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Mapping of Shigella Flexneri's Tissue Distribution and Type III Secretion Apparatus Activity During Infection of the Large I

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Mapping of Shigella Flexneri's Tissue Distribution and Type III Secretion Apparatus Activity During Infection of the Large I Mapping of Shigella flexneri’s tissue distribution and type III secretion apparatus activity during infection of the large intestine of guinea pigs Giulia Nigro, Ellen Arena, Martin Sachse, Maryse Moya-Nilges, Benoit Marteyn, Philippe Sansonetti, F-X Campbell-Valois To cite this version: Giulia Nigro, Ellen Arena, Martin Sachse, Maryse Moya-Nilges, Benoit Marteyn, et al.. Mapping of Shigella flexneri’s tissue distribution and type III secretion apparatus activity during infection of the large intestine of guinea pigs. Pathogens and Disease, Oxford University Press, 2019, 77 (7), pp.ftz054,. 10.1093/femspd/ftz054. hal-02429855 HAL Id: hal-02429855 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02429855 Submitted on 13 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License Pathogens and Disease, 77, 2019, ftz054 doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftz054 Advance Access Publication Date: 3 October 2019 Research Article RESEARCH ARTICLE Mapping of Shigella flexneri’s tissue distribution and type III secretion apparatus activity during infection of the large intestine of guinea pigs Giulia Nigro1, Ellen T. Arena1,2, Martin Sachse3, Maryse Moya-Nilges3, Benoit S. Marteyn1,5,6, Philippe J. Sansonetti1,4 and F.-X. Campbell-Valois1,7,8,*,† 1Unite´ de Pathogenie´ Microbienne Moleculaire,´ Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France, 2Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 271 Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA, 3Ultrastructural Bioimaging unit, Institut Pasteur, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France, 4Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, College` de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris, France, 5Architecture et Reactivit´ e´ de l’ARN, Universite´ de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9002, 2 Allee´ Konrad Roentgen, 67084 Strasbourg, France, 6Unite´ Pathogenese` des Infections Vasculaires, Institut Pasteur, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France, 7The Host-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada and 8Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada ∗Corresponding author: 150 Louis-Pasteur private, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada. Tel: 613-562-5800; E-mail: [email protected] One sentence summary: We mapped Shigella flexneri cells and assessed the activity of their type III secretion apparatus in the large intestine of Guinea pigs. Editor: Andrew Olive †F-X Campbell-Valois, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-2968 ABSTRACT Shigella spp. are bacterial pathogens that invade the human colonic mucosa using a type III secretion apparatus (T3SA), a proteinaceous device activated upon contact with host cells. Active T3SAs translocate proteins that carve the intracellular niche of Shigella spp. Nevertheless, the activation state of the T3SA has not been addressed in vivo. Here, we used a green fluorescent protein transcription-based secretion activity reporter (TSAR) to provide a spatio-temporal description of S. flexneri T3SAs activity in the colon of Guinea pigs. First, we observed that early mucus release is triggered in the vicinity of luminal bacteria with inactive T3SA. Subsequent mucosal invasion showed bacteria with active T3SA associated with the brush border, eventually penetrating into epithelial cells. From 2 to 8 h post-challenge, the infection foci expanded, and Received: 4 July 2019; Accepted: 30 September 2019 C FEMS 2019. