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Special Editions 93 http://www.balkaninstitut.com BELI GRAD http://www.balkaninstitut.com SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES SPECIAL EDITIONS 93 Mirjana Deteli} and Marija Ili} WHITE CITY The Origin of Epic Formula and Slavic Toponum Editor in chief Du{an T. Batakovi} Director, Institute for Balkan Studies BELGRADE 2006 http://www.balkaninstitut.com SRPSKA AKADEMIJA NAUKA I UMETNOSTI BALKANOLO[KI INSTITUT SANU POSEBNA IZDANJA 93 Mirjana Deteli} i Marija Ili} BELI GRAD poreklo epske formule i slovenskog toponima Odgovorni urednik Du{an T. Batakovi} direktor Balkanolo{kog instituta SANU BEOGRAD 2006 http://www.balkaninstitut.com Recenzenti: dopisni ~lan SANU Aleksandar Loma dr Biljana Sikimi} Knjiga je {tampana zahvaljuju}i finansijskoj pomo}i Ministarstva nauke i za{tite `ivotne sredine, a u okviru projekta br. 148011 pod naslovom œEtni~ka i socijalna stratifikacija BalkanaŒ http://www.balkaninstitut.com SADR@AJ SKRA]ENICE........................7 UVOD — Kabelomgradu...................9 I — KORPUS 1. Ojkonimske sintagme .................20 1.1. Imeni~ka atribucija ...............20 1.2. Pridevskaatribucija...............22 1.3. Prilo{kaatribucija................22 2. Beli plus….....................25 II — SEMANTIKA PRIDEVA BELI I APELATIVA GRAD 1. O dijahronijskoj semantici prideva *belãjâ ........29 2. Beli u onomastici ...................34 3. Slovenske folklorne sintagme sa atributom beli ......39 3.1. Ruski, beloruski i ukrajinski folklor ........39 3.2. Bugarski i makedonski folklor ...........41 3.3. Srpsko-hrvatskifolklor..............43 3.4. Srpsko-hrvatska epika ..............44 4. O dijahronijskoj semantici apelativa *gordã ........48 4.1. Denotat’grad’—op{tideo............51 4.2. Denotat’grad’—folklor.............54 4.3. Denotat ’grad’ — epika .............56 5.’Beligrad’......................64 5.1. ’Beli grad’ i praslovenska sintagma *belãgordã ...64 5.2. ’Beli grad’ — epika ...............65 5.2.a. Ruska epika ...............66 5.2.b. Bugarska epika .............68 5.2.c. Makedonska epika ............70 5.2.d. Bugar{tice i Erlangenski rukopis ......71 III — EPSKI BELI GRADOVI I URBES ALBAE .........75 IV — ISTORIJSKI ’BELI GRADOVI’ .............84 V — BIBLIOGRAFIJA Skra}enice .......................97 http://www.balkaninstitut.com 6 BELI GRAD Literatura.......................98 Re~nici........................107 VI — INDICES INDEX VERBORUM ....................108 INDEX NOMINUM.....................114 VII — PRILOZI Podaciogra|i.....................123 1. Zbirke koje ~ine srpsko-hrvatsko-muslimanski epski korpus . 123 2.Zbirkekoje~ineslovenskiepskikorpus.........124 TABELE 1–2 1. — TABELARNI PRIKAZ TIPOVA EPSKE ATRIBUCIJE ......125 2. — TABELARNI PRIKAZ SLOVENSKIH KORPUSA (ruski, bugarski, makedonski) ............198 SUMMARY:Towardsawhitecity..............242 Autori..........................250 http://www.balkaninstitut.com SKRA]ENICE jezi~kih i etni~kih odre|enja alb. albanski prasl. praslovenski av. avestijski predsl. predslovenski baltoslov. balto-slovenski rus. ruski belorus. beloruski sanskr. sanskritski bug. bugarski sh. srpskohrvatski ~e{. ~e{ki s.