DOCSLIB.ORG

7 French in the USA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
7 French in the USA 7 French in the USA Albert Valdman Introduction French is the fourth most common non-English language spoken in the US (Table 1.1).1 However, it is also one of the four languages among the top twelve that experienced a decline in the number of speakers between 1990 and 2000, and again between 2000 and 2007. This is due to both low levels of immigration of French speakers to the USA and also low rates of intergenerational transmis- sion of the language. This chapter provides a general presentation of French in the USA with a focus on two communities established in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that have endured to the present: the New England and Louisianan Franco-American communities, where there still exists some severely limited intergenerational transmission of the local vernacular bolstered by grassroots efforts to maintain and revitalize these varieties. Brief mention will be made of small geographically isolated communities where the local vernacular is moribund. After exploring the history of French in the USA, this chapter provides demographic information about the various communities, the public presence of French, and aspects of language shift and language attrition that affect these various communities. History Numerous French place names including Butte, Des Moines, Eau Claire, Terre Haute, and Baton Rouge serve as an eloquent testimony to the former French presence on the territory that forms a large part of the present-day USA. But even though French coureurs des bois, (adventurers, hunters, and fur traders) from present-day Quebec´ province criss-crossed much of the territory during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they have left few linguistic traces except for these toponyms. The major and relatively cohesive present-day francophone communities in the USA spread from two original settlements: New France (part of which is present-day Quebec´ Province) and Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick). Samuel de Champlain first established a trading post on the tiny Copyright @ 2010. Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law. 110 EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 7/18/2019 1:37 PM via INDIANA UNIV LIBRARIES- BLOOMINGTON AN: 329393 ; Potowski, Kim.; Language Diversity in the USA Account: iub.main.ehost French in the USA 111 island of Sainte-Croix (in present-day Maine) in 1604. From an original group of seventy-nine settlers, by 1755 the Acadian population had grown to 14,000 residents. That community has had an influence on the expansion of French far greater than its original low demographic weight. Victims of a brutal expulsion from their native land, which their descendants label le grand derangement´ (the great removal), Acadians were scattered in France, in the West Indies, and in the American colonies. Between 1765 and 1780, about 4,000 Acadians found a permanent refuge in Louisiana which, at that time, was under Spanish rule. But it is New France that constituted the principal bastion of francophony in North America. The first French settlement in New France was established in 1608 near the present site of Quebec´ City (Quebec)´ by Champlain. In 1642, a second settlement was established at the site of present-day Montreal.´ It was from the Montreal´ and Quebec´ regions that expeditions were launched along the Great Lakes region, the Illinois country, and the banks of the Mississippi down to the Gulf of Mexico. Although the colonists of the original French settlement in Louisiana came directly from France rather than down the Mississippi, they were led by a Canadian, Lemoyne d’Iberville. It is also from Quebec´ province that the demographic streams, driven by economic hardships, originated, that in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries settled in the New England textile mill towns and, to a lesser degree, in the upper Midwest. Demographics Three fundamental features distinguish the francophone communities in the USA from other communities such as Spanish speakers. First, current migratory currents bringing francophone speakers to the USA are limited. Second, the presence of standard French (SF),2 reinforced by its use in schools, negatively affects the maintenance of indigenous vernacular varieties. Third, in any case, these varieties assume a limited functional role. With regard to current migratory currents, except for very small numbers of expatriate groups living in the New York area, California, and major cities like Atlanta, Chicago, and Philadelphia, the francophone communities are not renewed by a large and steady flow of immigrants. In 2005, only 4,399 per- manent immigrants arrived from France out of a total of 1,122,373 holders of permanent resident cards (Lagarde 2007). To be sure, there are large cohe- sive Haitian diaspora communities in Boston, the New York area, and southern Florida totaling more than one million persons that are bolstered by new arrivals (Zephir´ 2005). But most of these immigrants, especially those newly arriving, are primary speakers of Haitian Creole, not of French. French migratory currents toward the North American continent, particularly the Canadian part of “New France,” were not substantial. In the late seventeenth and in the eighteenth centuries, French colonial policy favored the plantation Copyright @ 2010. Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law. EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 7/18/2019 1:37 PM via INDIANA UNIV LIBRARIES- BLOOMINGTON AN: 329393 ; Potowski, Kim.; Language Diversity in the USA Account: iub.main.ehost 112 Language Diversity in the USA Table 7.1. Language spoken at home for selected areas: 1990 versus 2000 Census 1990 Census 2000 State/Region French French creole French French creole LA 227,376 34,797 194,100 4,470 New England 338,923 18,554 263,125 56,265 NY 183,868 52,208 174,080 114,745 CA 129,986 3,393 134,405 4,105 FL 110,725 83,121 125,650 208,485 TX 57,081 7,233 61,770 3,505 Total 1,047,959 199,306 953,130 391,575 US total 1,701,655 220,626 1,624,030 453,370 Source: US Census Bureau 2000a: Population 5 years and over. islands of the Caribbean with their potential for lucrative cash crops to the “acres of snow” of Canada referred to by Voltaire. For example, between 1663 and 1679, only 2,000 French migrated to New France (Charbonneau and Guillemette 1994: 163). At the time of the conquest of New France by the English in 1760, its population had reached only 70,000. However, by the middle of the nineteenth century, a high birth rate which the French Canadians call la revanche des berceaux (the revenge of the cradles) fueled a demographic expansion, and the population of former New France had risen to nearly a million (Thibault 2003: 899). It was this demographic vitality combined with economic difficulties that spurred migration in all directions from the province of Quebec.´ Beginning in the early 1960s, a new francophone community termed Floribec was established north of Miami by retiring Queb´ ecois´ “snowbirds” fleeing the icy winters of their homeland. This community of about 60,000 retirees, sup- plemented by Haitian immigrants, accounts for Florida’s standing as the Amer- ican state with the largest combined francophone and creolophone population. Between 1990 and 2000, there was approximately a 4.5 percent reduction in the number of persons declaring the use of French at home, but a 100 percent increase in the number of those declaring the use of French Creole, as dis- played in Table 7.1. Most of the latter are speakers of Haitian Creole living mainly in Florida, New York, and Massachusetts. The figure for French Creole in Louisiana refers most likely to speakers of Louisiana Creole (LC), an indige- nous variety differing from Haitian Creole that developed in the early years of the eighteenth century. Research by Klingler (2003) confirms that LC is mori- bund. The two long-established communities, New England and Louisiana, Copyright @ 2010. Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law. EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 7/18/2019 1:37 PM via INDIANA UNIV LIBRARIES- BLOOMINGTON AN: 329393 ; Potowski, Kim.; Language Diversity in the USA Account: iub.main.ehost French in the USA 113 Table 7.2. States with the largest French-speaking populations Percentage of all US Ages 5 + French speakers New York 141,017 10.64 Louisiana 129,910 9.80 California 129,454 9.76 Florida 103,095 7.77 Massachusetts 58,308 4.39 Texas 57,992 4.37 Maine 54,599 4.11 Maryland 46,959 3.54 Pennsylvania 42,732 3.22 New Jersey 41,243 3.11 Total in USA 1,355,805 Source: Modern Language Association 2009, US Census Bureau 2007c. show sharp declines in the use of French, whereas there are slight increases in California, Florida, and Texas. Table 7.2 shows the ten states with the largest French-speaking populations. That New England and Louisiana remain the communities with the highest concentration of French speakers is obvious because Louisiana and Maine are near the top of the list, despite having much smaller total populations than some of the other listed states. The relatively high numbers in Florida are also evident, and California can be seen to have a large number of speakers though, with its large population, this accounts for a relatively low concentration. Vernacular French communities The six New England states, northern New York state, and south Louisiana (the latter region often referred to as Acadiana or the Francophone Triangle) consti- tute the bastions of francophony in the USA.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Copyright by Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey 2010