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 1 2 Pathogens and Disease, 2019, Vol. 77, No. 7 these intracellular bacteria displayed homogeneously high-secreting activity, while extracellular foci within the lamina propria featured bacteria with low secretion activity. We also found evidence that within lamina propria macrophages, bacteria reside in vacuoles instead of accessing the cytosol. Finally, bacteria were cleared from tissues between 8 and 24 h post-challenge, highlighting the hit-and-run colonization strategy of Shigella. This study demonstrates how genetically encoded reporters can contribute to deciphering pathogenesis in vivo. Keywords: Shigella; type III secretion system; genetically encoded reporters; in vivo infection; fluorescence microscopy; large intestine INTRODUCTION colonic mucosa has indicated that Shigella invade the mucosa by targeting the apical pole of colonocytes found at the entrance of Shigellosis is a human diarrheal disease induced by infection crypts (Arena et al. 2015). Nevertheless, this study did not look of the colonic mucosa by Shigella spp., a group of Escherichia coli at stages of infection preceding invasion and those beyond 8-h pathovars that share the property of invading the epithelium post-challenge. Furthermore, it did not probe the activity of the and the subjacent lamina propria, thereby causing acute tissue T3SA during infection. inflammatory destruction accounting for its dysenteric symp- Herein, we have followed the invasion of the mucosa using an toms (Anderson, Sansonetti and Marteyn 2016;Kanget al. 2018). S. flexneri strain harboring the TSAR, which enabled us to deter- The large virulence plasmid of Shigella spp. encodes a type III mine the activity state of the T3SA at different time points. This secretion system (T3SS) and associated effector proteins that allowed to study many stages of the infection of the large intes- enable host cell invasion, intracellular persistence and cell-to- tine by Shigella flexneri, ranging from events preceding the initial cell spread (Buchrieser et al. 2000; Campbell-Valois and Pontier invasion of the mucosa to the invasion of the mucosa itself, until 2016). thefinalclearingofbacteriafromthelamina propria by the host The capacity of Shigella to invade host cells requires the immune response. assembly of a type III secretion apparatus (T3SA), a megadal- ton nanomachine composed of several proteins that oligomerize to form a syringe-like appendage. The T3SA is composed of the MATERIALS AND METHODS cytosolic sorting platform and export apparatus, inner and outer Bacteria and plasmids transmembrane rings and the needle that protrudes from the outer membrane surface (Hu et al. 2015). T3SA substrates, com- In this study, we used the Shigella flexneri M90T-Sm strain prising 35 proteins in S. flexneri (Pinaud et al. 2017), are selected by resistant to streptomycin harboring the pTSAR1.1 (Sansonetti, the sorting platform and export apparatus and transit through Kopecko and Formal 1982; Campbell-Valois et al. 2014). The the transmembrane rings and needle before reaching the host pTSAR1.1 allows monitoring the activity of the T3SA as previ- cell cytosol. This leads to the phagocytosis and rapid lysis of ously described (Campbell-Valois et al. 2014; Campbell-Valois, the entry vacuole. Then Shigella elicits the formation of actin Schnupf and Sansonetti 2014; Campbell-Valois et al. 2015; comets through the action of the protein IcsA (Bernardini et al. Campbell-Valois and Pontier 2016) pTSAR1.1 consists of: (i) the 1989), which enables the movement of bacteria in the cytosol. GFPsfm2 under the control of the ipaH7.8 promoter (ipaH7.8p) Mobile bacteria eventually hit the plasma membrane, thereby and (ii) a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) variant named cerulean reactivating their T3SAs and consequently allowing the inva- under the control of the strong constitutive promoter of the ribo- sion of neighboring cells through a process similar to the ini- somal protein rpsM (rpsMp). The respective fluorescence signals tial entry called cell-to-cell spread (Campbell-Valois and Pontier generated by these cistrons are referred in the figures as TSAR 2016). The iteration of cell-to-cell spread allows the expansion and rpsMp, respectively. of the infection foci. When T3SAs are active, the transcription activator MxiE and In Vivo infection and tissue preparation its co-activator IpgC upregulates the transcription of late sub- strate genes whose protein products are secreted after translo- Female, pathogen-free Hartley Guinea pigs weighing between cators and stored effectors (Campbell-Valois and Pontier 2016). 120 and 250 g were obtained from Charles River Laboratories, Using the promoter of the late substrate ipaH7.8 and GFPsfm2, maintained in animal care facilities of Institut Pasteur, and pro- a green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant with a fast matura- vided with food and water ad libitum. All animal experiments tion rate, we developed a transcription-based secretion activ- were carried out using
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