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Migration from Historic Mission Churches to Pentecostal Churches in Ghana by REV

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Migration from Historic Mission Churches to Pentecostal Churches in Ghana by REV Migration from Historic Mission churches to Pentecostal churches in Ghana By REV. EMMANUEL KWABLA SARBAH Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the subject of SCIENCE OF RELIGION AND MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA SUPERVISOR: PROF. NELUS NIEMANDT CO-SUPERVISOR: DR. PETER WHITE Student number 18388664 February 2020 i DECLARATION I, Emmanuel Kwabla Sarbah, hereby declare that this project is completely the product of my own research conducted between 2018 and 2020. Except for references to other works that have been duly acknowledged, this work has never been presented to any other institution either in part or whole for any award whatsoever. EMMANUEL KWABLA SARBAH DATE. 26th February 2020. PROF. JPS NIEMANDT (SUPERVISOR) DATE 24 Feb. 2020 DR. PETER WHITE (CO-SUPERVISOR) DATE: 23 February 2020 ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to My wife, Mrs. Mercy Lorlornyo Gorleku-Sarbah and children; Anna, Emmanuel, Elisha and Joy iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the Almighty God for His provisions, grace, mercy and faithfulness throughout this study period. My sincere gratitude goes to Prof. C.J.P Niemandt and co-supervisor, Dr. Peter White who have been very meticulous in supervising this work as well as their personal support in helping me to secure bursary for my study. I am also grateful to Rt. Rev. Prof. J.O.Y Mante, the moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana and Rev. Dr. B.I Adu Okoree, Chairperson of West Akyem Presbytery for their encouragements and support throughout the period of my study. I am eternally grateful to the University of Pretoria for the two years Doctoral Research Bursary which paid for my tuition and other related cost. I am also thankful to the staff of the Faculty of Theology, Mrs. Doris Mokgoloko, Mrs. Sandra Duncan of University of Pretoria, for reading through my work and Christy Nel the information specialist for her assistance. I am grateful to the individuals who shared their thoughts on this work with me in various interviews even at short notices. I am equally grateful to my wife and children for sacrificing their comfort for my academic journey. I am particularly indebted to; Dr. Evangelist Abboah Offei, Mr. & Mrs. Appiah, Mr. & Mrs. Samlafo, Mr. & Mrs. Georgina Gorleku-Abban, Mr.& Mrs Hadzor, Mr & Mrs Bempong, Mr & Mrs. Eworyi, Mr & Mrs Allan Mr Albert Akowaa, Doudlas Tsise, Mr & Mrs Dickson Agyapong, Mpho and her family, Ms. Rebecca Quacoo, Grace Congregation, Kwashieman, Grace Congregation, Pretoria (South Africa) and my siblings for their financial support, encouragement and prayers. I am sincerely grateful to the Presbyterian Church of Ghana for the opportunity and support throughout the study. iv ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on investigating and identifying the factors leading to the migration of members from Historic Mission churches to Pentecostal/Charismatic churches (PCCs) with emphasis on the Presbyterian Church of Ghana (PCG) using Ga and Dangme-Tongus Presbyteries as case studies. The advent of the Pentecostal/Charismatic churches in Ghana since the early twentieth Century has led to a slow growth in membership of Historic Mission churches. Thus, this study involves quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Structured questionnaires were administered, and interviews conducted at selected districts in the two presbyteries with personal observation in order to unravel the phenomenon of migration in the Presbyterian Church of Ghana. The findings of the research acknowledged that migration of members from PCG to PCCs is a reality. This has over the years led to slow growth in membership, human resource mobilization and finances of PCG. There are “push” and “pull” factors in PCG and PCCs respectively which accounts for this phenomenon. The outcome of these findings requires that in order to develop individual gifts and ministries in the PCG, congregations should recognize, encourage and train members as disciples for the missional work of the Church. Thus, the lay will become the active components of the Church. PCG should give baptismal candidates the option to choose the type of baptism they prefer. This will resolve the issue of members migrating to Pentecostal/Charismatic churches to seek baptism by immersion. Furthermore, there is the need for youth services and youth pastors in all PCG congregations in order to bridge the existing generational gap. Ultimately, these will help curve a new image for the PCG as missional community in which members care and love one another, reaching out to the marginalised, the poor and the broken-hearted in the power of the Holy Spirit. v Research Office Mrs Daleen Kotze NAME: Sarbah E STUDENT NUMBER: 18388664 COURSE: PhD DATE: 21 November 2018 This letter serves as confirmation that the research proposal of this student was evaluated by: 1) The Research committee: This applies to all research proposals 2) The Research Ethics