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From Sacramental ‘Something’ to Sacramental Encounter 190 8 Ethics: Living Between the Altars of God 230 Durham E-Theses The Works of Mercy: Towards a Liturgical Ethic of the Everyday KAUTZER, BENJAMIN,ALLEN How to cite: KAUTZER, BENJAMIN,ALLEN (2015) The Works of Mercy: Towards a Liturgical Ethic of the Everyday, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11088/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE WORKS OF MERCY TOWARDS A LITURGICAL ETHIC OF THE EVERYDAY Benjamin Allen Kautzer ABSTRACT This thesis explores the possibility of an ‘everyday theology’ of those ordinary gifts of food and drink, prayer and compassion, shelter and hospitality traditionally named the ‘works of mercy.’ Drawing principally upon Roman Catholic liturgical theology, it proposes a sacramental reinterpretation of the theological deep-structure which underlies and informs their practice. At their core the works of mercy represent a liturgically shaped ethic of the everyday – ecclesial practices capable of challenging the bureaucratic institutionalisation (and elimination) of human compassion. Part One lays the groundwork for this renewed theology of the works of mercy by surveying the relationship between liturgy and ethics in twentieth-century Catholic thought. Part Two addresses the wider theological structures which afford this sacramental ethic its theological coherence. Specifically, I take the work of Louis-Marie Chauvet as my point of departure for re- conceptualising the works of mercy from a symbolic interpretation of ethical sacramentality and a biblical theology of worship. Part Three moves beyond Chauvet’s broad ‘liturgy of the neighbour,’ offering a more constructive proposal for the works of mercy as concrete sites of sacramental intensity. Following Chauvet’s architectonic structure of Christian identity, and drawing on a diverse range of theological voices, the final chapters approach this question from the perspective of Scripture, Sacrament and Ethics. The works of mercy are always there, lived within communities of faith as marks of Christian discipleship. In this sense, proposing an ethical ‘sacrament of mercy’ is not an attempt to tell the church something it does not already know or intimately understand. Indeed, Christianity is inconceivable without them. The theological task undertaken in this work seeks, instead, to recover a deeper awareness of this mystery – that Christ draws near in the unnoticed and the unlooked for, in the trivial and the mundane, in cups of cold water and pieces of bread. THE WORKS OF MERCY TOWARDS A LITURGICAL ETHIC OF THE EVERYDAY Benjamin Allen Kautzer Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Theology and Religion Durham University 2015 ii ABBREVIATED CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 PART I 2 Liturgy and Ethics in Roman Catholic Theology 26 PART II 3 The Sacramental Deep-Structure of Christian Ethics 67 4 Liturgy and Ethics, Mercy and Sacrifice in Biblical Theology 92 5 The Liturgy of the Neighbour 132 PART III 6 Scripture: Matthew 25 and the Mediated Presence of Christ 161 7 Sacrament: From Sacramental ‘Something’ to Sacramental Encounter 190 8 Ethics: Living Between the Altars of God 230 9 Conclusion 245 Bibliography 261 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Declaration viii Copyright viii Acknowledgements ix Dedication xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: WORKS OF MERCY AND THE ETHICS OF DAILINESS 1.1 Hidden in Plain Sight 1 1.2 The Purpose and Scope of the Present Study 3 1.2.1 The Problem(s) 6 1.2.2 The Questions 10 1.2.3 Towards an Alternative Theological Proposal 11 1.3 Methodological Considerations 17 1.3.1 Limitations of the Study 17 1.3.2 Contextual Background 18 1.4 The Structure 19 1.5 Conclusion 23 PART I TOWARDS A SACRAMENTAL THEOLOGY OF ETHICAL PRAXIS CHAPTER 2 LITURGY AND ETHICS IN ROMAN CATHOLIC THEOLOGY 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 From Scholasticism to Sacramentality 27 2.2.1 Sacramental Theology Prior to the Second Vatican Council 27 2.2.2 The Sacramental Watershed of the Second Vatican Council 32 2.2.3 Pope Paul VI and the Manifold Presences of Christ 37 2.3 The Emergence of a New Theology of Primordial Sacramentality 38 2.3.1 Edward Schillebeeckx: Christ, Church and Secular Worship 38 2.3.2 Karl Rahner: The Liturgy of the World 44 2.3.3 Yves Congar: Priesthood, Sacrifice and the Sacrament of the Neighbour 53 2.4 Liberation Theology: Poverty, Justice and the Conditions of Authentic Liturgy 57 