-h. srpsko-hrvatski dlu`. donjolu`i~ki slov. slovena~ki eng. engleski slova~. slova~ki frig. frigijski srp. srpski gal. galski steng. staroengleski glu`. gornjolu`i~ki stind. staroindijski got. gotski stir. staroirski gr. gr~ki stisl. staroislandski het. hetitski stnem. staronema~ki hom. homerski stnord. staronordijski hrv. hrvatski stpolj. staropoljski ie. praindoevropski stprus. staropruski isl. islandski jerm. jermenski strus. staroruski kelt. keltski stsaks. starosaksonski lat. latinski stvnem. starovisokonema~ki let. letonski sveslov. sveslovenski lit. litavski {ved. {vedski ma|. ma|arski tur. turski mak. makedonski ukr. ukrajinski nem. nema~ki ved. vedski polj. poljski viz. vizantijski http://www.balkaninstitut.com http://www.balkaninstitut.com UVOD UVOD Ka belom gradu Vi{egodi{nji rad na temi Epski gradovi u Balkanolo{kom institutu SANU omogu}io je — izme|u ostalog1 — i da se prvi put u punoj meri i na osnovu vi{estruko proveravanih podataka, sagledaju predstave o bro- ju, vrstama i na~inu prostiranja gradova i drugih naseljenih mesta2 usrp- sko-hrvatskoj usmenoj desetera~koj epici. U razumnoj meri ta~an pre- gled epskih ojkonima mogao bi unaprediti poetiku epskog `anra nepo- 1 Rad se odvijao na projektima œMitolo{ko-religijske predstave balkanskih narodaŒ (2168) 2002–2005. i œEtni~ka i socijalna stratifikacija BalkanaŒ (148011) od 2006. U sa- radnji sa Fondom za otvoreno dru{tvo u Beogradu, Centrom za nau~ni rad SANU u Kragu- jevcu i Odborom za prou~avanje istorije knji`evnosti SANU, objavljen je CD Rom Grado- vi u hri{}anskoj i muslimanskoj usmenoj epici, upor. Deteli}–Loma–Pavlovi} 2004, a u {tampi je monografija Epski gradovi. Leksikon (Deteli} 2006). Uz to, pune ~etiri godine, koliko je trajao period finansiranja projekata Ministarstva za nauku i `ivotnu sredinu, u okviru ovog projekta objavljivani su kra}i i du`i radovi u doma}im i stranim nau~nim ~a- sopisima i izlagana saop{tenja na me|unarodnim nau~nim skupovima. Podaci o tome pri- lo`eni su u bibliografiji uz ovu studiju. 2 U ekscerpciju su bili uklju~eni svi ojkonimi, bez obzira koji tip naseljenog mesta stoji iza njih: grad, {eher, selo, varo{, kasaba, palanka, pa ~ak i {anac ili karaula. To je u~i- njeno zato {to je grad izuzetno nestabilan pojam koji u razna vremena ima razli~ita zna~e- nja. Zavisno od istorijskih promena i turbulencije, neki su gradovi nastajali i nestajali sve u jednom veku, neki su po~injali kao va`ni gradovi–tvr|ave a zavr{avali kao sela i palanke, kao {to je i obrnuto bivalo — ~ak i ~e{}e: od sela i palan~ica nastajali su gradovi i tvr|ave. U epskom svetu neki su gradovi potpuno nestali (npr. @rnovan/Avala na Avali kod Beogra- da) i nikad se vi{e nisu obnovili, a iza nekih su ostala istoimena sela (npr. Deligrad) ~ija su imena jedina svedo~anstva o nekada{njem gradu. Ve}ina srednjovekovnih gradova postoji jo{ uvek u vidu ostataka poru{enih fortifikacija, manje ili vi{e prepoznatljivih i dokumen- tovanih. Uz sve to, mirovnim ugovorom kod preuzimanja srpskih gradova od Turaka 1876. oni utvr|eni gradovi koji su jo{ uvek bili sa~uvani u celosti mehani~ki su ru{eni ili dizani u vazduh kako bi se obezbedio mir novopostavljene srpsko-turske granice. Samo nekoliko godina potom (1912–1913), ta je granica potpuno promenjena u dva balkanska rata, a srp- ska ba{tina pretrpela je neprocenjivu {tetu od ru{enja gradova, koji bi danas bili spomenici istorije i kulture prvog reda. Zbog svega toga, nijedno naseljeno mesto u epskim pesmama nije izostavljeno iz ekscerpcije, iako je u naslovu zadr`an termin gradovi. Ogre{enje o fak- ti~ko stanje je suvi{e malo u pore|enju sa zna~ajem