (Studies in Christian Mission, ständige Modernisierung der Gesellschaft geschaffen werden - und dies, so referiert Bd. 39).420 Seiten. Sill, sei durch die sozialen Innovationen der Mission erreicht worden. Dabei steht In der heutigen Welt ist das Christentum nicht typischerweise durch einen eine auf gender relationsbezogene Missionsgeschichte stets vor der Grundfrage, ob Mann aus dem Norden, sondern eher durch eine afrikanische Frau aus dem Süden die Missionsgemeinschaften eine Besserstellung und eine zwahme von Möglich- repräsentiert. Mit dieser Bemerkung beginnt Ulrike Sill die Einleitung ihres keiten für Frauen bewirkten oder ob sie zu einer Festigung konservativer'werte <<Encounters Buches in Quest of Christian Womanhood>, als Doktorarbeit bei und zu einer dauerhaften Entmachtung und Domestizierung von Frauen bei- Patrick Harries in Basel verfasst, in dem sie die Anfänge dieses globalen getragen haben.
    [Show full text]
  • From Sacramental ‘Something’ to Sacramental Encounter 190 8 Ethics: Living Between the Altars of God 230
    Durham E-Theses The Works of Mercy: Towards a Liturgical Ethic of the Everyday KAUTZER, BENJAMIN,ALLEN How to cite: KAUTZER, BENJAMIN,ALLEN (2015) The Works of Mercy: Towards a Liturgical Ethic of the Everyday, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11088/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE WORKS OF MERCY TOWARDS A LITURGICAL ETHIC OF THE EVERYDAY Benjamin Allen Kautzer ABSTRACT This thesis explores the possibility of an ‘everyday theology’ of those ordinary gifts of food and drink, prayer and compassion, shelter and hospitality traditionally named the ‘works of mercy.’ Drawing principally upon Roman Catholic liturgical theology, it proposes a sacramental reinterpretation of the theological deep-structure which underlies and informs their practice. At their core the works of mercy represent a liturgically shaped ethic of the everyday – ecclesial practices capable of challenging the bureaucratic institutionalisation (and elimination) of human compassion.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamaica Journal Index with Abstracts 1990 – 2008
    Jamaica Journal Index with abstracts 1990 – 2008 Compiled by : Cheryl Kean and Karlene Robinson University of the West Indies, Mona. Preface Coverage The purpose of this index is to articles that have been published in the Jamaica Journal since 1997. It covers the following issues:- Vol 23 no. 1 (1990) to Volume 31 nos. 1 & 2 (2008). All articles, book reviews, poems and short stories are included in the index. Arrangement The index is arranged in two sections. The first section is a general List of abstracts arranged alphabetically by the first named author or title. This is a list of all articles that are included in this index with an abstract provided for each article with the exception of book reviews, stories and poems. All entries are numbered. The second section is an Author and keyword list. The number that is listed beside each term corresponds to the number that is given to each entry in the general list of abstracts. Library of Congress Subject Headings were used to generate the list of keywords for all the entries in the index with the exception of a few cases where no appropriate terms existed to capture the subject material. List of Abstrtacts 1. The Altamont DaCosta Institute. Jamaica Journal 2000; 27(1):Back cover. Abstract: This article presents a brief biography of Altamont DaCosta, former mayor and custos of Kingston. The Institute was the former dwelling house of Mr. DaCosta and was willed to the people of Jamaica in 1935. 2. The Calabash tree (crescentia cujete). Jamaica Journal 2008; 31(1-2):Back cover.
    [Show full text]
  • DOCUMENT RESUME AUTHOR Salamone, Frank A., Ed. Anthropologists and Missionaries. Part II. Studies in Third World Societies. Publ
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 271 366 SO 017 295 AUTHOR Salamone, Frank A., Ed. TITLE Anthropologists and Missionaries. Part II. Studies in Third World Societies. Publication Number Twenty-Six. INSTITUTION College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Dept. of Anthropology. PUB DATE 85 NOTE 314p.; For part Iof this study, see SO 017 268. For other studies in this series, see ED 251 334 and SO 017 296-297. AVAILABLE FROM Studies in Third World Societies, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185 ($20.00; $35.00 set). PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) Information Analyses (070) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC13 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Anthropology; *Clergy; Cross Cultural Studies; Cultural Influences; Cultural Pluralism; Culture Conflict; Developed Nations; *Developing Nations; Ethnography; Ethnology; *Global Aoproach; Modernization; Non Western Civili%ation; Poverty; Religious Differences; Religious (:ganizations; *Sociocultural Patterns; Socioeconomic Influences; Traditionalism; World Problems IDENTIFIERS *Missionaries ABSTRACT The topics of anthropologist-missionary relationships, theology and missiology, research methods and missionary contributions to ethnology, missionary training and methods, and specific case studies are presented. The ten essays are: (1) "An Ethnoethnography of Missionaries in Kalingaland" (Robert Lawless); (2) "Missionization and Social Change in Africa: The Case of the Church of the Brethren Mission/Ekklesiyar Yan'Uwa Nigeria in Northeastern Nigeria" (Philip Kulp); (3) "The Summer Institute