2.5 Conclusion 64 iv PART II CHAUVET, WORKS OF MERCY AND THE LITURGY OF THE NEIGHBOUR CHAPTER 3 THE SACRAMENTAL DEEP-STRUCTURE OF CHRISTIAN ETHICS 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Locating Chauvet in Twentieth-Century Catholic Thought 69 3.2.1 The Objectivist Model 69 3.2.2 The Subjectivist Model 71 3.2.3 The Vatican II Model 74 3.3 Symbol and Sacrament: A New Theology of Sacramentality 75 3.3.1 From Metaphysics to the Symbolic 75 3.3.2 The Symbolic Order 77 3.4 Word-Sacrament-Ethics: The Structure of Christian Identity 79 3.4.1 An Anthropological Structure 79 3.4.2 The Marks of the Church 80 3.4.3 The Threefold Body of Christ 82 3.4.4 Symbolic Gift-Exchange and Sacramental Grace 83 3.5 The Return-Gift: A Sacramental Ethic of Thanksgiving 85 3.6 Conclusion 89 CHAPTER 4 LITURGY AND ETHICS, MERCY AND SACRIFICE IN BIBLICAL THEOLOGY 4.1 Introduction 92 4.2 Sacrifice and Mercy in Jewish Worship 93 4.2.1 Liturgy, Ethics and the ‘Crisis in Ritual’ 95 4.2.2 Mercy as Sacrifice in the Old Testament 97 4.3 Sacrifice and Mercy in Early Christian Worship 105 4.3.1 A New Cult 105 4.3.2 A New Cultic Status 106 4.3.3 The Sacrament of Mercy in the New Testament 109 4.4 Sacramentality in Tension 119 4.5 Irenaeus, Augustine and the ‘Anti-Sacrifice’ of Ethics 122 4.5.1 Irenaeus 123 4.5.2 Augustine 125 4.6 Conclusion 129 CHAPTER 5 THE LITURGY OF THE NEIGHBOUR 5.1 Introduction 132 5.2 Lex Orandi, Lex Credendi, Lex Vivendi 133 5.3 Beyond Levinas: Gift Exchange and Alterity 136 v 5.3.1 The Neighbour: Levinasian Ethics 137 5.3.2 The Liturgy: Levinasian Theology 139 5.3.3 The Gift: Levinasian Philosophy 144 5.4 Beyond Chauvet: Liturgical Extensity 147 5.5 In Search of the Works of Mercy 149 5.5.1 Ethical Categories 149 5.5.2 Biblical Exegesis 150 5.5.3 Patristic Theology 151 5.5.4 The Washing of Feet 151 5.6 Works of Mercy: A Sacramental ‘Something’? 156 5.7 Conclusion 158 PART III THE SACRAMENTALITY OF MERCY CHAPTER 6 SCRIPTURE: MATTHEW 25 AND THE MEDIATED PRESENCE OF CHRIST 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Matthew 25: A Literal Identification? 163 6.3 Conflicting Interpretations 166 6.4 Towards a Theological Defence of the Sacramental Interpretation 168 6.4.1 Ideology, Power and Biblical Interpretation 169 6.4.2 Who is My Neighbour? Repeating the Lawyer’s Fallacy 173 6.4.3 Hospitality and Sharing: Reimagining the Boundaries of Mercy 176 6.5 Loving the Neighbour in God 179 6.5.1 Loving: For God’s Sake 180 6.5.2 Loving: For the Sake of the Neighbour 183 6.5.3 Cultivating Forgetful Attentiveness 184 6.6 Cruciform Encounters with the Risen One 185 6.6.1 Discerning the Bodies of Christ 186 6.6.2 Ubi Christus, Ibi Ecclesia (Where Christ Is, There the Church Is) 188 6.7 Conclusion 189 CHAPTER 7 SACRAMENT: FROM SACRAMENTAL ‘SOMETHING’ TO SACRAMENTAL ENCOUNTER 7.1 Introduction 190 7.2 R. A. Lambourne and the Sacrament of Mercy 191 7.2.1 Rediscovering Community, Church and Healing 191 7.2.2 The Primordial Compassion of Jesus 193 7.2.3 The Cup of Cold Water 194 7.2.4 ‘Occasions of Grace’: Works of Mercy as Sacrament 197 7.2.5 Potential Objections 198 7.2.6 Worship in the Everyday 204 vi 7.3 Meeting Christ in the Liturgy of the Neighbour 205 7.3.1 Grace 205 7.3.2 Encounter 207 7.3.3 Mediation 208 7.3.4 Distance: Presence-in-Absence 209 7.3.5 Proximity: Mediated Immediacy 212 7.4 The Disruptive Presence of the Ascended Christ 215 7.4.1 Oliver Davies and Transformation Theology 215 7.4.2 The Universal Christ: Between Ascension and Parousia 216 7.4.3 Cosmological Crisis and the Erasure of Presence 218 7.4.4 Reclaiming the Ascension 220 7.4.5 A Eucharistic Hermeneutic of Discernment 223 7.5 Praxis, Worship and the Radical Ordinary 224 7.6 Conclusion 227 CHAPTER 8 ETHICS: LIVING BETWEEN THE ALTARS OF GOD 8.1 Introduction 230 8.2 Two Altars and Two Liturgies 231 8.3 Mother Teresa: Meeting Christ in the Distressing Guise of the Poor 233 8.4 Mother Maria Skobtsova: The Liturgy after the Liturgy 237 8.5 Living Between the Altars of God 242 8.6 Conclusion 243 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION 9.1 Towards a Liturgical Ethic of the Everyday 245 9.2 Overview of the Argument 245 9.3 Works of Mercy as Sacrament 250 9.3.1 Act 251 9.3.2 Encounter 253 9.3.3 Event 255 9.3.4 Participation 256 9.3.5 Transformation 257 9.4 Future Areas of Research 258 9.5 Conclusion 259 Bibliography 261 vii DECLARATION This work has been submitted to the University of Durham in accordance with the regulations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
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