Medeniyetler Harmaninin Özne Şehri: Istanbul

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Medeniyetler Harmaninin Özne Şehri: Istanbul MEDENİYETLER HARMANININ ÖZNE ŞEHRİ: İSTANBUL AHMET DAVUTOĞLU* arklı medeniyetleri buluşturan/dönüştüren şehirler birlikte, diğer kadim medeniyet birikimlerinin etkisini Fait oldukları medeniyetlerin bütün özellikleri yanında, sınırlı bir şekilde hissetmiştir. Küreselleşmenin başşehri genel tarihî akışın ana çizgilerini de bünyelerinde kabul edilen New York’un ise, kadim birikimin hiçbir barındırır. Bu şehirler mekânın ruhu ile zamanın kanadı ile mekânsal ve tarihî sürekliliği yoktur. ruhunun buluştuğu kesişim noktalarını temsil eder. İstanbul’u bu şehirlerden ayıran ve medeniyetler Tarih bu şehirleri, bu şehirler de tarihi kendisine çeker ve tarihinde özgün bir konuma oturtan en ayırt edici şekillendirir. özellik, bütün aşamaları ve renkleriyle kadim birikimin, İstanbul, bu kategori içinde belki de en ayrıcalıklı modernitenin ve küreselleşmenin tarihsel ve mekânsal ve en özgün niteliğe sahip şehirdir. İnsanlık tarihinin süreklilik içinde bu şehirde yaşanmış olmasıdır. kadim-modernite-küreselleşme yönündeki akış seyrinde İstanbul’a değişik dillerde verilen adların hep tarihî ya bu seyrin bütün özelliklerini İstanbul kadar derinlemesine da coğrafi olarak merkezî bir konuma işaret etmeleri, yaşamış çok az şehir vardır. Kadim tarihin bütün çizgileri, hem bu şehre yüklenen anlamın bir yansımasıdır hem bu şehirde buluşmuş ve yaşanır son örneğini korumaya de ilgili kültürlerin bu şehri nasıl gördüğünün ve nasıl çalışmış; modernite, kadim ile yüzleşmesinin en çetin, içselleştirdiğinin bir ifadesidir. Evliya Çelebi’yi esas alıp en dinamik ve en renkli serüvenini bu şehrin merkezinde nakledersek Latincede Bizantium, Antoninya, Alma Roma, bulunduğu bir jeokültürel ortamda yaşamıştır. İstanbul’da Nova Roma (Yeni Roma), Rumca Eptalofos (Yedi Tepe), son yıllarda gözlenen akış hareketliliği, küreselleşmenin Yunancada Basilevousa (Şehirlerin Kraliçesi), Megalopolis de yine bu şehirde en meydan okuyucu niteliği ile kendini (Büyük Şehir), Poznatyam ve Kostantıniyye, Arnavutçada göstereceğinin izlerini taşımaktadır. Stambolli, Süryanicede Yankoviçe, İbranicede Karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde ortaya koymak gerekirse, Aleksandıra, Sırpçada Pozanta, Bulgarca Konstantinov kadim Akdeniz’in şehirleri olan Atina ve Roma, kadimin Grad (Konstantin’in şehri), Frenkçe Yağfurya, Almanca Doğu kanadını ya hiç barındırmamış ya da zamanla Kostantinopol, Rusça Tekurya, Çargrad (Çarların şehri), kaybetmiş; İsfahan, Delhi, Bağdat gibi Doğu kadiminin Macarca Vezendovar, Lehçe Kanaturya, Çekçe Aliyana, merkez şehirleri ise kadimin Batı kanadı ile ortak bir İsveççe Harkılban, Felemenkçe İstifanya, Fransızca tarihî serüven yaşamamışlardır. Paris, Amsterdam, Iğrandona, Portekizce Kostiyya, Arapça Kostantıniyye-i Londra ve Berlin gibi Avrupa şehirleri, Roma’nın Kübra, Farsça Kayser-zemin, Hintçe Taht-ı Rûm, Moğolca aksine, kadim bir merkez şehir niteliği kazanmadan, Cakdurkan, Tatarca Sakalibe, Osmanlı dilinde Dersaâdet, Akdeniz şehir kültürü birikimini kullanarak feodal Deraliyye, Mahrûse-i saltanat, Darü’s-saltanat-ı aliyye, kasaba özelliklerinden modernitenin öncü şehirleri Âsitâne-i aliyye, Dârü’l-hilâfetü’l-aliyye, Pâyitaht-ı