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Il Mercato Dei Beni Di Lusso Come Strategia Di Diversificazione Economica Negli Emirati Arabi Uniti: Tra Successo E Problematiche Politiche E Sociali

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Il Mercato Dei Beni Di Lusso Come Strategia Di Diversificazione Economica Negli Emirati Arabi Uniti: Tra Successo E Problematiche Politiche E Sociali Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e Istituzioni Economiche e Giuridiche dell'Asia e dell'Africa Mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Il Mercato dei Beni di Lusso come Strategia di Diversificazione Economica negli Emirati Arabi Uniti: tra Successo e Problematiche Politiche e Sociali Relatore Ch. Prof. Massimiliano Trentin Laureando Valentina Pelosi Matricola 839901 Anno Accademico 2012 / 2013 Il Mercato dei Beni di Lusso come Strategia di Diversificazione Economica negli Emirati Arabi Uniti: tra Successo e Problematiche Politiche e Sociali p. 4.................................................................................................................................. مقدمة Introduzione.............................................................................................................p. 11 Capitolo Primo................................................................................................................p. 15 1. Un Quadro macroeconomico dei Paesi del Golfo........................................................p. 15 1.1 Alcuni dati empirici per l'analisi dell'economia del Golfo.........................................p. 17 1.1.2 Le strategie di crescita dei Paesi del Golfo.............................................................p. 19 1.1.3 La struttura politica e sociale dei Paesi del Golfo...................................................p. 24 1.2 Il Quadro macroeconomico degli Emirati Arabi Uniti...............................................p. 28 1.2.1 Il contesto politico...................................................................................................p. 28 1.2.2 Composizione demografica ed istruzione...............................................................p. 30 1.2.3 Prospetto economico...............................................................................................p. 30 1.3 Prospettive future per l'economia del Golfo...............................................................p. 34 Capitolo Secondo............................................................................................................p. 38 2. Definire il lusso: le difficoltà nel delineare una soluzione univoca.............................p. 38 2.1 I prodotti di lusso: caratteristiche distintive...............................................................p. 41 2.2 I brand di lusso: simbologie e identità........................................................................p. 43 2.3 I consumatori dei prodotti di lusso.............................................................................p. 44 2.4 Il mercato del lusso nei Paesi del Golfo: principali caratteristiche e prospettive.......p. 45 2.5 Il mercato del lusso negli Emirati Arabi Uniti: caratteristiche e principali settori.....p. 51 2.5.1 Il settore dell'abbigliamento....................................................................................p. 52 2.5.2 Gioielli e