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The Proliferation of Video Surveillance in Brussels and Copenhagen

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The Proliferation of Video Surveillance in Brussels and Copenhagen TOWARDS THE PANOPTIC CITY THE PROLIFERATION OF VIDEO SURVEILLANCE IN BRUSSELS AND COPENHAGEN This master thesis has been co-written by Corentin Debailleul and Pauline De Keersmaecker 4Cities UNICA Euromaster in Urban Studies 2012-2014 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Supervisor : Mathieu Van Criekingen (Université Libre de Bruxelles) Second reader : Henrik Reeh (Københavns Universitet) Hence the major effect of the Panopticon: to induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power. So to arrange things that the surveillance is permanent in its effects, even if it is discontinuous in its action; that the perfection of power should tend to render its actual exercise unnecessary; that this architectural apparatus should be a machine for creating and sustaining a power relation independent of the person who exercises it; in short, that the inmates should be caught up in a power situation of which they are themselves the bearers. To achieve this, it is at once too much and too little that the prisoner should be constantly observed by an inspector: too little, for what matters is that he knows himself to be observed; too much, because he has no need in fact of being so. In view of this, Bentham laid down the principle that power should be visible and unverifiable. Visible: the inmate will constantly have before his eyes the tall outline of the central tower from which he is spied upon. Unverifiable: the inmate must never know whether he is being looked at at any one moment; but he must be sure that he may always be so. In order to make the presence or absence of the inspector unverifiable, so that the prisoners, in their cells, cannot even see a shadow, Bentham envisaged not only venetian blinds on the windows of the central observation hall, but, on the inside, partitions that intersected the hall at right angles and, in order to pass from one quarter to the other, not doors but zig-zag openings; for the slightest noise, a gleam of light, a brightness in a half- opened door would betray the presence of the guardian. The Panopticon is a machine for dissociating the see/being seen dyad: in the peripheric ring, one is totally seen, without ever seeing; in the central tower, one sees everything without ever being seen. It is an important mechanism, for it automatizes and disindividualizes power. (Foucault 1975: 200-202) Simon Dardenne 2013 Abstract This master thesis aims at answering the following questions: what is the spatial distribution of open in Brussels and Copenhagen? How does this distribution relate with the socio-economic structure of these cities? What conclusions can we draw out of this relation in terms of political urban priorities? We used mapping and semi-structured interviews to help us conduct our comparative analysis. We found that if the two capital cities were subject to common trends i.e. the neoliberal governance of insecurity in the context of global city competition, the actual uptake of CCTV takes different forms and intensities in our two case studies and must be analysed in light of their local political economy. Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Why a joint master thesis? ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Our aims ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Research Question ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Contextualisation ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 11 On CCTV.......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Definition .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Brief history of CCTV in Europe ...................................................................................................................... 12 Defensive urbanism................................................................................................................................................... 12 Definition .................................................................................................................................................................. 12 What does defensive urbanism practically consist in? .......................................................................... 13 Drawing links between CCTV and situational prevention ........................................................................ 14 CCTV as a way to implement defensive urbanism's goals .................................................................... 14 CCTV as part of the defensive philosophy ................................................................................................... 15 Common effects between CCTV and situational prevention ............................................................... 15 The wider picture: neoliberal globalisation .................................................................................................... 18 State of the Art .................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Review ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Academic sources .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Non-Academic Sources ....................................................................................................................................... 23 Presentation of the authors’ obtained results ................................................................................................ 24 4 Efficiency ................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Costs ............................................................................................................................................................................ 25 Process: who takes the decisions?.................................................................................................................. 25 Where are the cameras located? ..................................................................................................................... 27 Who is monitored? ................................................................................................................................................ 28 Why? ........................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Introducing our case studies ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Brussels .......................................................................................................................................................................... 32 History of the built environment in Brussels ............................................................................................. 33 Policing history ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 Copenhagen .................................................................................................................................................................. 38 Socio-economic profile ........................................................................................................................................ 39 Its history in terms of police and surveillance .......................................................................................... 46 Comparison of Belgium and Denmark’s carceral situation ...................................................................... 47 Recapitulative chart .................................................................................................................................................
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