hâline dönüşmüşlerdir. Pekin, kadim Çin medeniyetinin saltanat, Dergâh-ı muallâ, Südde-i saâdet, Dârü’l-hilâfe bütün özelliklerini barındırarak Kültür Devrimi (Hilafetin merkezi), Makarr-ı saltanat (Saltanatın sürecinde modernite ile yüzleşmiş, son otuz yıl içinde de merkezi), İslâmbol (İslam şehri).1 küreselleşme serüvenini kendi bünyesine taşımış olmakla 1 Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, haz. Yücel Dağlı v.dğr., İstanbul 19919, c. 1, s. 24. Bu * T. C. Başbakanı. Bu makale, yazarın bu eserle eş zamanlı neşredilen Medeniyetler ve isimlerin önemli bir kısmı Evliya Çelebi’ye referansla şu makalede de yer almaktadır: Şehirler: Tarihî Derinliğe Mukaddime-1 (İstanbul 2015) kitabında da yayınlanmaktadır. Hayati Develi, “Evliya Çelebi’nin İzinde”, Evliya Çelebi Atlası, ed. Coşkun Yılmaz, BÜYÜK İSTANBUL TARİHİ 86 İSTANBUL’UN EMPERYAL DÖNÜŞÜMLERİ Afif Erzen “İstanbul şehrinin kuruluşu ve isimleri”2 hilâfe gibi farklı isimleri bir arada kullanmıştır. Şehrin başlıklı makalesinde en eski tarihî yazılı kaynaklarda adı Cumhuriyet’in ilanından sonra İstanbul olarak kabul İstanbul’un isminin Byzantion olarak geçtiğini söylemekte, edilmiştir. Konstantinopolis’in Arapça Kostantiniyye, klasik devirlerdeki Byzantion isminin MÖ 3000 civarında “Stinpolis”in (şehre doğru) ise Rumca “Stanpolis” olarak Küçük Asya dillerinden gelmiş olmasının kuvvetle Osmanlı döneminde de muhafaza edilmesi Osmanlı muhtemel olduğunu ifade etmektedir. Tüm ilkçağ tarihi imparatorlarının farklı medeniyetlere has ünvanları boyunca Doğu Roma kurulana kadar şehir Byzantion adını (padişah, hakan, kayzer-i Rum) kullanmalarına taşımıştır. Ona göre Konstantinos’un Konstantinopolis’i benzemektedir. Halil İnalcık, Fatih’in İstanbul’u bir İslam (“Konstantinopolis” ismi onun ölümünden sonra şehrine dönüştürme arzusuna binaen “İslâm-bol” adını kullanılmaya başlanıyor) kurmasından sonra “artık verdiğini kaydetmektedir. İnalcık, halkın genellikle aslında mevcut olmayan bir Byzans milletinden, bir Bizans Osmanlı öncesi şekliyle İstanbul’u kullandığını, ancak yeni şehri yahut bir Bizans devletinin varlığından bahsetmek ismin daha çok ulema arasında muhafaza edildiğini de mümkün değildir.”3 Bununla birlikte modern dönemde eklemektedir.6 özellikle Fransızların Doğu Roma’yı “Bizans” olarak Kadim birikim açısından bakıldığında; Akdeniz tanımlamaları neticesinde “Bizans” tabiri yerleşmiştir. kültürünün etkileri ile gelişip Roma döneminde kadim Yunan tarihçisi Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos’un (1815- Roma’nın merkezî bir şehri niteliği kazanan İstanbul, 1891) Sakızadalı entelektüel Zolotas’a (1845-1906) 1886’da Bizans döneminde Hristiyanlık üzerinden Kudüs’ten neşet yazdığı bir mektupta kullandığı şu ifadeler de bu gerçeği eden kadim Doğu erdemi ile dönüşüm geçirmiş ve nihayet ortaya koymaktadır: Osmanlı döneminde İslam medeniyeti merkezli olarak Sevgili Dostum Zolotas, tarihçilerimiz ve kadimin bütün renkleri ile bezenerek, bu engin birikimin Ortaçağ vakanüvisleri arasında yaptığım son büyük merkezini temsil etmiştir. Bu anlamda, tüm araştırmalara rağmen, bunların senin İstanbul’un bir Roma şehrinden bir Hristiyan şehrine istediğin “Bizanslı” sözcüğünü kullandıklarına dönüşmesi, şehrin İbrahimî gelenek içinde metafizik rastlamadım. “Romaios”, “Graikos” ve