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Finiteverbformationinlycian Finite verb formation in Lycian Nils Oscar Paul Billing s2092417 Supervisor: Dr. Alwin Kloekhorst 2nd reader: Dr. Michaël Peyrot Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ResMA Linguistics Specialisation: Indo-European linguistics July 2019 Universiteit Leiden The Netherlands Abstract In this thesis, the finite verb in Lycian is described. All verbal endings and stems are analysed and given both a synchronic description and, to the maximum possible ex- tent, a diachronic explanation. First, all verbal endings are gathered and described both generally and individually. Subsequently, the verbal stems are categorised into types according to stem formant (last segment(s) before the ending) and ending allo- morphy (e.g. lenited vs. unlenited). The last sections are devoted to a detailed individ- ual treatment of all attested Lycian verbal stems. A schema is presented in which the established Lycian stem types are mapped to their original Proto-Indo-European types (section 4.6), e.g. Lyc. s-stems < PIE sḱé/ó-presents. Thereby, a comprehensive model is provided by which the Lycian finite verb may be understood in both its Anatolian and Indo-European context. Acknowledgements My first thanks go out to all the wonderful people at—and affiliated with—LUCL, with whom I have shared so many lovely times and enjoyed an extraordinarily stimulating atmosphere during my two years in Leiden. I am grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Alwin Kloekhorst, for elegantly guiding me along this sometimes winding path. His deep knowledge and display of genuine interest in my ideas have meant a great deal to me as an aspiring scholar. A special shout-out is long overdue to my old colleague and dear friend Axel Palmér. The amount of thoughts we have exchanged over coffee or beer are innumerable, and have contributed greatly both to my interest and proficiency in all things language. There is no doubt in my mind that he will go on to do great things for our field. I thank Dr. Matilde Serangeli for kindly sending me an edited version of her yet unpublished doctoral dissertation, which was of much help to me in writing this thesis. This humble work is dedicated to Harriet, light of my life. It goes without saying that the following text would not have existed without you. i Contents Abstract i Acknowledgements i Abbreviations vii Languages .................................... vii Literature .................................... viii Glossing ..................................... viii Symbols ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Preliminaries 2 2.1 Purpose and goals ............................ 2 2.2 Notational practices ........................... 3 3 The finite verbal endings 4 3.1 Lenited vs. unlenited endings ...................... 5 3.2 Nasalised preterites ........................... 7 3.3 Individual treatment of the endings ................... 13 3.3.1 1sg.pres.a -u ........................... 13 3.3.2 3sg.pres.a -(t)ti, -di, -i ...................... 14 3.3.3 3sg.pres.a -e .......................... 15 3.3.4 2pl.pres.a -tẽni ......................... 17 3.3.5 3pl.pres.a -˜ti, -ñti, -(i)ti ..................... 18 3.3.6 1sg.pret.a -(x)xa, -ga ...................... 18 3.3.7 3sg.pret.a -(t)te, -de ...................... 19 3.3.8 3pl.pret.a -˜te, -ñte, -(i)te .................... 20 3.3.9 3sg.ipv.a -(t)tu, -du, -u ..................... 20 3.3.10 2pl.ipv.a -tẽnu .......................... 21 3.3.11 3pl.ipv.a -˜tu .......................... 22 3.3.12 1sg.pres.m -xani ......................... 23 3.3.13 3sg.pres.m -ẽni ......................... 23 3.3.14 3pl.pres.m -˜tẽni ........................ 24 3.3.15 1sg.pret.m -xagã ........................ 24 3.3.16 3sg.pret.m -tte ......................... 25 3.3.17 3sg/pl.ipv.m -(˜)tẽnu ...................... 25 ii 4 Verbal stem classes 25 4.1 i-stems .................................. 26 4.1.1 The i/ei-ablauting class (-(e)i-di) ................ 26 4.1.2 The leniting i-stem class (-i-di) ................. 35 4.1.3 The unleniting i-stem class (-i-ti) ................ 35 4.1.4 The ije/i-ablauting class (-i( je)-ti) ................ 37 4.1.5 The hi-conjugating i-stem class (-i-e) .............. 38 4.1.6 The hi-conjugating i/ije-ablauting class (i( je)-e) ........ 40 4.2 a-stems .................................. 40 4.2.1 The a/ai-ablauting class (-a(i)-di) ................ 40 4.2.2 The leniting a-stem class (-a-di) ................ 44 4.2.3 The unleniting a-stem class (-a-ti) ............... 45 4.2.4 The geminating a-stem class (-a-tti) .............. 46 4.2.5 The nasalised ã-stem class (-ã-ti) ................ 48 4.3 e-stems .................................. 48 4.3.1 The leniting e-stem class (-e-di) ................. 48 4.3.2 The unleniting e-stem class (-e-ti) ............... 