    Copyright by Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey 2010 The Dissertation Committee for Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Planning language practices and representations of identity within the Gallo community in Brittany: A case of language maintenance Committee: _________________________________ Jean-Pierre Montreuil, Supervisor _________________________________ Cinzia Russi _________________________________ Carl Blyth _________________________________ Hans Boas _________________________________ Anthony Woodbury Planning language practices and representations of identity within the Gallo community in Brittany: A case of language maintenance by Cécile Hélène Christiane Rey, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2010 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my parents and my family for their patience and support, their belief in me, and their love. I would like to thank my supervisor Jean-Pierre Montreuil for his advice, his inspiration, and constant support. Thank you to my committee members Cinzia Russi, Carl Blyth, Hans Boas and Anthony Woodbury for their guidance in this project and their understanding. Special thanks to Christian Lefeuvre who let me stay with him during the summer 2009 in Langan and helped me realize this project. For their help and support, I would like to thank Rosalie Grot, Pierre Gardan, Christine Trochu, Shaun Nolan, Bruno Chemin, Chantal Hermann, the associations Bertaèyn Galeizz, Chubri, l’Association des Enseignants de Gallo, A-Demórr, and Gallo Tonic Liffré. For financial support, I would like to thank the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin for the David Bruton, Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations
    Sonderforschungsbereich Mehrsprachigkeit International Colloquium on Convergence and Divergence in Language Contact Situations 18–20 October 2007 University of Hamburg Research Centre on Multilingualism Welcome On behalf of our Research Centre on Multilingualism (Sonderforschungsbereich Mehrsprachigkeit), generously supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) and the University of Hamburg, we would like to welcome you all here in Hamburg. This colloquium deals with issues related to convergence and divergence in language contact situations, issues which had been rather neglected in the past but have received much more attention in recent years. Five speakers from different countries have kindly accepted our invitation to share their expertise with us by presenting their research related to the theme of this colloquium. (One colleague from the US fell seriously ill and deeply regrets not being able to join us. Unfortunately, another invited speak- er cancelled his talk only two weeks ago.) All the other presentations are re- ports from ongoing work in the (now altogether 18) research projects in our centre. We hope that the three conference days will be informative and stimulating for all of us, and that the colloquium will be remembered for both its friendly atmosphere and its lively, controversial discussions. The organising commit- tee has done its best to ensure that this meeting with renowned colleagues from abroad will be a good place to make new friends or reinforce long-stand- ing professional contacts. There will be many opportunities for doing that – during the coffee breaks and especially during the conference dinner at an ex- cellent French restaurant on Thursday evening.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of French-Canadian and Mexican-American Contemporary Poetry
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FRENCH-CANADIAN AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN CONTEMPORARY POETRY by RODERICK JAMES MACINTOSH, B.A., M.A. A DISSERTATION IN SPANISH Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Approved Accepted May, 1981 /V<9/J^ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am T«ry grateful to Dr. Edmundo Garcia-Giron for his direction of this dissertation and to the other mem­ bers of my committee, Dr. Norwood Andrews, Dr. Alfred Cismaru, Dr. Aldo Finco and Dr. Faye L. Bianpass, for their helpful criticism and advice. 11 ' V^-^'s;-^' CONTENTS ACKNOWI£DGMENTS n I. k BRIEF HISTORY OF QUE3EC 1 II• A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS ^9 III. A LITERARY HISTORY OF QUEBEC 109 IV. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF ^MEXICAN LITERATURE 164 7» A LITERARY HISTORY OF HffiXICAN-AT/lERICANS 190 ' VI. A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT CANADZkll FRENCH AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN SPANISH 228 VII- CONTEMPORARY PRSNCK-CANADIAN POETRY 2^7 VIII. CONTEMPORARY TffiCICAN-AMERICAN POETRY 26? NOTES 330 BIBLIOGRAPHY 356 111 A BRIEF HISTORY OF QUEBEC In 153^ Jacques Cartier landed on the Gaspe Penin­ sula and established French sovereignty in North America. Nevertheless, the French did not take effective control of their foothold on this continent until 7^ years later when Samuel de Champlain founded the settlement of Quebec in 1608, at the foot of Cape Diamond on the St. Laurence River. At first, the settlement was conceived of as a trading post for the lucrative fur trade, but two difficul­ ties soon becam,e apparent—problems that have plagued French Canada to the present day—the difficulty of comirunication across trackless forests and m.ountainous terrain and the rigors of the Great Canadian Winter.
