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Upper Chindwin District Volume A

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Upper Chindwin District Volume A [Frontispiece. No. 1--THE CHINDWIN RIVER FROM THE SHWEPALIN ROCK, LOOKING NORTH. BURMA GAZETTEER UPPER CHINDWLN DISTRICT VOLUME A (REPRINT) COMPILED BY G. E. R. GRANT BROWN, I.C.S. 1960 SUPERINTENDENT, GOVT. PRINTING AND STATY., UNION OF BURMA RANGOON LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF BURMA PUBLICATIONS. IN BURMA 1. CITY Book CLUB, 98, Phayre Street, Rangoon. 2. NEW LIGHT OF BURMA PRESS, 58, Komin Kochin Road, Rangoon. 3. PROPRIETOR, THU-DHAMA-WADI PRESS, 55-56, Tsee Kai Maung Khine Street. Rangoon. 4. PROPRIETOR, BURMA NEWS AGENCY, 135, Anawrahta Street, Rangoon. 5. MANAGER, BURMA BOOK Co., 62, Barr Street, Rangoon. 6. BURMA EDUCATIONAL BOOK SHOP, 551-3, Merchant Street, Rangoon. 7. MANAGER, UNION PUBLISHING HOUSE, No. 93, "C" Block, Bogyoke Market, Rangoon. 8. SECRETARY, PEOPLE'S LITERATURE COMMITTEE AND HOUSE, 546, Merchant Street, Rangoon. 9. THE BURMA TRANSLATION SOCIETY, Merchant Street, Rangoon. 10. MASSES. K. BIN HOON & SONS, Nyaunglebin, Pegu District. 11. U LU GALE, GOVT. LAW BOOK AGENT, 34th Road, Nyaungzindan Quarter, Mandalay. 12. U KYAW ZAN, THE NATIONAL BOOK DEPôT AND STATIONERY SUPPLY HOUSE, North Godown, Zegyo, Mandalay. IN INDIA 1. MESSRS. HIGGINbOTHAMS LTD., Post Box No. 311, Madras (India). 2. MESSRS. THACKER, SPINK & Co. (1933), Ltd., P.O. Box 54, 3. Esplanade East, Calcutta (West Bengal ). PREFACE It is open to the writer of a district gazetteer to set down what he knows about the district, or has already to his hand. He may thus produce a readable and useful book with comparative ease. Or he may decide what information is likely to be useful to future administrators, and obtain it at the cost of much laborious research, producing a result which appears in commensurate with the energy expended on it. The latter has been my ideal, though I cannot claim that it has been attained. My task has been lightened by the paucity of records in the district and divisional offices, and made heavier by the unfortunate arrangement of the correspon-dence: it being no uncommon thing to find a dozen different subjects mixed up in the same file, so that the only impression received by reading it is a headache. Geology and botany are subjects of which I am ignorant, and I have been able to obtain hardly any records regarding the history of the district for the year of the annexation. On the first two subjects I have copied wholly, and on the third partly, from the Imperial-Gazetteer. The paragraph on minerals is also from that source. The rest of the book is the result of my own knowledge, research, or enquiries, with the exception of the paragraph on the fauna, which is mainly drawn from Mr. Moggridge's note, and of those on the relations With Manipur, which are condensed from Sir Alexander Mackenzie' s North-east Frontier of Bengal. A bibliography will be found in small type at the end of each chapter and in the appendix. R.G.B. KINDAT, 17th June 1911. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION PAGES Position and boundaries. Unadministered territory. Rivers. Nature of country. Geology. Botany, Fauna. Climate 1-7 CHAPTER II HISTORY Legends and early history. The Yezagyo or Kale chronicle. Thaungthut State. Kanti State. Administration under Burmese rule. Relations with Manipur. The annexa-tion. Kale State: recent history. The Chins. The Nagas 8-18 CHAPTER III THE PEOPLE Distribution. Languages. Races. The Chins. The Nagas. The Kachins. The Tamans. The Kadus and Ingyes. Religion. Character. Economic Conditions 19-33 CHAPTER IV AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION Natural conditions. Kinds of crops grown. Character of the rice harvest. Husbandry. Cattle. Extent of cultivation. The cultivators. Agricultural loans. Tea cultivation. Irrigation 34-38 CHAPTER V FORESTS AND MINERALS Forests. Their extent. Their nature. Their working. Revenue. Their yield. Minerals 38-40 CHAPTER VI OCCUPATIONS AND TRADE Occupations. Trade Exports. Imports 41-42 II CONTENTS CHAPTER VII MEANS OF COMMUNICATION PAGE The Chindwin. Other rivers, Casualties. Railways.Roads. Steamer services. Other water transport. Land transport. Accommodation for travellers.Touring 42-49 CHAPTER VIII FAMINE 50 CHAPTER IX GENERAL ADMINISTRATION Departments under control of Deputy Commissioner, and territorial arrangements. Shan States. Police and Forests. Other departments. Judicial Administration. Village Administration. Territorial changes. Deputy Commissioners 50-56 CHAPTER X REVENUE ADMINISTRATION Thathameda. Land revenue. Landlord and tenant. Settlement. Land tenure enquiries. Other recent action. Fishery revenue. Local funds 56-68 CHAPTER XI LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT 69 CHAPTER XII EDUCATION 69-70 CHAPTER XIII PUBLIC HEALTH 70-71 CHAPTER XIV MINOR ARTICLES Kindat. Kindat subdivision. Kindat township. Tamu township. Homalin subdivision. Homalin township. Kawya. Maingkaing township. Paungbyin township. Paungbyin. Minya-Sunnan. Kale subdivision. Kalewa township. Kalewa. Masein township. Masein. Kale township. Kalemyo.Mingin subdivision, Mingin township. Mingin.Kyabin township. Thaungthut State. Kanti State 72-85 Appendix 89-91 Index I-VII Map LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS No. PAGE 1 The Chindwin River from the Shwepalin rock, looking north Frontispiece 2 The Shwepalin rock 3 3 Arms, ornaments, clothing, etc., collected in the Upper Chindwin District during February 1911 by Professor Scherman, Director of the Munich Museum 8 4-5 4. A Malin of Kauktaung, Kanti State. 