49 4.3.3 The uwe-stem class (-uwe-ti) .................. 52 4.4 u-stems .................................. 54 4.5 C-stems .................................. 55 4.5.1 The C-stem proper class (-C-tti) ................. 56 4.5.2 The s-stem class (-s-tti) ..................... 56 4.5.3 The i-conjugating s-stem class (-s-i) .............. 57 4.5.4 The hi-conjugating C-stem class (-C-e) ............. 57 4.6 Summary ................................. 58 5 The i-stem verbs 60 5.1 i/ei-ablauting verbs ............................ 60 5.1.1 ep(e)i-di ‘levy, deliver (vel sim.)’ ................. 60 5.1.2 kumez(e)i-di ‘sacrifice, worship’ ................. 60 5.1.3 mlm̃m(e)i-di ‘?’ .......................... 61 5.1.4 m̃m(e)i-di ‘build’ ......................... 61 5.1.5 t(a)rb(e)i-di ‘overpower (vel sim.)’ ............... 64 5.1.6 ttl(e)i-di ‘pay’ ........................... 66 5.1.7 tub(e)i-di ‘strike, smite’ ..................... 67 5.1.8 zrppud(e)i-di ‘?’ ......................... 68 5.2 Leniting i-stem verbs ........................... 68 5.2.1 asi-di ‘?’ ............................. 68 5.2.2 dderli-di ‘?’ ............................ 68 5.2.3 (ti)xzzi-di ‘?’ ........................... 69 iii 5.2.4 θri-di ‘order, command’ ..................... 69 5.2.5 xurzi-di ‘carve (?)’ ........................ 69 5.3 Unleniting i-stem verbs ......................... 70 5.3.1 ddewi-ti ‘give, dedicate’ ..................... 70 5.3.2 epri-ti ‘sell; hand over (?)’ .................... 70 5.3.3 ewi-ti ‘come’ ........................... 71 5.3.4 pzzi-ti ‘decide, decree, command (vel sim.)’ .......... 71 5.3.5 qehñni-ti ‘?’ ........................... 71 5.3.6 serni-ti ‘?’ ............................. 72 5.3.7 si-ti ‘lie’ .............................. 72 5.3.8 teli-ti ‘turn (vel sim.)’ ...................... 72 5.3.9 tti-ti ‘pay’ ............................. 73 5.3.10 xi-ti ‘perform animal sacrifice’ ................. 74 5.4 ije/i-ablauting verbs ........................... 75 5.4.1 pibi( je)-ti ‘give’ .......................... 75 5.5 hi-conjugating i-stem verbs ....................... 75 5.5.1 dderi-e ‘curse (?)’ ........................ 75 5.5.2 eri( jei)-e ‘raise; hold fast’ .................... 76 5.6 hi-conjugating i/ije-ablauting verbs ................... 76 5.6.1 i( je)-e ‘buy’ ........................... 76 5.7 Other i-stem verbs ............................ 77 5.7.1 ddali- ‘?’ ............................. 77 5.7.2 lawi- ‘?’ .............................. 78 5.7.3 maxi(t)- ‘?’ ............................ 78 6 The a-stems verbs 78 6.1 a/ai-ablauting verbs ........................... 78 6.1.1 a(i)-di ‘do, make’ ......................... 78 6.1.2 maza(i)-di ‘dare / forbid / allow (?)’ ............... 80 6.1.3 muna(i)-di ‘forbid (?)’ ...................... 80 6.1.4 m̃ma(i)-di ‘erect (of a building)’ ................. 81 6.1.5 xba(i)-di ‘irrigate’ ........................ 81 6.1.6 xla(i)-di ‘enclose; take control of (?)’ .............. 81 6.1.7 xtta(i)-di ‘do violence to (vel sim.)’ ............... 82 6.2 Leniting a-stem verbs .......................... 82 6.2.1 alaha-di ‘transfer’ ........................ 82 6.2.2 erida-di ‘remove (?)’ ....................... 83 6.2.3 (h)ha-di ‘release (vel sim.)’ ................... 83 6.2.4 (t)ta-di ‘put, place’ ........................ 84 6.2.5 xttba-di ‘do violence to (vel sim.)’ ................ 85 iv 6.3 Unleniting a-stem verbs ......................... 85 6.3.1 asa-ti ‘favour, bless, love’ .................... 85 6.3.2 hãxxa-ti ‘clean (?)’ ........................ 85 6.3.3 hijãna-ti ‘?’ (false verb) ..................... 86 6.3.4 hrmaza-ti ‘act as hrmaza (?)’ .................. 87 6.3.5 kumaza-ti ‘perform a sacrifice’ ................. 87 6.3.6 la-ti ‘be dead’ .......................... 87 6.3.7 ma-ti ‘allow, command, decide (?)’ ............... 88 6.3.8 pabra-ti ‘urge (?)’ ........................ 89 6.3.9 pema-ti (false verb) ....................... 89 6.3.10 prñnewa-ti ‘build’ ........................ 90 6.3.11 sm̃ma-ti ‘bind, enjoin; command, forbid’ ............ 91 6.3.12 stta-ti ‘stand, be placed’ ..................... 92 6.3.13 xba-ti ‘inflict (vel sim.)’ ..................... 94 6.3.14 xñta-ti ‘entrust (?)’ ........................ 94 6.3.15 xñtawa-ti ‘rule’ .......................... 94 6.3.16 xssaθrapaza-ti ‘rule as satrap’ .................. 95 6.3.17 xuwa-ti ‘stand close to; belong to (vel sim.)’ .......... 95 6.3.18 zala-ti ‘act as zala (?)’ ...................... 96 6.4 Geminating a-stem verbs ........................ 96 6.4.1 epa-tti ‘receive, appropriate (vel sim.)’ ............. 96 6.4.2 tija-tti ‘set price (?)’ ....................... 97 6.5 Nasalised ã-stem verbs .......................... 98 6.5.1 qã-ti ‘punish (vel sim.)’ ..................... 98 6.6 Other a-stem verbs ...........................
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