committee: This applies only to research that includes people as sources of information You are hereby notified that your research proposal (including ethical clearance where it is applicable) is approved. __________________ Mrs. AM Kotze on behalf of Prof D Human: Chairperson: Research committee: Faculty of Theology and Religion ___________________ Dr T van Wyk Chairperson: Research Ethics committee: Faculty of Theology and Religion vi TABLE OF CONTENT Pages Title Page i Declaration ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Abstract v Ethical Clearance letter vi CHAPTER ONE - GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and motivation 1-2 1.2 Problem Statement 2-4 1.3 Research Questions 4 1.4 Objectives of the Study 4-5 1.5 Purpose of the Study 5 1.6 Scope of the Study 5 1.7 Methodology 6-9 1.8 Significance of the Study 9 1.9 Literature Review 9-19 1.9 Migration 19-20 1.10.1 Types of Migration 20 1.10.1.1 Human Migration 20-21 1.10.1.2 Forced Migration 21 1.10.1.3 Reluctant Migration 21-22 1.10.1.4 Voluntary Migration 22-23 1.11 Missional Ecclesiology 23-26 1.12 Limitation 26 1.13 Chapter Organization 26 -27 Conclusion 27 vii CHAPTER TWO – OVERVIEW OF CHRISTIAN MISSION IN GHANA: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRESBYTERIAN MISSION AND PENTECOSTAL/CHARISMATIC MOVEMENTS 2.1 Historical Origins 28 2.2 Introduction 28-30 2.3 Historic Mission Churches 30-31 2.3.1 Organizational Structure 31 2.3.1.1 Leadership 31-32 2.3.1.2 Membership/Worship/Sacrament 32-33 2.3.2 Achievements of Historic Mission Churches in Ghana 33-35 2.3.2.1 Education 35-38 2.3.2.2 Development of Languages 38-40 2.3.2.3 Advancement in Health 40-41 2.3.2.4 Agriculture, Trade and Industry 41-42 2.3.2.5 Nationalism and Nation-Building 42-43 2.3.3 The History and Mission of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana 43 2.3.3.1 Historical Origins 43-50 2.3.3.2 Education As a Tool For Evangelism 50-52 2.3.3.3 Doctrine 52-53 2.3.3.3.1 Life and Membership of the Church 53-54 2.3.3.3.2 The Courts of the PCG 54-56 2.3.3.3.3 Vision, Mission and Core Values of PCG 56 2.3.3.3.4 Core Values 56-57 2.3.4 The Current State of PCG 57-59 2.4 Pentecostal/Charismatic Movements in Ghana 59 2.5 Introduction 59 2.5.1 The History of Pentecostal/Charismatic movements 59-61 2.5.1.1 The emergence of Pentecostal/Charismatic movements in Ghana 61-68 2.5.1.2 Emphasis on dreams, vision, prophecy and healing 68 2.5.2 Pentecostalism 69-71 2.5.3 Charismatism 71-74 2.5.4 The Impact of Pentecostal/Charismatic movement in Ghana 74 viii 2.5.4.1 The Religious Impact 74 2.5.4.1.2 An expression of personal faith in Christ 74 2.5.4.1.3 Renewal in mainline churches 75-76 2.5.4.1.4 Evangelism 76-77 2.5.4.1.5 Emphasis on existential needs 77-78 2.5.4.1.6 Liturgy 78-79 2.5.4.1.7 Ministry 79-80 2.5.4.1.8 Christian education 80 2.5.4.1.9 Impact on the Ghanaian society 80-81 2.5.5 Challenges 81-82 Conclusion 82-83 CHAPTER THREE- THE HISTORY, MISSION AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF GA AND DANGME-TONGU PRESBYTERIES OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF GHANA 3.1 Introduction 84 3.2 Ga Presbytery 85-86 3.2.1 The first Community among the Ga 87-93 3.2.2 A new Presbytery curved out of Ga Presbytery 93-94 3.2.3 Achievements of the Ga Presbytery 94-95 3.3 Dangme-Tongu Presbytery 95-98 3.3.1 Achievements of the Dangme-Tongu Presbytery 98 Conclusion 99 CHAPTER FOUR- MIGRATION TO PENTECOSTAL AND CHARISMATIC CHURCHES IN GA AND DANGME-TONGU PRESBYTERIES 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Study Design 100 4.2.1 Data Collection Tools 100 4.2.1.1 Quantitative data 100-101 4.2.1.2 Qualitative data 101-102 4.3 Responses to Questionnaires and Analysis 102 4.3.1 Views about the current state of membership 102-104 ix 4.4 Results from Interviews and Questionnaires 104-106 4.4.1 General trends of migration from HMCs to Pentecostal/Charismatic churches 107 4.4.2 Categories of people who migrate 107-110 4.4.3 Factors contributing to migration of members from PCG to PCCs 110-112 4.4.3.1 Attitudes of members 113-114 4.4.3.2 Leadership factor 114-117 4.4.3.3 The use of Spiritual Gift 117-118 4.4.3.4 Generational Gap 118 4.4.3.5 Language Barrier 119 4.4.3.6 Liturgical Problem 119-120 4.4.3.7 Call to Ministry 120-121 4.4.3.8 Conflict 121-122 4.4.3.9 Welfare 122-123 4.4.3.10 Church Discipline 123-124 4.4.3.11 Doctrinal Issues 124-125 4.4.4 The Impact of Migration of members on PCG 125-126 4.4.4.1 Membership 126-129 4.4.4.2 Human Resource 129 4.4.4.3 Finance 129-130 4.4.5 Mitigating Measures against migration in PCG 130-132 4.4.6 Roles of agents, laity, institution and church in mitigating migration in PCG 133-134 4.4.6.1 Generational/Intergenerational Groups 134-135 4.4.6.2 The Minister 135-136 4.4.6.3 The Laity 136-139 4.4.6.4 Seminary/Lay Training centres 139-140 4.4.7 Why should PCG be concerned about migration of its members 140-142 Conclusion 142 x CHAPTER FIVE- ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS 5.1 Introduction 142 5.2 Percentage distribution of socio-demographic characteristics of respondents 143-145 5.3 Themes 146 5.3.1 General trends of migration from HMCs to PCCs 146-155 5.3.1.1 Growth trends of PCG 156-160 5.3.1.2.
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