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Spatial Distribution of Nymphula Depunctalis Guenée Larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), an Early Vegetative Pest of Oryza Sativa L

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Spatial Distribution of Nymphula Depunctalis Guenée Larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), an Early Vegetative Pest of Oryza Sativa L Academic Journal of Entomology 5 (1): 41-46, 2012 ISSN 1995-8994 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aje.2012.5.1.61267 Spatial Distribution of Nymphula depunctalis Guenée Larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), an Early Vegetative Pest of Oryza sativa L. 12Hiren Gogoi and Dipsikha Bora 1Department of Zoology, Silapathar Science College, Silapathar-787059, Assam, India 2Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India Abstract: Rice caseworm, Nymphula depunctalis Guenée is a serious pest of paddy that attacks young rice plants in waterlogged paddy fields. Present study was designed to determine the spatial distribution of N. depunctalis larvae in ten farmer’s rice fields of Dhemaji district, Assam, India and in 13 cultivars of Oryza sativa 22 L. in a controlled experimental field. Results of the variance to mean ratio (S /m), index of dispersion (ID ), test, Z test and Lloyd’s mean crowding indicated highly aggregated spatial distribution pattern of N. depunctalis larvae. In farmers field condition, only two occasions in booting period showed uniform distribution pattern. In controlled experimental field, degree of aggregation was comparatively low than the farmers field condition. Only one occasion in stem elongation and five occasions in booting period showed uniform distribution pattern. Key words: Nymphula depunctalis Guenée Spatial Distribution Index of Dispersion (ID ) and Lloyd’s Mean Crowding INTRODUCTION blade to construct larval case. Cut leaf piece trends to roll due to lack of turgor pressure which is further secured by Spatial distribution of a population that is the the larvae with silk. A new case was constructed position that individuals occupy in environment one immediately after each moult or when it was accidently relative to the others at a given time is a central issue in removed from the case. population dynamics studies. A population may show Each female moth laid 300-400 eggs, 200-300 eggs and three basic patterns of distribution: random, uniform 50-70 eggs in day 2, day 3 and day 4 respectively. N. (regular) and aggregated (clustered). Pattern may change depunctalis larvae need water for respiration and in time, among developmental stages of a same species or movement from plant to plant and the moths prefer to lay even occur superposed in a given population [1, 2]. eggs on the underside of leaves that are floating on the Identification of the distribution pattern is essential to water surface [15]. Egg desiccates if laid on aerial portion develop sampling programs, especially those involving of the leaves [16]. species considered pests [3]. Present study was designed to determine the spatial Rice caseworm, Nymphula depunctalis Guenée distribution of N. depunctalis larvae in ten farmer’s rice (=Parapoynx stagnalis Zeller) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) is fields of Dhemaji district, Assam and in 13 cultivars of O. a serious pest of paddy that attacks young rice plants in sativa in a controlled experimental field. waterlogged paddy fields [4-9] and is reported from South and South East Asia, China, Japan, Australia, South MATERIALS AND METHODS America (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela), Central Africa (Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda and The study was conducted in Dhemaji district, Assam, Zaire), East Africa and several West African countries India during the year 2008, 2009 and 2010. Study site was and probably occurs throughout West Africa [10-14]. geographically situated between the 94° 12' 18'' E and 95° Larvae crawl and grip with the aid of 6 thoracic legs, 41' 32'' E longitudes and 27° 05' 27'' N and 27° 57' 16'' N while the crochets are used to cling to its case. latitudes. It is basically plain area lying at an altitude of Second instar larvae cut leaves near the tip of the leaf 104 m above mean sea level. Corresponding Author: Hiren Gogoi, Department of Zoology, Silapathar Science College, Silapathar-787059, Assam, India. 