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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough,margins, substandard and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortti Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313,'761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9401306 A quest for self-determination: The African Methodist Episcopal church during the age of imperialism, 1884-1916 Little, Lawrence S., Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Little, Lawrence S. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 A QUEST FOR SELF-DETERMINATION: THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH DURING THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM, 1884-1916 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Lawrence S. Little ***** The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee : Approved by Michael J. Hogan Marshall F. Stevenson, Jr. Advisor Warren Van Tine Department of History Copyright by Lawrence S. Little 1993 To Willie and Lillian Little 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express sincere appreciation to Drs. Warren Van Tine and Marshall F . Stevenson for their guidance and insight throughout the research. Thanks go to the other member of my advisory committee, Dr. Micheal Hogan, for his suggestions and comments. A special thanks to Drs. Jack M. Balcer, John C. Burnham, Samuel Chu, Susan M. Hartmann, and Stephanie J. Shaw for taking time to read parts of this study and offer valuable suggestions. A very special thanks to Jacqueline Brown, Associate Librarian at Wilberforce University for her patience and support. Gratitude is expressed to Carol Anderson, Felton Best, Stacey Close, Chimurenga Huff, and the faculty of the history departments at Coppin State College and the Ohio State University for their support, encouragement, and inspiration. To my family and friends, especially Charmayne and Christina, I thank you for understanding my frequent absences and for your willingness to endure with me the challenges of my endeavors. Ill VITA January 4, 1950 ............ Born - Baltimore, Maryland 1969-1973 .................. U. S. Air Force 1973-1983 .................. Sun Life Insurance Company, Purchasing and Supply Coordinator 1989 ...................... B.S., Teacher Certification Coppin State College, Baltimore, Maryland 1991 ...................... M.A., Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Studies in American History and African American History. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............ ill VITA .................................................. iv INTRODUCTION: A SLICE OF A MOVEMENT .................... 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. ONE CHURCH, INDIVISIBLE: THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF THE AME C H U R C H ......................... 15 II. THE AME CHURCH AND AMERICAN POLITICS....... 48 III. REDEEM THE WORLD : THE INFLUENCE OF BLACK THEOLOGY .............. 83 IV. THE BURDEN OF RACIAL ATTITUDES.............. 118 V. THE PARADOX OF PATRIOTISM: THE AME AND AMERICAN IMPERIALISM............ 150 VI. LIBERTY AND EQUALITY IN THE AMERICANEMPIRE . 187 VII. ENTANGLEMENTS : OPRESSION AND WAR IN EUROPE AND A S I A ........ 226 VIII. ONE PEOPLE: AUTONOMY IN THE AFRICAN DIASPORA . 263 CONCLUSION: THE MYTH OF ACCOMMODATION.................... 307 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 311 V INTRODUCTION A Slice of a Movement At the turn of the century, the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church served as a vanguard institution of political and social activism in the formative middle stages of a worldwide social revolution that culminated, in part, in the civil rights movement of the 1960's, a revolution that redefined social, political, and economic relations between differing peoples of the world. From at least the Crusades, Europeans and, later, Americans have used skin color and physical characteristics as a basis to dominate and impose their institutions upon the world's people of color. This domination included the near extermination of Native Americans, the enslavement of Africans, the colonization of much of the world, and the physical and intellectual destruction of numerous civilizations. Such acts enabled the European and American communities to achieve a near worldwide hegemony by the close of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. Indeed, this period from the partition of Africa in 1884 to the United States invasion of Haiti in 1916, the age of imperialism, marked European and American attempts to 2 expand and solidify their institutions across the globe. Imperialism affected most of the nations of the world, as colonizer or colony. The nations of Europe had partitioned and colonized nearly all of Africa and most of Asia. Imperialist leaders hoped that colonies would provide raw materials and cheap labor; readily accessible markets for finished products; and, extremely important to the colonizers, an enhanced international image and status. Having colonies was tantamount to being a world power. The Spanish-American War and the subsequent Philippine-American War marked the entry of the United States into this economically profitable yet humanly exploitive world of imperialism. Meanwhile in the United States, the age of imperialism was marked by increased racism, racial violence, discrimination, and disfranchisement that further polarized American society, forcing African Americans to actively pursue full equality and self-determination. Moreover, many African Americans at the turn of the century concluded that the increased racial prejudice and violence that they suffered was a part of the political, social, and economic domination that European and American imperialists were attempting to impose upon the rest of the globe. In the face of this imperial agenda--an agenda by which the stronger nations of the world seemingly led a worldwide movement against darker people--many leaders in the AME 3 Church developed a cosmopolitan view of racial prejudices and injustices that expressed the need for universal human rights and emphasized self-determination and equality. Indeed, in the future, leaders of the civil rights movement of the 1950's and 1960's actively supported international demands for self-determination, especially in Africa, and often concluded that the question of civil rights in the United States was part of a broader search for universal human rights. The drive for self-determination and equality that spurred the civil rights movement in the United States simultaneously motivated movements for independence throughout the world. Still, the civil rights movement of the 1950's and 1960's too often is confined to the borders of the United States and not placed within a broader international or historical context. Throughout the course of American history, the African American struggle for equality and self-determination has been a part of a worldwide social revolution to end European and American hegemony.^ Thus, international, as well as national, issues and events have continuously influenced the manner African Americans have shaped and refined the arguments, motivations, goals, and strategies in the struggle for equality and self-determination of which the civil rights movement was a part. Each generation of African Americans adopted, according to circumstance, various ideologies and 4 tactics that they believed would lead to autonomy and full equality. The struggle in North America began in 1619 with the arrival of the first Africans at Jamestown, Virginia colony and, until the Civil War, focused on the liberation of American slaves. Thus, events and issues like slave revolts in the Caribbean, the international antislavery and antislave trade movements, the possibility of self- determination in Liberia, and the liberation of Haiti had profound effects on the abolition movement in the United States. In the post Civil War era of Reconstruction, African Americans planted the seeds for the modern day civil rights movement. Former American slaves demanded civil and political rights to protect their new found freedom. Throughout Reconstruction, African Americans supported antislavery movements in Brazil and the Caribbean as constant
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