    [Show full text]
  • Orientations to French Language Varieties Among Western Canadian French-As-A-Second- Language Teachers
    Meike Wernicke The University of British Columbia ORIENTATIONS TO FRENCH LANGUAGE VARIETIES AMONG WESTERN CANADIAN FRENCH-AS-A-SECOND- LANGUAGE TEACHERS Abstract: In Canada, official French-English bilingualism and the long-standing presence of Indigenous and immigrant languages has shaped how these languages and their varieties are learned, taught, and used in educational contexts. To date, there has been little inquiry into French-as-a-second-language (FSL) teachers’ orientations to the varieties of French they teach, in particular Canadian French language varieties (Arnott, Masson, and Lapkin 2019), despite studies showing that ideologies associated with different language varieties can impact teachers’ instructional choices. This article presents an analysis of the narrated experiences of FSL teachers from Western Canada, drawn from journal and interview accounts, about their encounters with different language varieties while on professional development in France. Thematic and discourse analytic perspectives bring to light complex negotiations of ideological meaning and representation related to language variation in French, as well as the discursive strategies employed by the participants in orientating to these meanings. These discursive actions make evident deeply embedded language ideologies that have significant implications for both French as a first and as a second language education, not only in terms of a prevailing linguistic insecurity among francophones but equally significant for FSL teachers’ professional identity construction, especially those who are themselves second language speakers of French. The analysis and discussion highlight the importance of integrating pluralistic perspectives into teacher education programs and ongoing teacher professional development initiatives. Keywords: French language education w Canadian French w linguistic insecurity w standardized language w language ideology Wernicke, Meike.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    The Michif Dictionary and Language Change in Métchif RICHARD A. RHODES University of California, Berkeley When Métchif ¿rst came to the attention of the outside world in 1972, the late John Crawford, a linguist in the English Department at the University of North Dakota, began working on it intensively, concentrating mostly on the speech community on the Turtle Mountain Reservation. In 1974 the Summer Institute of Linguistics/North Dakota program began using Turtle Mountain Métchif as the ¿eld language for students. This continued until 1986. During that time a large repository of basic Métchif data was accu- mulated, most of it of excellent quality, collected not only by students but also by instructors, all experienced ¿eldworkers. In the same time frame, Crawford set up a dictionary project in which he identi¿ed two of the better speakers from Turtle Mountain and tasked them with creating the diction- ary with only minimal outside help. The result was Laverdure and Allard (1983) The Michif Dictionary: Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree, the most widely available piece of documentation on Métchif. (A full discussion of the process can be found in Crawford’s introduction.) While Laverdure and Allard (1983) is very valuable, there are a number of crucial weaknesses in it that are not discernable in the absence of independent elicitation. These weaknesses arose because Crawford wanted the dictionary proj- ect to be community based. He gave the native speakers an operational framework and worked out an orthography with them, based on his under- standing of the Métchif sound system and using mostly English spelling conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • French Creole
    Comparative perspectives on the origins, development and structure of Amazonian (Karipúna) French Creole Jo-Anne S. Ferreira UWI, St. Augustine/SIL International Mervyn C. Alleyne UWI, Mona/UPR, Río Piedras Together known as Kheuól, Karipúna French Creole (KFC) and Galibi-Marwono French Creole (GMFC) are two varieties of Amazonian French Creole (AFC) spoken in the Uaçá area of northern Amapá in Brazil. Th ey are socio-historically and linguistically connected with and considered to be varieties of Guianese French Creole (GFC). Th is paper focuses on the external history of the Brazilian varieties, and compares a selection of linguistic forms across AFC with those of GFC and Antillean varieties, including nasalised vowels, the personal pronouns and the verbal markers. St. Lucian was chosen as representative of the Antillean French creoles of the South-Eastern