41 Acad. J. Entomol., 5 (1): 41-46, 2012 To study the spatial distribution pattern of were selected for each cultivar in the controlled N. depunctalis larvae, population density was estimated experimental field. Spatial distribution of N. depunctalis both in farmer’s field condition and in controlled field larvae was determined by index of dispersion and Lloyd's condition. Larvae were identified by their larval case; mean crowding. presence of branched tracheal gills, shorter than segment’s length; and thorax with dorsal gill group [17]. Index of Dispersion: Dispersion of a population can be Study was conducted during tillering, stem elongation classified through calculation of the variance to mean and booting stage in the months July and August; ratio; namely: S2 /m = 1 random, < 1 regular and > 1 September and October respectively. For the studies in aggregated. Departure from a random distribution can be farmer’s field condition, ten number of farmer’s paddy tested by calculating the index of dispersion (ID ), where n fields were selected in the district and study was denotes the number of samples: conducted irrespective of hill density of rice plants and 2 water level of the field. Controlled experimental field was ID= (n-1) S /m situated in Bakal Gaon Pathar of the district. 2 ID is approximately distributed as with n-1 degrees Farmer’s Field Condition: In farmer’s fields, three types of freedom. Values of ID which fall outside a confidence of hill density viz. 16 hills per m22 , 20 hills/m and interval bounded with n-1 degrees of freedom and 25 hills/m2 and water level of range 0-30 cm were selected probability levels of 0.95 and 0.05, for instance, considered at random. Eight to nine cultivars of O. sativa would indicate a significant departure from a random were recorded in each farmer’s field. distribution. This index can be tested by Z value as follows: 1/2 1/2 Controlled Field Condition: In controlled experimental Z = (2ID -(2 -1) field, seedlings 25 DAS (days after sowing) were = n-1 transplanted at a hill density 20 hills per m2 with 4 seedlings per hill. Water level of 10-15 cm for tillering If 1.96 Z -1.96, the spatial distribution would be stage, 5-10 cm for stem elongation stage and 0-5 cm for random but if Z <-1.96 or Z > 1.96, it would be uniform and booting stage was maintained during the experimental aggregated, respectively [19]. period. Thirteen cultivars of O. sativa were transplanted in the controlled experimental field in an area of 100m2 per Lloyd's Mean Crowding X*: Mean crowding (x*) was cultivar. proposed by Lloyd to indicate the possible effect of mutual interference or competition among individuals. Environmental Parameters: In both farmer’s field Theoretically mean crowding is the mean number of other condition and controlled field condition environmental individuals per individual in the same quadrate: parameters, rainfall, relative humidity and air temperature were same. Mean rainfall of 20.67-26.85 X* = m + (S2 /m)-1 mm/day, 4.56-15.45 mm/day and2.31-5.19 mm/day; relative humidity of 89.55-90.84 %, 83.63-91.10 % and 81.58-85.32% As an index, mean crowding is highly dependent and air temperature of 27.59-28.66°C, 27.46-29.29°C upon both the degree of clumping and population and 25.69-26.51 °C were recorded during tillering, stem density. To remove the effect of changes in density, elongation and booting period. Lloyd introduced the index of patchiness, expressed as the ratio of mean crowding to the mean. As with the Population Density in Farmer’s Field: Population density variance-to-mean ratio, the index of patchiness is of N. depunctalis larvae was estimated in ten number of dependent upon quadrate size x* / m= 1 random, <1 farmer’s paddy fields. For this, 45-55 quadrats [18] were regular and >1 aggregated [20]. selected in each field depending on the number of rice cultivars, considering five quadrats for each cultivar. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Population Density in Different Cultivars of O. sativa: Population density, considered as the mean number Density was also estimated in 13 cultivars of O. sativa of larvae per square meter (m), variance to mean ratio 22 traditionally cultivated by the farmers of Dhemaji district, (S /m), chi square value ( ), index of dispersion (ID ) Assam (India) in an experimental field. For this, 5 quadrats and Lloyd mean crowding are shown in Table 1-6. 42 Acad. J. Entomol., 5 (1): 41-46, 2012 22 Table 1: Mean population density of N. depunctalis larvae per square meter (m), variance to mean ratio (S /m), chi square value ( ), index of dispersion (ID ), Z value and Lloyd mean crowding (x*) in farmer’s rice fields during tillering period of O. sativa 2008 2009 2010 ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- 2 2 2 2 22 Rice field n m S /m ID Z X* m S /m I DD Z X* m S /m I Z X* Akajan Patiri 45 29.42 101.35 238.71 4459.25 85.11 129.77 9.69 22.97 86.67 1010.81 35.64 31.66 21.07 49.69 114.04 2186.15 56.80 69.76 Arsi Lason 55 18 91.93 299.55 4964.11 89.30 108.93 18.60 52.72 358.58 2847.05 65.12 70.32 17.95 80.05 276.53 4322.92 82.64 97.00 Balikata Miri 45 21.76 182.03 245.00 8009.46 117.24 202.79 2.24 8.83 132.80 388.65 18.55 10.07 10.27 91.43 181.60 4023.00 80.37 100.70 Fulbari Asomia 45 61.24 116.99 145.00 5147.67 92.14 177.23 41.47 81.25 183.80 3575.09 75.23 121.72 38.33 84.16 106.58 3703.15 76.73 121.49 Galowa 50 42.35 161.74 86.80 7925.13 116.05 203.09 8.19 20.87 285.24 1022.64 35.38 28.06 32.86 74.71 121.36 3660.86 75.72 106.57
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