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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduwâ frwn th8 microfilm master. UMI films the text direcüy from the original or copy submittad. Thus. some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter facet nihile ahers may be hmany type of amputer ptinbr* The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the qwlity of the copy submiüed. Broken or indistÏndprint, wiored or poor quality illustnoms and photographs, print bleedthmugh, subs&ndard marghs. and impmpet alignment can advenely af%ctreptodudim. In the unlikely event that the author dÏd not send UMI e camplete manusaipt and there are missing pages, these will be nated. Afso. if unauthorirad copyright material had to be removed, a note wül indicade aie deletion. Oversire materials (e.g., maps, dtawl*ngs, cham) are repmduœâ by secüoning the original. beginning at the upper Iefbhand corner and contiming from left to rÎgM in equal sections with small overlaps. Photognphs induâed in the original manusaipt have ben reproduced xerogaphicaliy in th& copy. Higher puality W x 9" bkk and mite photographie pflnts are availabie for any photographs or ilkistrabms appearùig in this copy for an addiional charge. Contact UMI dirodly to order. Bel[ & HoweIC InfomatÏon and Learning 300 North Zseb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48706-i346 USA 800-521-0800 Colonial Compledty: The Images and Ideas of John Mensah Sarbah and S.R.B. Attoh Ahuma, C* 1895-lgl2. by Harvey Amani Whitfield Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Dalhousie üniveseity Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Deceinber, 1998 @ Copyright by Harvey Amani Whitfield, 1998 National Lïïrary Bibtiothèque I*l ofmada du Canada Acqulsiti'ons and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seNices bibliographiques 395 Wdibngtm Street 395, nie Wellington OtEawaON KIAW Ottawa ON K3A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Licence non excIusive licence aUowÏng the exclusive permettant a la National L&my of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bute or sen reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or eIectronic formats. la forme de micdche/fih, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette thése. thesis nor substantid extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantieis may be printed or otherwise de cene-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced doutthe author's ou antrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Table of Contents V Abstract vi Abbreviations and SymboLs used vii Acknowledgements viii Chapter 1: Historiography: Paradigms and Problems I Chapter 2: Images of Africa 21 Chapter 3: images of England 65 Chapter 4: Conclusion 92 Bibliography 105 Abstract This thesis examines the writings of John Mensah Sarbah and Samuel Richard Brew Attoh Ahuma in an effort to demonstrate the complexity of West African intellectual history. The extant categories of historical understanding, such as "African Nationalistw and YBritish Imperialist," have obscured the complexity of colonial discourse. If we wish to gain a clear understanding of the intelligentsia then it cannot be assumed that they wrote from a nationalist standpoint simply because they were colonized Africans. In short, the thesis attempts to recover the educated elitefs complexity through a case study of two of its more prominent members. Abbreviatf ons ARPS Aborigines Rights Protection Society Acknowledgements First, 1 would like to thank my supervisor, Philip Zachernuk, for sparking my interest in West African intellactual history. 1 need fo thank the following professors and staff in the History Department: Stephen Brooke, Jane Parpart, Cynthia Neville, John O'Brien, Mary, Tina, and MuLene. 1 would also like to thank the following graduate students for their support and kindnass: Deborah, Ruth, Jean, Sarah, Greg, Aki, Brian, Renee (11, Lucy, Amanda, Renee (Z), Briar, Peter, Lawrence, and any others 1 forgot. Lastly, 1 need to thank my partner, Melissa, for her invaluable support. I would also like to thank the libraries at the following institutions: Dalhousie University, University of Chicago, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Howard University, Loyola University- Chicago, and Simon Fraser University. Historiography : Paradigms and Problems This thesis attempts to confront three problems that have restricted the development of historical scholarship concenihg the educated elite of British West Africa. Birst, the educated elite's representations of Europe have been disregarded, for the most part, by colonial and post-colonial scholarship. Secondly, the literature that does examine the British West African intelligentsia