Caribbean, including Martinique and Trinidad, whose populations have had a history of contact with those of northern Brazil since the sixteenth century. Data have been collected from both fi eld research and archival research into secondary sources. Introduction Th is study focuses on a group of languages/dialects which are spoken in Brazil, French Guiana and the Lesser Antilles, and to a lesser extent on others spoken in other parts of the Americas (as well as in the Indian Ocean). Th is linguistic group is variously referred to as Creole French, French Creole, French-lexicon Creole, French-lexifi er Creole, French Creole languages/dialects, Haitian/Martiniquan/St. Lucian (etc.) Cre- ole, and more recently by the adjective of the name of the country, particularly in the case of the Haiti (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Mise En Place D'un Dispositif Hybride Visant La Pratique De L'oral
    Mise en place d’un dispositif hybride visant la pratique de l’oral asynchrone dans une université coréenne Boris Labianca To cite this version: Boris Labianca. Mise en place d’un dispositif hybride visant la pratique de l’oral asynchrone dans une université coréenne. Sciences de l’Homme et Société. 2016. dumas-01340122 HAL Id: dumas-01340122 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01340122 Submitted on 30 Jun 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mise en place d’un dispositif hybride visant la pratique de l’oral asynchrone dans une université coréenne LABIANCA Boris Sous la direction de M. François MANGENOT UFR Langage, lettres et arts du spectacle, information et communication (LLASIC) Département Sciences du langage et français langue étrangère (FLE) Mémoire de master 2 professionnel - 30 crédits - Mention Sciences du langage Spécialité : Français Langue Etrangère Année universitaire 2015-2016 Mise en place d’un dispositif hybride visant la pratique de l’oral asynchrone dans une université coréenne LABIANCA Boris Sous la direction de M. François MANGENOT UFR Langage, lettres et arts du spectacle, information et communication (LLASIC) Département Sciences du langage et français langue étrangère (FLE) Mémoire de master 2 professionnel - 30 crédits - Mention Sciences du langage Spécialité : Français Langue Etrangère Année universitaire 2015-2016 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier mon directeur de mémoire, M.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sociolinguistic Study of the Regional French of Normandy
    Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Hall, Damien J. (2008) A Sociolinguistic Study of the Regional French of Normandy. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Pennsylvania. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/29541/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE REGIONAL FRENCH OF NORMANDY Damien John Hall A DISSERTATION in Linguistics Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2008 _________________________ Gillian Sankoff, Dissertation Supervisor _________________________ Eugene Buckley, Chair of the Graduate Group in Linguistics I gratefully dedicate this dissertation to everyone who helped. ii Acknowledgements It takes a village to raise a child, they say, and it is certainly no different for any work on the scale of a dissertation or a book.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Attitudes Towards Canadian French and English, 1691-1902: the Emergence of the Canadian Voices
    Language Attitudes towards Canadian French and English, 1691-1902: The Emergence of the Canadian Voices by Beau Brock A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French Linguistics Department of French Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Beau Brock 2014 Language Attitudes towards Canadian French and English, 1691- 1902: The Emergence of the Canadian Voices Beau Brock Doctor of Philosophy in French Linguistics Department of French Studies University of Toronto 2014 Abstract This dissertation examines the origins and development of attitudes (in the guise of beliefs and stereotypes) towards Canadian French and Canadian English during the 18th and 19th centuries, as expressed primarily by foreign travellers to North America. By conducting a comparative study of these two languages, I aim to build a bridge between French Canadian studies on Canadian French, and Anglophone Canadian studies on Canadian English, two fields which have historically been distinct and separate. The time period studies (1691-1902) is marked by major political and social change, including the English Conquest, the creation of Upper and Lower Canada (and later the United Province of Canada), and the Dominion, all of which had major, lasting effects on the development and status of both languages. In order to study the evolution of language attitudes during this period, I employed content analysis on the metalinguistic and cultural commentary in a wide variety of texts, including travel journals, scholarly and newspaper articles, monographs, and prescriptive texts, written in French and English. My analysis has shown that British commentators were the most critical of both languages (and peoples), and relied almost entirely on beliefs and stereotypes rather than empirical evidence to ii support their claims.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Meets South Korea: Strategies for Film Co-Productions Between Two Countries