5. Thugyi of Kauktaung, Kanti State; claims Shan descent 11 6 Mashetwe, gaung of Naungmo (now deserted) near Tamanthi. His wife and children were killed in the massacre of 1910. He is handling an axe of the kind with which they were beheaded 17 7 A Makware leader. Photographed in Kindat Jail, where he was imprisoned as a hostage for the boy taken captive in the raid on Naungmo 18 8 Kachin woman (or Naga woman who has adopted Kachin customs) of Neinpaw, at the mouth of the Namaw River, between Kanti and the Falls 21 9 Penkaw Naga girls of Aungte, mouth of Namaw River, between Kanti and the Falls, with amberite ear-ornament 23 10 Kongzai Chins of Thaungthut State 24 11 Maisampa, a Tangkhul Naga Chief of Sidoi, Manipur 27 12 Kachin of Neinpaw, mouth of Namaw River, between Kanti and the Falls 29 13 Tamans on front of their sacrificial shed, near Twetwa 32 14 Naga girl weaving at Heinsun, near Tamanthi 41 15 The Anvil rock, in the whirlpool (Pewe) below Kalewa 44 16 The defile of the Chindwin, below the Falls 49 17 Naga Chief of Lasa, Taro Valley 55 18 Sengkadong Nagas of Heinsun and Naungmo, on Nantaleik River, near Tamanthi 70 19 Maung Chein, Pawmaing (Superior Headman) of Tamanthi 73 20 Naga girls of Heinsun, near Tamanthi 76 IV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS No. PAGE 21 The road to the Taungdwin Valley, from near the Forest Bungalow at Mingin 82 22 Naga girls of Lasa, near Kanti, taken captive in 1909 by Lasunkam, Kachin overlord of the Taro Valley, and afterwards returned. They have taken to Burmese dress, but wear the kerchief on the head after the Shan fashion 85 23 Lasunkam, Kachin overlord of the Taro Valley 89 BURMA GAZETTER UPPER CHINDWIN DISTRICT VOLUME A ----------- CHAPTER I PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION Position and boundaries. The Upper Chindwin is the northernmost district of the Sagaing Division in Upper Burma. Though its headquar-ters lies nearly two degrees south of Myitkyina, it is the only district in Burma whose administered territory stretches north of latitude 25º 45´. Beyond that parallel it has no defined boundaries. The last administered village is Hmanbin, about 24 miles below the Falls of the Chindwin and under the control of the Kanti Sawbwa. From this point down to latitude 25° 45´ the Sawbwa administers all villages within a mile or so of the river bank; those further away being independent, though some of them may occasionally bring him tribute. Below latitude 25° 45´ is a village, Kaunghein, which is included in Homalin township. The headman's jurisdiction extends westwards 10 miles from the river; eastwards it has no defined boundaries. A few miles further south, about 25° 40´, we come to another part of Kanti State, which extends as far as latitude 25º 31´ on the left bank and not quite so far on the right, and is then succeeded again by the Homalin township. The 10-mile western boundary-line, which was demarcated about 1897, continues through this part of Kanti State and southwards as far as latitude 25° 8´. South of this the boundary is again undermined until the Nampanga river is reached where it cuts through the mountain range forming the provincial frontier. From this point southwards the district marches on the west with Manipur and the Chin Hills. Returning to latitude 25° 40´, we find no defined eastern boundary till we approach the neighbourhood of the Uyu, 2 UPPER CHINDWIN DISTRICT which enters the district in longitude 96°, latitude 25°Et. The vast region between the 96th parallel and the Chindwin, with that to the south-west between the Chindwin and the Uyu, is entirely uninhabited except in the immediate neigh-hourhood of these rivers. The numerous villages marked in the quarter-inch map are not here at all, but on the Uyu in Myitkyina district. Southwards from the point above-mentioned the district marches on the east with Myitkyina, Katha, and Shwebo, and on the south with the Lower Chindwin and Pakokku. The boundaries are fairly well known, although for the most part they have never been notified or described in detail. As the district has to a great extent no definite boundaries it follows that aI@y defi-nite statement as to its area must be naisleading. South of latitude 25°25t the area is approximately 10,933 square miles. North of that latitude the district consists of little more than the Chindwin and its banks, for a length of about a hundred miles.
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