has been based on the idea that the elite floated in an indefinable area between the realities of Africa and Europe. Additionally, these studies have argued fram an opposed paradlgm that places the elite and the entire colonial situation into constructed categories, such as "African Nationalistw versus "British ImperiaZistw. Third, the historiography of the Gold Coast educated elite-and 0th- histories of the intelligentsia- has rested on the concept of African difference. Before discussing these three problems, it is important tu define the limitations and focus of this study. Within the broad context of West African intellectuaï history, the thesis concentrates on the discourse of two Gold Coast writers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (c.1895-1912): John Mensah Sarbah and Samuel Richard Brew Attoh Ahuma. Although this work is certkialy I1n thiir thesis, 1 have not pralsined the role that pendor relations or family Mewoald have had on the edacated eute's images of Bfrica and Bngland. 1 narrow and by no means a comprehensive study of the Gold Coast educated elite or the British West African intelligentsia, it does serve as a means of addressing a few important themes conceming coolo~aldiscourse. First, Ahumars and Sarbahrs writings demonstrate that the elite were critical obsemers of the coloniai situation and it can no longer be assumed that because they were colonised Africans that they wrote from a nationalist standpoint. Secondly, African intellectuai life has been reduced by a paradigm that assumes the intelligentsia were either nationalist heroes or deluded hybrids, when in fact my case study of Ahmm and Sarbah indicates that this historicai model greatly teduces the complexity of thek writings . Thirdly, the extant categories of %frican NationalistH and "British Imperialistm imply that colonial discourse can be understood in tenns of racial identity and geographic location, while mp sesearch indicates that there was a fair amount of shared thought between Ahuma and Sarbah and those classified as "British ImperiaListsm. In short, Ahma and Sarbah are good examples of the British West African intelligentsia, and the* complexity indicates that 0th- elites writing might have been reduced by the tradition of historicai oversimplification. Although this is not an exhaustive study of the British West Mrican educated eute, it does speak to the afosementioned themes concaïning African intellectuaï history. The first problem is sinip1p one of neglect by historians anci 0th- scholars of colonial intellectual life. Many of these scholars have concentrated on Occidental constructions of the Orient, or more specificaily, European inventions of Africa. There are many examples of post-colonial scholars concentrathg on European inventions of Africa, while disregardhg African intellectuals' constructions of Europe. These treatments trace the representations of Aftica through an examination of colonial office documents, travel guides, diaries, novels and newspapers. There are so -y examples of this type of scholarsaip that it is difficult to narraw the historiography down to a few examples. Thus, 1 have decided to briefly highlight four important studies-by Philip Curtin, VA. Kiernan, Edward Said, and V.Y. Muàhbe-- that will serve as examples of the 'Invention of Africa' . PUip Curtin' s -of: B- Ide=- tion 1780O lm , published in 1964, outlines English representations of Africa in the pre-colonial period.2 V.O. attitudes tawarda the outside world in the aga of neqative Occidental constnictions of the Orient, but did not examine Oriental inventions of the Occident3 V3. MudAnbe's the (HiddIesexa PeIïcan Books, 1969)- hdward Said, Orien+aliai (New Yorkt Vbtage Books, 1978). Invdon of Africa (1988) focuses on European intellectual constructions of Africa.5 The real problem with these treatmants is that they silence African intellectuads-- similar to European scholars in the colonial perio&-and implicitly conclude that "the subaïtern cannot speak."? In the 19908, has ken thoroughly criticized for its Manichaean construction of colonial relations and nasrow definition of orientalists.8 For example, Reina Lewis ' Oriewcriticizes Said for not recognizing female orientalists. Hawever, his fkilure to acknoarledge intellectual inventions generated fram colonial subjects in the Orient is not noticed.9 These valuable critiques fail to highiight the inabiiity of pst-colonial scholarship to study African inventions of Europe, but rather amplify and increase this oversight by concentrating on European representations of Africa. The second problem confronting historians of the British West African educated alite is that the existing literature has
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