koji ima formiranje kompletnog fonda epskih ojkonima. http://www.balkaninstitut.com 10 BELI GRAD srednim uvidom u nastanak epske slike prostora i njenu povezanost sa ideolo{kim osnovama epske poezije. Pretpostavlja se tako|e da bi i u drugim tipovima istra`ivanja — lingvisti~kim, etnolo{kim, antropolo- {kim, geografskim, istorijskim i sli~nim — mogao dovesti do zanimlji- vih, krosreferencijalnih rezultata koji, dodu{e, nisu predmet ove studije, ali }e svejedno biti lak{e ostvarljivi sad, kada je ekscerpirana epska gra- |a svima dostupna. Obi~na, pa ~ak i vrlo pa`ljiva stru~na ~itanja nisu dovoljna za formi- ranje ta~ne predstave o veli~ini i gustini geografskog prostora o kome se peva u hri{}anskoj i muslimanskoj desetera~koj epici na srpskohrvatskom jeziku. Op{te predube|enje o œselja~koj poezijiŒ uskog, lokalnog kruga in- teresovanja i zna~aja, potpuno se menja kada se — posle potpune ekscerp- cije velikog korpusa3 — poka`e da je epski istorijsko-politi~ki prostor po- krivao mediteranski i crnomorski basen, uz pro{irenje na zapad do Londo- na, na sever do Be~a i Petrograda, a na istok do Azova. Ve} i broj od 853 posebna ojkonima svedo~i o neuobi~ajenoj veli~ini epskog sveta.4 S jedne strane, on je toliki zato {to je i imperija u ~ijim je granicama epika nastajala (epska zemlja Tur}ija) bila izuzetno velika, i zato {to su ne- prijatelji te imperije pokrivali tako|e vrlo veliki prostor (epska zemlja nje- ma~ka, mad`arska5, kaurska, frana~ka). S druge strane, gustina ojkonima na tom prostoru raspr{ena je u diskretnim nizovima jer on nije prikazan kao realan, fakti~ki kontinuum, ve} kao raster mesta ~iji zna~aj neposredno za- visi od doga|aja o kojima se peva. U skladu s tim, mnogi veliki evropski gradovi (Petrograd, Pariz, London, Be~, Rim…) ~esto ne ~ine deo epske radnje u smislu popri{ta nekog doga|aja ve} se pominju pasivno, kao mesta u kojima se nalaze dvorovi hri{}anskih vladara koji vode ratove jedni protiv drugih, ili protiv zajedni~kog (muslimanskog) neprijatelja.6 Dana{nji uobi- ~ajen metonimijski obrazac pars pro toto (œzvani~ni Pariz, Beograd, Rim, 3 Korpus na kome je vr{eno istra`ivanje ~ine srpska, hrvatska i muslimanska desete- ra~ka epika, i to celokupne zbirke Vuka Stefanovi}a Karad`i}a (II–IV), uklju~uju}i Dr`av- no izdanje (VI–IX) i izdanje SANU (II–IV), zatim Pjevanija Sime Milutinovi}a Sarajlije i zbirke Matice Hrvatske (I–II; VII–IX), te muslimanske zbirke Matice Hrvatske (III–IV), Koste Hormana (I–III) i Esada Had`iomerspahi}a. To ~ini ukupno 1258 epskih pesama. Detaljni podaci o zbirkama dati su u poglavlju VII — PRILOZI Podaci o gra|i. 4 Ovaj je broj zapravo ve}i jer u kona~nu cifru nisu ura~unata 23 problemati~na na- ziva za koje se ne mo`e utvrditi za kakvo se mesto vezuju, naseljeno ili nenaseljeno (npr. Gunjan, Meraj, Pogrde, Bara, \us, Po{}ela itd.). 5 Za razliku od Un|urije kojom je ozna~avan turski deo Ma|arske. 6 Zbog toga bi bilo gotovo nemogu}e napraviti doslovne mape doga|aja u pesmama koje uz radnju u Bosni, Krajini ili Ravnim Kotarima — na primer — pominju jo{ i careve u Stambolu i Be~u, i moskovsku i englesku kraljicu (npr. KH I, 2, 17, 21 itd.). http://www.balkaninstitut.com UVOD 11 London … smatra da…Œ) u epici ne bi uop{te mogao opstati druk~ije do bu- kvalno, jer se pomen velikog grada u njoj po pravilu ne œka~iŒ za predstavu o zemlji kojoj on pripada.
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