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Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood Studies in Christian Mission

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Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood Studies in Christian Mission Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood Studies in Christian Mission General Editors Marc R. Spindler, Leiden University Heleen L. Murre-van den Berg, Leiden University Editorial Board Peggy Brock, Edith Cowan University James Grayson, University of Sheffield David Maxwell, Keele University VOLUME 39 Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana By Ulrike Sill LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Cover illustration: Archive Mission 21/Basel Mission QD-30.016.0009 “Indigenous teachers. In the centre of the front row: Mrs Lieb.” Ghana Taken Between 1.01.1881 and 31.12.1900 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sill, Ulrike. Encounters in quest of Christian womanhood : the Basel Mission in pre- and early colonial Ghana / by Ulrike Sill. p. cm. — (Studies in Christian mission, 0924-9389 ; v. 39) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18450-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Missions—Ghana—History—19th century. 2. Christian women—Ghana— History—19th century. 3. Evangelische Missionsgesellschaft in Basel—History—19th century. 4. Ghana—Church history—19th century. I. Title. II. Series. BV3625.G6S56 2010 266’.0234940667082—dc22 2010011777 ISSN 0924-9389 ISBN 978 90 04 18888 4 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................ ix List of Figures ..................................................................................... xiii Glossary ............................................................................................... xv List of Abbreviations ......................................................................... xvii Prologue: Celebrating Christian Womanhood in Ghana – The 10th Anniversary of the Presbyterian Women’s Centre in Abokobi 2002 .......................................................... 1 I Introduction ............................................................................... 5 Theme and Analytical Framework ......................................... 7 Sources ........................................................................................ 23 Overview ..................................................................................... 32 II The Basel Women’s Mission in the European and the Basel Context ............................................................................. 35 Conceptual Background and Organisational Roots ............ 36 Negotiating Women’s Mission in the Context of the Basel Mission ................................................................................... 46 Conclusion ................................................................................. 72 III The Women Involved in Basel Mission Encounters on the Gold Coast ........................................................................... 75 From Wuerttemberg to the Gold Coast ............................... 76 Gold Coast Women .................................................................. 95 Conclusion ................................................................................. 107 IV Embodying Christian Womanhood – ‘African’ Actors in the Basel Mission ...................................................................... 109 The Pioneer: Catherine Mulgrave .......................................... 110 Second Generation Exemplars: Regina Hesse and Rose Ann Miller ............................................................................. 133 Conclusion ................................................................................. 148 vi contents V Christiansborg – Acquiring Space to Propagate Basel Femininity ............................................................................... 149 Christiansborg: The Basel Mission’s First Girls’ School in West Africa .................................................................... 150 Social Aspirations, Morals and Girls’ Education ............. 158 Women and ‘New’ Morals for the Coast: Controversies and Conflicts Around 1860 ............................................. 172 Conclusion .............................................................................. 191 VI Akuapem and Akuropon (I) – Establishing New Spaces ....................................................................................... 193 The First Long-Term Missionary Wife in Akuropon, and Missionary Households as Female Space .............. 200 Negotiating Belonging: School Girls, ‘Girls in Training’ and Female Christians ...................................................... 215 Conclusion .............................................................................. 241 VII Akuapem (II) – Existing Loyalties and New Options ..... 243 The Mission Station as a Space of Innovation: The Case of ‘Six-fingered Children’ ............................... 246 The First Moves for Innovation – ‘Rescuing’ Six-fingered Children in Akuropon, 1854 .................... 253 The Mission as an Alternative Community: Debate, Conflict and Change ......................................................... 264 Conclusion .............................................................................. 285 VIII Creating a New Female Space: The Basel Mission Girls’ Boarding Schools ................................................................... 287 Educational Reform in Basel Mission Work in Ghana Around 1860 ...................................................................... 288 Commensality and Commerce ............................................ 293 Female Industry: Clothing as a New Domain of Women ................................................................................ 309 Conclusion .............................................................................. 326 IX Women’s Speech in the Basel Mission Community and Beyond ...................................................................................... 329 ‘English’: Social Aspirations, Modernity and the Public 334 contents vii ‘The Country’s Language’: ‘Tradition’, Local Modernity and Life Itself ..................................................................... 342 Conclusion .............................................................................. 377 Summary ............................................................................................. 379 Appendix ............................................................................................. 387 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 391 Index .................................................................................................... 409 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS An encounter with the past stands at the very beginning of the story of this book – as befits a project to elucidate encounters in 19th cen- tury Ghana. It must have been in 1996 when I came to what was then the archive of the Basel Mission and asked to see the diary of Rosina Widmann, a mid-19th century missionary wife, and one of the very earliest women active for the Basel Mission in West Africa. The diary transcript was brought up to my desk: I read it, and I was hooked. I wanted to find out more about women like Rosina Widmann, about their motives and objectives, but also about their impact on the sur- roundings where they worked. And this was the beginning of a long journey with many more encounters which were equally significant in giving this monograph its final shape, taking me from the Basel archive to Ghana and back, making me aware that this was a history not so much of ‘impact’, but rather of encounters shaping new and changing communities, turning me from a theologian to a theologian- cum-historian (or vice versa), leading me from European theology to African history. As the project over the years became increasingly inter-disciplin- ary, so the team of its supervisors gradually expanded. It all began when Prof. Karl Rennstich, then Privatdozent in Missiology in the Theological Faculty of the University of Basel, asked me if I would be interested in writing a doctoral thesis. Christine Lienemann, who holds the Chair of Missiology and Ecumenical Theology in Basel and is herself interested in issues of gender in missions, strongly encouraged me to establish contacts outside the fold of theology – with African studies. The opportunity to make this link a reality I owe to Paul Jenkins whom I met as the then archivist of the Basel Mission but who was also the lecturer in African history in the History Department in Basel. Dr Jenkins came to be my co-supervisor. With his huge knowl- edge of both the Basel archive and Ghanaian history, his generosity in sharing it and his unwavering but critical support over all these years, I owe him an immense debt of gratitude. When Patrick Harries was appointed Professor
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