Orologi.....................................................................................................p. 57 2.5.3 Automobili di lusso.................................................................................................p. 61 2.5.4 Il mercato dell'arte...................................................................................................p. 64 2.5.5 Lo sviluppo del settore di real estate.......................................................................p. 66 2.6 Interviste alle aziende.................................................................................................p. 70 Capitolo Terzo.................................................................................................................p. 77 3. I caratteri del “rentier state”.........................................................................................p. 77 3.1 Le problematiche del “rentier state”...........................................................................p. 80 3.2 “Rentier state” e partecipazione politica: le basi della legittimità del governo e il “ruling bargain”............................................................................................................................p. 83 3.3 I progetti di diversificazione economica: un successo effettivo?...............................p. 89 3.4 La crisi finanziaria di Dubai: i rischi della diversificazione e dell'integrazione economica.........................................................................................................................p. 97 3.5 Lusso e società............................................................................................................p. 100 3.6 La condizione dei lavoratori immigrati ……………………………………………p. 101 3.7 Dubai come città globale: problemi e fenomeni sociali della città simbolo del lusso................................................................................................................................. p. 111 3.8 Neo-ortodossi in opposizione al processo di globalizzazione culturale ……………p. 115 Conclusione……………………………………………………………………………..p. 118 Bibliografia……………………………………………………………………………...p. 122 Sitografia………………………………………………………………………………..p. 130 مقدمة تقدم هذه الدراسة النمو القتصادي والسياسي والجتماعي لسوق المنتج>>ات والس>>لع الف>>اخرة ف>ي دول الخلي>>ج و خاص>>ة ف>ي الم>>ارات العربي>>ة المتح>>دة فق>>د ش>هد قط>>اع السلع الفاخرة تطوراk كبيراk ونمواk ملحوظاk في هذا البلد بالاضافة الى تنس>يب فك>رة الترف لدولة المارات. السوق الخليجية هي واحدة من السواق الكثر ثراءاk في القتصاد الع>>المي، وهذا يرجع أساسا إلى وجود الموارد الطبيعية التي كانت سبباk للت>>دفق اله>>ائل للغن>ى في المنطقة ومن المؤ †كد إن اكتشاف ه>>ذه الم>وارد الهام>>ة ك>>انت بمثاب>>ة نقط>>ة تح>ول لدول الخليج العربي، وأدى أيضا إلى تغيير كبير من وجهة النظر البنية الجتماعية والقتص>>ادية ف>ي ه>>ذه البل>>دان. لك>>ن م>>ا يش>كل ع>>امل حاس>ما لنم>و ه>و مجموع>>ة السياس>>ات القتص>>ادية للتنوي>ع ف>ي القطاع>>ات المح>>ددة ال>تي اتخ>>ذتها حكوم>>ات دول مجلس التعا †ون الخليجي، وقد أدركت الحكوم>>ات الخليجي>>ة أن الم>وارد النفطي>>ة ه>ي موارد محدودة لذلك عمل>ت على واضع قطاع>ات اقتص>ادية بديل>ة م>ن خلل عملي>ة التنوي>ع، وم>>ن بي>ن ه>>ذه الس>تراتيجيات هن>>اك أيض>>ا قط>>اع الس>>لع الف>>اخرة ال>تي م>>ن خلله>>>ا س>>>اهم مختل>>ف القطاع>>>ات الفرعي>>ة إل>>ى ح>>>د ك>>بير ف>>ي النم>>و القتص>>>ادي للمارات العربية المتحدة، وساهمت بشكل إيجابي