    [Show full text]
  • Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood Studies in Christian Mission
    Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood Studies in Christian Mission General Editors Marc R. Spindler, Leiden University Heleen L. Murre-van den Berg, Leiden University Editorial Board Peggy Brock, Edith Cowan University James Grayson, University of Sheffield David Maxwell, Keele University VOLUME 39 Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana By Ulrike Sill LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Cover illustration: Archive Mission 21/Basel Mission QD-30.016.0009 “Indigenous teachers. In the centre of the front row: Mrs Lieb.” Ghana Taken Between 1.01.1881 and 31.12.1900 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sill, Ulrike. Encounters in quest of Christian womanhood : the Basel Mission in pre- and early colonial Ghana / by Ulrike Sill. p. cm. — (Studies in Christian mission, 0924-9389 ; v. 39) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18450-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Missions—Ghana—History—19th century. 2. Christian women—Ghana— History—19th century. 3. Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft in Basel—History—19th century. 4. Ghana—Church history—19th century. I. Title. II. Series. BV3625.G6S56 2010 266’.0234940667082—dc22 2010011777 ISSN 0924-9389 ISBN 978 90 04 18888 4 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Yarra Theological Union
    YARRA THEOLOGICAL UNION A College of University of Divinity H A N D B O O K 2018 98 Albion Road, Box Hill, Vic. 3128. (All correspondence to: P.O. Box 79, Box Hill 3128) Telephone: 03 9890 3771 ABN 32 005 425 203 CRICOS Provider 01037A Email: [email protected] Website: www.ytu.edu.au Facebook: @yarratheologicalunion Twitter:@ytuadmin CONTENTS ACADEMIC CALENDAR………………………………………………………………………… 4-6 UNIVERSITY OF DIVINITY AND COLLEGES………………………………………………. 7-10 YTU VISION AND MISSION…………………………………………………………………….. 11 MEMBER COLLEGES AND FEAST DAYS ……………………………………….…... 12-13 YTU ADMINISTRATION………………………………………………………………………….. 14 FACULTY, SPECIAL OFFICES, SENIOR FELLOWS………………………………………... 15 ENROLMENT………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 ENGLISH LANGUAGE SCHOOL FOR PASTORAL MINISTRY…………………………… 18 FEE STRUCTURE, FEE-HELP.......................................................................... ……….. 19-20 THE CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN RELIGION AND SOCIAL POLICY……………….... 22 LIBRARIES AND LIBRARY STAFF…………………………………………………………… 23 STUDENTS' REPRESENTATIVE COUNCIL………………………………………………….. 24 YOUR RIGHTS AS A UD STUDENT…………………………………………………………… 25 GENERAL COURSE REQUIREMENTS……………………………………………………….. 27 ARK LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM…………………………………………………… 29 TURNITIN & PLAGIARISM ……………………………………………………………………. 30 UNDERGRADUATE ACADEMIC AWARDS……………………………………………………31 DIPLOMAS …………………………………………………………………………………………. 32 BACHELOR DEGREES…………………………………………………………………………...33 EXPLANATION OF UNIT NUMBERING SYSTEM……………………………………………. 35 NOT FOR CREDIT UNITS……………………………………………………………………. 36-38 UNDERGRADUATE
    [Show full text]
  • 69.3.Reviews-Notices.Pdf
    Theological Studies 69 (2008) BOOK REVIEWS JEWISH BELIEVERS IN JESUS:THE EARLY CENTURIES. Edited by Oskar Skarsaune and Reidar Hvalvik. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2007. Pp. xxx + 930. $49.95. A history of “Jewish believers in Jesus” rather than of “Jewish Chris- tianity”? Conventionally, Jewish Christianity has designated the position of “those Jews who recognized Jesus as Messiah...but...continued to ob- serve the Torah” (4). Here, however, the editors and contributors, empha- sizing ethnicity (as do the ancient sources), have chosen also to allow for those Jewish believers who had merged into mixed communities and who no longer followed a Jewish way of life. Jewish believers, then, are “Jews by birth or conversion who...believed Jesus was their savior,” or messiah, or end-time prophet (3, 13), no matter what their position on Jewish Law. A helpful introduction (Skarsaune) and an up-to-date review of schol- arship (James Carleton Paget) are followed by six NT studies: on James and the Jerusalem community (Richard Bauckham), on Paul’s Jewishness (Donald Hagner on the letters, Reidar Hvalvik on Acts), on the Pauline mission and another on the Roman church (Hvalvik), and on Revelation and John’s Gospel (Peter Hirschberg). Subsequent essays produce a mass of specific, useful information on Greek and Latin patristic literature (Skarsaune), on church orders and liturgical texts (Anders Ekenberg), and on rabbinic literature (Philip Alexander). While its yield may be thinner than that of the other essays, Lawrence Lahey’s survey of Christian-Jewish dialogues could become the standard for some time. The literary heritage of Jewish believers is capably handled: Jewish- Christian gospels (Craig Evans), OT Pseudepigrapha (Torlief Elgvin), the Pseudo-Clementines (Graham Stanton), and Jewish-Christian materials used by Greek and Latin writers (Skarsaune).
    [Show full text]