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Envisioning a Traffic Solution for Copenhagen

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Envisioning a Traffic Solution for Copenhagen Envisioning a Traffic Solution for Copenhagen By: Amager Visioning Which consists of: Jared Breton, Tanner Buxton, Lucia Shumaker Envisioning a Traffic Solution for Copenhagen An Interactive Qualifying Project submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science In Cooperation With Miljøpunkt Amager By: Jared Breton Tanner Buxton Lucia Shumaker Date: 3 May 2014 Report Submitted to: Professor Robert Kinicki Professor Steve Taylor [email protected] ABSTRACT Though Copenhagen is trying to set the standards for a green city, thousands of cars clog its main traffic arteries during rush hour on a bi-daily basis. This project provided and evaluated (for Miljøpunkt Amager) a collection of plausible scenarios that focus on reducing motor vehicle congestion in Central Copenhagen, while preserving existing green space. The team conducted interviews, calculated cost and flood capacity, and analyzed traffic models to establish a compelling argument for alternatives to the Eastern Ring Road (E-R) and Ladegårdsåen tunnel proposals. Additionally, the report provides an in-depth discussion of seven tunnel scenarios along with recommendations for a modified combination of the two tunnel routes implemented in conjunction with a congestion charge zone. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ ii Table of Figures ........................................................................................................................... viii Table of Tables ............................................................................................................................. xii 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Background .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. The History of Urban Planning in Copenhagen ............................................................... 4 2.2.1. How the Industrial Revolution Changed Urban Planning ........................................ 5 2.2.2. The Five Finger Plan for Transit Oriented Development ......................................... 5 2.3. Current Development Plans in Copenhagen .................................................................... 7 2.3.1. The Ørestad Plan ....................................................................................................... 7 2.3.2. The Ladegårdsåen Traffic Tunnel and Storm Water Management Project .............. 9 2.3.3. Introduction to the Harbour Tunnel Traffic Management Solution ........................ 12 2.3.4. The Evolution of the Harbour Tunnel – The Eastern Ring Road ........................... 13 2.4. The Primary Problem Miljøpunkt Amager Plans to Address ........................................ 15 2.4.1. Copenhagen’s Increasing Traffic Congestion Problem .......................................... 15 2.5. The Secondary Problems a Tunnel will Address ........................................................... 18 2.5.1. Flooding due to Storm Water .................................................................................. 18 2.5.2. The Presence of Air and Noise Pollution in the City .............................................. 20 2.5.3. The Lack of Green Space ........................................................................................ 22 2.6. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.0 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 25 3.2. Phase 1 - Situating the Project........................................................................................ 28 3.3. Phase 2 - Gathering Information on Traffic and Flooding ............................................. 29 ii 3.4. Phase 3 – Gathering Information on Public Opinion ..................................................... 30 3.4.1. Public Opinion Survey ............................................................................................ 31 3.5. Phase 4 - Developing a Vision of a New Tunnel ........................................................... 31 3.5.1. Weekly Meetings with Anders Jørn Jensen ............................................................ 31 3.5.2. Processed Information Regarding Existing Tunnel Projects .................................. 32 3.5.3. Processed Information on Copenhagen’s Present and Future Building Zones ....... 32 3.5.4. Conducted Additional Research on the Implementation of a Congestion Ring ..... 32 3.5.5. Identified Plausible Tunnel Routes ......................................................................... 33 3.6. Phase 5 – Evaluating and Comparing Tunnel Scenarios................................................ 33 3.6.1. The Process for Evaluating Tunnel Scenarios ........................................................ 33 3.6.2. Assigning Weights using a Pairwise Comparison Chart ........................................ 34 3.6.3. How the Expert Opinions Influence the Decision Matrix ...................................... 35 3.6.4. Estimating the Cost of a Tunnel Scenario............................................................... 37 3.6.5. Projecting a Tunnel’s Accessibility ........................................................................ 40 3.6.6. Estimating a Tunnel’s Floodwater Management Capabilities ................................ 41 3.6.7. Estimating the Number of Cars Reduced from Surface Roads ............................... 42 3.6.8. Calculating the Amount of Preserved Green Space ................................................ 43 3.6.9. Evaluating the Tunnel Scenarios using a Decision Matrix ..................................... 45 3.6.10. Amager Visioning’s Decision Matrix ..................................................................... 45 3.7. Phase 6 – Deliverables ................................................................................................... 46 3.8. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 46 4.0 Data & Analysis ................................................................................................................. 47 4.1. Interviews ....................................................................................................................... 47 4.1.1. Julie Schack – Resident near Metro Construction .................................................. 47 4.1.2. Nis Fink – HOFOR Water Management Representative ........................................ 48 4.1.3. Susanne Rasmussen – Secretary of Amager West Local Committee ..................... 50 4.1.4. Lars Weiss – Leader of Social Democrats in Copenhagen City Hall ..................... 51 4.2. Scenario Compilation Overview .................................................................................... 53 iii 4.3. Scenario 1 – Eastern Ring Road ..................................................................................... 54 4.3.1. Eastern Ring Road Tunnel Overview ..................................................................... 55 4.3.2. Reasoning behind the Eastern Ring Road Route .................................................... 55 4.3.3. Thought behind the Traffic Flow ............................................................................ 56 4.3.4. Exit and Entrance Locations ................................................................................... 58 4.3.5. Pros and Cons of the Eastern Ring Road ................................................................ 68 4.4. Scenario 2 – Eastern Ring Road by Field’s Shopping Center........................................ 70 4.4.1. Eastern Ring Road by Field’s Overview ................................................................ 71 4.4.2. Reasoning behind Eastern Ring Road by Field’s Route ......................................... 71 4.4.3. Thought behind the Traffic Flow ............................................................................ 74 4.4.4. Exit and Entrance Locations ................................................................................... 74 4.4.5. Pros and Cons of Eastern Ring Road by Field’s ..................................................... 74 4.5. Scenario 3 – Ladegårdsåen Extended Tunnel ................................................................ 76 4.5.1. Ladegårdsåen Extended Tunnel Overview ............................................................. 77 4.5.2. Reasoning behind Ladegårdsåen Extended Tunnel Route ...................................... 77 4.5.3. Thought behind the Traffic Flow ............................................................................ 77 4.5.4. Entrance and Exit Locations ..................................................................................
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