في تنويع القتصاد. الهدف من الطروحة هو الفهم ما إذا كانت سوق المنتجات الفاخرة هو مث>>ا •ل ناج •ح للتنويع القتصادي في دولة المارات؛ كما تسل†ط الدراس>>ة الض>وء عل>ى نق>>اط الق>وة والنجاح>>ات التي تحق†ق>ت م>ن خلل الداء القتص>ادي، وأيض>>اk المش>اكل التي حدثت في هذا القطاع ول سيما من حيث الحياة السياسية و الجتماعية. هدف آخر من هذه الدراسة هو فهم ما إذا كان م>ن الممك>>ن للم>>ارات الحف>>اظ عل>ى تنميته>>ا ف>ي المس>تقبل ونموه>>ا الفع>>ال. تنقس>>م الطروح>>ة إل>ى ثلث>>ة فص>ول: 4 الفصل الول يصف الواضع القتصادي العام لدول الخليج ودولة المارات العربي>>ة بص>ورة خاص†>>ة؛ وق>>د لعب>>ت منطق>>ة الخلي>>ج العرب>ي دوراk هام>>اk ج>>داk بش>كل دائم م>>ن حيث وجهتها التجارية وذلك بسبب موقعها الستراتيجي؛ واكتش>>اف النف>>ط ف>ي ع>>ام 30 الق>رن المااض>ي ك>>ان نقط>>ة تح>ول هام†>>ة لج>>ذب المص>>الح الدولي>>ة ف>ي المنطق>>ة، وزي>>ادة ف>ي ت>>دف†ق ال>>دخل ف>ي الس>نوات '50-'60 م>>ن الق>رن المااض>ي عن>>دما ب>>دأت عماليات استخراج ومعالج>ة النف>>ط، خصوص>>ا بع>د طفرة النف>ط ع>ام 1973 وع>ام 1979. وقد جهزت بيانات الناتج المحلي الجمالي لدول مجل>س التع>>اون الخليج>ي من المال الفائض. عل>ى الرغ>>م م>>ن إن ه>>ذه القياس>>ات ت>وف†ر البيان>>ات الرش>>ادية فيج>>ب اعتب>>ار الص>عوبة ف>ي ت>وفر البيان>>ات. بع>د ذل>>ك يت>>م تحلي>ل اس>تراتيجيات لنم>و ل>>دول مجل>س التع>>اون الخليج>ي ال>تي تق>وم به>>ا الحكوم>>ات ف>ي الس>تجابة للتقلب>>ات والنخف>>اض اللح>>ق ف>ي أس>عار النف>>ط ف>ي ع>>ام 80 وبع>>د أزم>>ة الخلي>>ج م>>ن 1990 إل>ى 1991. اله>>داف المش>تركة م>>ن خط>>ط النم>و المختلف>>ة ه>ي: أولk، التنوي>ع القتص>>ادي م>>ن إنتاج النفط فقط، وخلق فرص عمل للموطنين في القطاع الخ>>اص، اي خل>>ق ف>رص بعد ما ك>>ان ذل>>ك حك>راk على القط>>اع الع>>ام وح>>ده، وتحسين نظ>>ام التعلي>>م والص>>حة وأخيرا تشجيع الستدامة البيئية للتنمية القتصادية. بعد ذلك حاولط تحليل الهياكل السياسية، وهذه التحليل هو دع>>م لفه>>م الهياك>ل القتص>>ادية. والحك>>م ف>ي دول مجل>س التع>>اون الخليج>ي ه>و م>>ن قب>ل أنظم>>ة مطلق>>ة بحيث تسمح بمش>>اركة سياس>ية جزئي>>ة للم>واطنين. ه>>ذه الحكوم>>ات ك>>انت ول ت>زال يس>ودها حك>>م النظ>>ام القبل>ي. وق>>د س>>اهمت ه>>ذه الرواب>>ط إل>ى التفك>>ك الجتم>>اعي والسياس>ي واتس>>اع الفج>وة بي>>ن الم>واطنين والمه>>اجرين. و ه>>ذا م>>ا †أدى إل>ى وج>ود ن>>وع م>>>ن الثني>>>ة والتمي†>>>ز عل>>ى رأس>>هم الم>>وطنين الم>>>اراتيين ال>>>ذي يتمتع>>ون بالمتي>>ازات القتص>>ادية والجتماعي>>ة. ق>>د ت>>م تحلي>ل نف>س الج>وانب بش>كل مح>>دود 5 بالنسبة للمارات العربية المتحدة من أجل فهم بشكل أفضل. في الفصل الثاني حاولنا شرح فكرة "الترف": فهو في الواق>ع فك>رة غامض>>ة ونسبية، ول يمكن أن نوفر تعريفاk واحداk لفك>رة ال>ترف لن ك>ل مس>تهلك ل>ديه فكرة شخص>ية. و م>ع ذل>>ك، فم>>ن الممك>>ن تحدي>>د الخص>>ائص الممي>زة للمنتج>>ات الف>>اخرة والعلم>>ات التجاري>>ة الفارق>>ة، وك>>ذلك ال>>دوافع ال>تي ت>>دفع المس>تهلكين إل>ى اختي>>ار وشراء نوع معين من السلع دون غيرها. بعد هذه المقدمة العام>>ة حولن>>ا التعم†>>ق ف>ي خص>>>ائص س>>وق المنتج>>>ات الف>>>اخرة ف>>ي دول الخلي>>>ج العرب>>ي، ون>>وع التوزي>>ع والجوانب الجتماعية والثقافية المرتبطة به>>ذا المج>>ال المح>>دد، وأذواق المس>تهلكين وال>>تركيز عل>>ى الهمي>>>ة ال>>تي يولونه>>>ا للتس>>وق كنش>>>اط ترفيه>>ي وبن>>>اء علق>>>ات إجتماعي>>ة. وق>>د †ق>>دمنا نف>س التحلي>ل فيم>>ا يتعل>>ق بس>وق الم>>ارات العربي>>ة المتح>>دة، وتعمي>>ق ج>وانب وأداء مختل>ف القطاع>>ات الف>>اخرة وه>ي: الملب>س، والمج>وهرات والساعات والسيارات والفن والعقارات، وهذا يهدف إلى توفير لمحة عامة وش>>املة قدر المكان عن سوق السلع الفاخرة في هذا البلد. ولدعم هذا التحليل قمنا بعدد
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