sonlara olarak İslam medeniyetine ve tevhid inancına doğru doğru da “Hellen” sözcüklerini kullanıyorlarmış… hazırlanması gibi görülebilir. Yani korkarım “Byzantinos” sözcüğü Batılıların İstanbul, bu anlamda, iki ayrı medeniyet kuran bir icadıdır ve biz de bunu cahilliğimizden kabul iki farklı kurucu/öncü şehir prototipinin buluşmasının ettik.4 ürünüdür: Roma ve Medine. Tabir caizse Roma’dan Hâlbuki aslında var olan Bizans değil, hareket eden bir medeniyet ruhu, İstanbul’a doğru seyretti Konstantinopolis’in başkentlik yaptığı Doğu Roma’dır. ve bir yapı/form oluşturdu. Bunun birinci dönüşümü Fetihten sonra ise Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun merkezi Hristiyanlıkla gerçekleşti: Politeist Roma’dan Hristiyan olarak yeni bir hüviyet kazanmıştır. “Uzun zamanlar Konstantinopolis’e geçiş... İkinci olarak da Medine’den İstanbul’un (Stanbul, İstambul, İstambol) eis ton hareket eden ruh, değişik serüvenler yaşayarak Şam’da, polisten [i]ştikak etmiş olduğu umumiyetle kabul Kudüs’te, Kahire’de, Kurtuba’da, Bağdat’ta, Diyarbakır’da, edilmiştir”.5 Osmanlı İmparatorluğu fetihten sonra Konya’da, Buhara’da varlık buldu; her bir aşamada şehrin adı konusunda hiçbir tartışmaya girmemiş, derinleşerek olgunlaştı ve daha sonra da İstanbul’a taşındı. Kostantiniyye, Stambol, Dersaâdet, Âsitâne ve Dârü’l- Bir tarafta şekil ve formun zirvesi Roma; diğer tarafta manevî derinliğin zirvesi Medine. Bir tarafta, İstanbul, 2013, s. 50. Ayrıca bkz. Osman Nuri Ergin, “İstanbul’un Eski Adları”, Erol insanı ezen disiplinli bir ihtişamı temsil eden Roma; diğer Ölçer, Şehir Sokak Hafıza: Kuyulu’dan Biçki Yurdu’na Osman Nuri Ergin ile İstanbul tarafta tevazu ile bütünleşerek derinlikli bir ihtişamı Sokak Adları, İstanbul 2014, s. 96-101. temsil eden Medine. Bir tarafta, lineer ve geometrik yapısı 2 İstanbul kelimesinin etimolojik kökeni ile ilgili tartışmalar ve Bizans, ile Roma; diğer tarafta, hafif kaotik görünüm içinde Konstantinopol ve Nova Roma şeklindeki isimlendirmelerin tarihi hakkında bkz. Afif gerçek bir bütünsellik oluşturan Medine. Bir tarafta, gücü Erzen, “İstanbul Şehrinin Kuruluşu ve İsimleri”, TTK Belleten, 1954, c. 18, sy. 70, temsil eden Roma; diğer tarafta derunîliği temsil eden s. 131-158. Medine. Bir tarafta şehrin yapısı ile kategorik yaklaşımı 3 Erzen, “İstanbul Şehrinin Kuruluşu ve İsimleri”, s. 145. ve mekanik bütünlüğü temsil eden Roma; diğer tarafta, 4 Dimitri Kitsikis, Türk-Yunan İmparatorluğu: Arabölge Işığı Altında Osmanlı uyumu ve organik bütünlüğü temsil eden Medine. Bir Tarihine Bakış, İstanbul 1996, s. 11-12. 5 Erzen, “İstanbul Şehrinin Kuruluşu ve İsimleri”, s. 147. 6 Halil İnalcık, “Istanbul: An Islamic City”, Journal of Islamic Studies, 1990, sy. 1, s. 5. BÜYÜK İSTANBUL TARİHİ 87 İSTANBUL’UN EMPERYAL DÖNÜŞÜMLERİ 1- Kadimin çizgilerini yansıtan siluetiyle İstanbul (İstanbul 2010 Ajansı) BÜYÜK İSTANBUL TARİHİ 88 İSTANBUL’UN EMPERYAL DÖNÜŞÜMLERİ 1- Kadimin çizgilerini yansıtan siluetiyle İstanbul (İstanbul 2010 Ajansı) BÜYÜK İSTANBUL TARİHİ 89 İSTANBUL’UN EMPERYAL DÖNÜŞÜMLERİ tarafta, hırsı temsil eden Roma; diğer tarafta, dinginliği yönelen askerî yayılmalardır ki, Roma ve modern ve iç huzuru temsil eden Medine. Bir tarafta, katı tarihî dönem sömürgeciliği bu kategori içinde
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