    http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. New Zealand meets South Korea: Strategies for film co-productions between two countries A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Screen and Media Studies Department at The University of Waikato by JuHee Kim Year of submission 2017 Abstract This study investigates the state of international film co-productions between New Zealand and South Korea and whether such co-productions are possible, and if so, which modes or types of film co-productions are likely to succeed. The study is framed in the context of the two countries as well as the rapidly changing global marketplace. Increasingly, international film co-productions have gained importance in the film industry paralleling a growing tendency towards cross- border filmmaking. However, the phenomenon of international film co- productions, specifically between New Zealand and South Korea, has not been fully investigated to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Broadcasting Emay 4 the News Magazine of the Fifth Estate Vol
    The prrime time iinsups fort Vail ABC-TV in Los Angeles LWRT in Washington Broadcasting EMay 4 The News Magazine of the Fifth Estate Vol. 100 No. 18 50th Year 1981 m Katz. The best. The First Yea Of Broadcasting 1959 o PAGE 83 COPYRIGHT 0 1981 IA T COMMUNICATIONS CO Afready sok t RELUON PEOPLE... Abilene-Sweetwater . 65,000 Diary we elt Raleigh-Durham 246,000 Albany, Georgia 81,000 Rapid City 39,000 Albany-Schenectady- Reno 30,000 Troy 232,000 Richmond 206,000 Albuquerque 136,000 Roanoke-Lynchberg 236,000 Alexandria, LA 57,000 Detroit 642,000 Laredo 19,000 Rochester, NY 143,000 Alexandria, MN' 25,000 Dothan 62,000 Las Vegas 45,000 Rochester-Mason City- Alpena 11,000 Dubuque 18,000 Laurel-Hattiesburg 6,000 Austin 75,000 Amarillo 81,000 Duluth-Superior 107,000 Lexington 142,000 Rockford 109,000 Anchorage 27,000 El Centro-Yuma 13,000 Lima 21,000 Roswell 30,000 Anniston 27,000 El Paso 78,000 Lincoln-Hastings- Sacramento-Stockton 235,000 Ardmore-Ada 49,000 Elmira 32,000 Kearney 162,000 St. Joseph 30,000 Atlanta 605,000 Erie 71,000 Little Rock 197,000 St. Louis 409,000 Augusta 88,000 Eugene 34,000 Los Angeles 1 306,000 Salinas-Monterey 59,000 Austin, TX 84,000 Eureka 17,000 Louisville 277,000 Salisbury 30,000 Bakersfield 36,000 Evansville 117,000 Lubbock 78,000 Salt Lake City 188,000 Baltimore 299,000 Fargo 129,000 Macon 109,000 San Angelo 22,000 Bangor 68,000 Farmington 5,000 Madison 98,000 San Antonio 199,000 Baton Rouge 138,000 Flagstaff 11,000 Mankato 30,000 San Diego 252,000 Beaumont-Port Arthur 96,000 Flint-Saginaw-Bay City 201,000 Marquette 44,000 San Francisco 542,000 Bend 8,000 Florence, SC 89,000 McAllen-Brownsville Santa Barbara- (LRGV) 54,000 Billings 47,000 Ft.
    [Show full text]
  • Discord and Factionalism in New Caledonia
    CULTURAL POLITICS: DISCORD AND FACTIONALISM IN NEW CALEDONIA, 1991 TO 1993 Margaret Alison Taylor A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London 1997 LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE 1 UMI Number: U109404 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U109404 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I w£S£S> F 74^7 ABSTRACT This thesis focusses on the activities of a group of young French people staying in a hostel in Noumea from 1991 to 1993. It draws on my fieldwork in Noumea and Mare in the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia. The main part of the thesis looks at the interactions of this group of young people with other ethnic and social groups living in New Caledonia. These include the Kanaks, the “Caldoches” (native-born Caledonians of French origin), the “Metros” (immigrants from metropolitan France), Pacific islanders, Vietnamese and Indonesians. The thesis also includes a short section describing Mare itself and my fieldwork there. Particular attention is paid to the Kanaks and to the Caldoches, whose rural and urban lifestyles are compared and contrasted to those of the young people being studied.
    [Show full text]