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The Ethiopian Prophecy in Black American Letters —Vincent L

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The Ethiopian Prophecy in Black American Letters —Vincent L .375 .863 .375 5.813 5.813 HISTORY/RELIGION/LITERATURE/AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES Kay “Taking up the reading of a poignant passage of scriptures as analytical wedge, this work is an impressive study of the complexity of the history of African American identity formation and orientation to the world.” Letters American Black in Prophecy Ethiopian The —Vincent L. Wimbush, author of The Bible and African Americans “Sound, theoretically sophisticated, and yielding brilliant readings of the text, The Ethiopian Prophecy in Black American Letters will stand the test of time.”—Katherine Clay Bassard, author of Transforming Scriptures “Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out The Ethiopian Prophecy her hands unto God.” (Psalm 68:31) in Black American Letters or centuries, this verse, also known as the Ethiopian prophecy, has Fserved as a pivotal, seminal text for people of African descent in the Americas. Originally taken to mean that the slavery of African Americans was akin to the slavery of the Hebrews in Egypt, it became an articulation of the emancipation struggle. It has also been used as an impetus for missionary work in Africa, as an inspirational backbone for the civil rights Roy Kay movement, and as a call for a separate black nation. In this intriguing work, Roy Kay offers a series of close readings to examine the myriad uses and conceptualizations of this biblical passage in African American literature and history. Utilizing texts by Richard Allen, Maria W. Stewart, Kate Drumgoold, Phillis Wheatley, Martin Delany, W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Ralph Ellison, Kay explores not only the wide variety of ways this verse has been interpreted over the past two centuries but also what it reveals about the changing nature of African American identity. Roy Kay teaches college preparatory English at DeLaSalle High School in Minnesota. He previously taught at the University of Saint Thomas, the University of Geneva, Macalester College, and the University of Utah. A volume in the series The History of African American Religions upf University Press of Florida ISBN 978-0-8130-3732-5 www.upf.com ,!7IA8B3-adhdcf! The Ethiopian Prophecy in Black American Letters History of African American Religions University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola The Ethiopian Prophecy in Black American Letters Roy Kay University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota Copyright 2011 by Roy Kay Printed in the United States of America. This book is printed on Glatfelter Natures Book, a paper certified under the standards of the Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC). It is a recycled stock that contains 30 percent post-consumer waste and is acid-free. All rights reserved 16 15 14 13 12 11 6 5 4 3 2 1 A record of cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-8130-3732-5 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M Univer- sity, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com Contents Preface vii Introduction: The Inch and Ells of Psalm 68:31 1 1. Early Jewish and Christian Figures of Ethiopia 21 2. Managing Blackness: Protestant Readings of Psalm 68:31 in Colonial America 35 3. Uplifting Ethiopia in America: Conversion, Self-Consciousness, and the Figure of Ethiopia 52 4. Missionary Emigrationism: Psalm 68:31 and Uplifting the Ethiopians in Africa 82 5. Psalm 68:31 and the Fight for Freedom and Equality in Antebellum America 111 6. Reading for Independence: The Figure of Ethiopia and the New Africa 137 7. Rewriting Psalm 68:31: Narrative Formations of Ethiopia 168 8. Figural Exhaustion: Parodying the Figures of Ethiopia 201 Conclusion: Reading and Refiguring the Figures of Ethiopia 215 Notes 223 Bibliography 239 Index 247 Preface It was through my exposure to the scholarship of John Cartwright in 1983 and the work of John Wright in the late 1980s that I became familiar with the significance of Psalm 68:31 (“Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God”) in black letters. Cartwright applied an interdisciplinary approach employing history, sociology, and theology to the articulations and institutions of black religious feelings and thoughts in America.1 His work focused on a handful of major topics: the Frazier-Herskovits debate over African retentions in black American religion and culture, the histories of the major black Christian denomina- tions in the United States, the histories of black sectarian religious move- ments, and the emergence of black and liberation theologies in the West- ern Hemisphere. In almost every one of those topics, Cartwright focused on what he called “the Afro-Asiatic myth,” a figure of thought derived from interpretations of Psalm 68:31. This emphasis on the significance and prevalence of Psalm 68:31 in black American religious thinking was thought provoking. Although I was familiar with the Bible, especially the Old Testament, I had never as- sociated the Christianization of the slaves, missionary work in Africa, the Garvey movement, or the Nation of Islam with this verse. In all of my pre- vious experience with religious and biblical textual analysis, no attention was paid to Psalm 68:31, its hermeneutical tradition in black letters, or its role in figurations of Ethiopia in modernity. Moreover, its literary, histori- cal, and cultural significance was so outside of my intellectual experience that I never paid close attention to its appearance—as either a citation or an allusion—in texts I read prior to encountering Cartwright’s insights. My next extended encounter with Psalm 68:31 took place in the late 1980s. For Cartwright, the black vernacular was used as the oral—and even at times anthropological—library of black American culture. He viii / Preface focused on folktales, the blues, spirituals, oration, signifying and the doz- ens, dance, conjure, spirit possession, and numerous other oral forms considered by many scholars to be representatives of black religion and culture in America. These elements of black vernacular were heightened and transformed, and more importantly for me, brought into the realm of literature by John Wright, whose scholarship was heavily indebted to the developments in the study of black American literature initiated by Robert B. Stepto’s From Behind the Veil, Stepto’s and Dexter Fisher’s Afro- American Literature, and the early work of Henry Louis Gates Jr. Wright’s scholarship intertwined close literary readings of canonical black text with literary figures and terms derived from the Anglo-American tradition, black literature, and the vernacular. He meticulously pointed out how the black literary canon not only signified on itself, but also on its literatures of reference (Anglo-American and British literatures and the Bible). It was within this literary context that Psalm 68:31, which Wright referred to as the “Ethiopian Prophecy,” was presented as one of the most significant and frequently alluded to biblical verses in black American literature. Even though Cartwright and Wright worked in different academic dis- ciplines and used different methodological approaches to black culture and literature, they shared a number of similarities as scholars in the hu- manities and as black professors in the predominantly white world of aca- demia. First, they had both witnessed the entry of Black Studies into the university in the late 1960s, and both were working hard for the institu- tionalization of (what was then called) Afro-American studies as an aca- demic discipline in the university. In constituting the object of knowledge for Afro-American studies, both promoted spiritual blackness, instead of biological blackness, as contained in the various articulations of the black American vernacular. In other words, they both argued for the existence of a black racial consciousness that was informed and enlivened by black oral tradition, and both agreed that this consciousness and its effects were proper objects of knowledge in Afro-American Studies. Second, they both adhered to a modern understanding of history as a story about the spiritual and material progress of a people that is unfolding in time under the force of an agent toward its telos, or purpose. For Cartwright, the telos of history was the redemption of the race. For Wright, it was the formation of a black literary canon, poetics, and critical theory. Further- more, because history was a fixed temporal sphere that lent itself to being represented in narrative form, it could be understood hermeneutically. Preface / ix In short, history could be interpreted as a narrative. The interpreters and writers of these narratives were modern individuals,
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