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Transport Operator Fatigue in Norway: Literature Review and Expert Opinion

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Transport Operator Fatigue in Norway: Literature Review and Expert Opinion TØI report 1395/2015 Ross Owen Phillips Tor-Olav Nævestad Torkel Bjørnskau Transport operator fatigue in Norway: literature review and expert opinion Fatigue in Transport Report III TØI Report 1395/2015 Transport operator fatigue in Norway: literature and expert opinion Fatigue in Transport Report III This report is covered by the terms and conditions specified by the Norwegian Copyright Act. Contents of the report may be used for referencing or as a source of information. Quotations or references must be attributed to the Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) as the source with specific mention made to the author and report number. For other use, advance permission must be provided by TØI. ISSN 0808-1190 ISBN 978-82-480-1565-9 Electronic version Oslo, March 2015 Title: Fatigue in operators of land- and sea-based transport Tittel: Trøtthet i norsk land- og sjøtransport. forms in Norway. Literature review and expert opinion. Litteraturgjennomgang og intervjuer. Fatigue in Transport Report III. Author(s): Ross Owen Phillips Forfattere: Ross Owen Phillips Tor-Olav Nævestad Tor-Olav Nævestad Torkel Bjørnskau Torkel Bjørnskau Date: 03.2015 Dato: 03.2015 TØI report: 1395/2015 TØI rapport: 1395/2015 Pages 129 Sider 129 ISBN Electronic: 978-82-480-1612-0 ISBN Elektronisk: 978-82-480-1612-0 ISSN 0808-1190 ISSN 0808-1190 Financed by: The Research Council of Norway Finansieringskilde: Norges forskningsråd Project: 3719 – Fatigue in transport Prosjekt: 3719 – Trøtthet i transport Quality manager: Fridulv Sagberg Kvalitetsansvarlig: Fridulv Sagberg Key words: Fatigue Emneord: Lokfører Maritime Norway Sjøfart Professional drivers Trøtthet Rail Yrkessjåfør Summary: Sammendrag: This report uses literature review and expert interviews to Til tross for at trøtthet er en viktig risikofaktor i norsk vei-, bane- og assess the need for improved fatigue management in sjøtransport, mangler vi gode date om omfanget av problemet blant Norwegian land- and sea-based transport sectors. Fatigue is an operatører. Innenfor vei-, bane- og sjøtransport kan man identifisere important safety risk in the road, rail and maritime sectors in spesielle bransjer der risikoen for trøtthet og utmattelse er høy. Det Norway. Even so, we know little about prevalence of fatigue in er imidlertid i liten grad satt i verk systematiske programmer for å operators. We identify several branches in which operators may redusere problemet. I jernbanetransport kan det likevel se ut til at be more likely to be fatigued. Systematic programs for the det arbeides systematisk for å redusere trøtthet blant lokførere. management of fatigue are scarce, and there is no evidence Systematiske programmer for å håndtere trøtthet kan trolig først bli that companies in any sector actually attempt to measure realisert på bred basis om nytten av slike programmer kan fatigue in their operators. The rail sector may be best at tackling dokumenteres. Rapporten anbefaler en rekke tiltak for å redusere the more serious fatigue problems faced by its operators. We problemene knyttet til trøtthet innenfor vei-, bane- og sjøtransport i make recommendations for the improved management of Norge. fatigue. Promotion of the business benefits of tackling fatigue may be essential for widespread uptake of fatigue countermeasures across transport sectors. Language of report: English This report is available only in electronic version. Rapporten utgis kun i elektronisk utgave. Institute of Transport Economics Transportøkonomisk Institutt Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Copyright © Transportøkonomisk Institutt Denne publikasjonen er vernet i henhold til Åndsverkloven av 1961 Ved gjengivelse av materiale fra publikasjonen, må fullstendig kilde oppgis Transport operator fatigue in Norway: literature and expert opinion Preface This is the third report from the project Fatigue in Transport (FiT), carried out within the TRANSIKK programme (Transportsikkerhet) of the Research Council of Norway. The main objective of the FiT project is to increase what we know about fatigue in human transport operators in the road, maritime and rail sectors in Norway. Report I from the FiT project was issued as TØI Report 1351/2014, with the title “What is fatigue and how does it affect the safety performance of human transport operators?”. This was an account of how fatigue can be operationalised in order to study its prevalence and effects in human operators of land and sea transport. Report II was issued as TØI Report 1354/2014, with the title “An assessment of studies of human fatigue in land and sea transport”. This report reviewed international studies of fatigue in transport operators, and evaluated the studies according to their operationalization of fatigue. Reports III and IV from the FiT project focus on fatigue in Norwegian transport. By reviewing relevant literature and interviewing experts, the present report – Report III – assembles current knowledge on the prevalence, causes, consequences, management and regulation of fatigue in operators of land- and sea-based transport forms in Norway. Report IV will present the results of a survey of operators working in Norway, structured using the findings from Report III. The project manager was Ross Owen Phillips. He has written the report together with Tor- Olav Nævestad and Torkel Bjørnskau. Trude Rømming has been involved in editing the report and preparing it for publication. Fridulv Sagberg has quality assured the report. The authors wish to thank FiT Reference Group – Margareta Lützhöft, Ebba Wergeland, Emma Wadsworth and Anne Kari Rasmussen – for their contribution at the outset of this report. We especially wish to thank the anonymous experts and their employers for the time they gave to us. The following also deserve thanks for helping or reviewing drafts of the report: Elisabeth Vaagen Samsøe, Håvard Gåseidnes and Vegar Berntsen at Sjøfartsdirektoratet, Cathrine Elgin Engström and Merete Aass at Flytoget AS, Jørgen Aarhaug at TØI, Ottar Omstad (taxi owner), Caroline Sagen Paulsen at Norges taxieierforbund, and Håkon Willerud and Yogi Samant at Arbeidstilsynet. Oslo, March, 2015 Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) Gunnar Lindberg Fridulv Sagberg Managing Director Principal Research Psychologist Transport operator fatigue in Norway: literature and expert opinion Contents Summary Sammendrag Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 3 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 2 General background .................................................................................... 3 2.1 Fatigued, sleepy or tired? ..................................................................................... 3 2.2 Working conditions and the Norwegian model ............................................... 5 2.3 Fatigue in the Norwegian population ................................................................ 6 2.4 A Norwegian perspective on fatigue ................................................................. 8 3 Aim ............................................................................................................ 11 4 Methods ..................................................................................................... 12 4.1 Literature review ................................................................................................. 12 4.2 Expert interviews ................................................................................................ 13 5 Professional drivers in road transport ....................................................... 15 5.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 15 5.1.1 Framework conditions ......................................................................... 15 5.1.2 Working conditions .............................................................................. 19 5.1.3 Working time ........................................................................................ 20 5.2 Prevalence ............................................................................................................ 22 5.2.1 Previous research in Norway .............................................................. 23 5.2.2 Findings from interviews with experts .............................................. 25 5.3 Causes of fatigue ................................................................................................. 25 5.3.1 Previous research in Norway .............................................................. 26 5.3.2 Findings from interviews with experts .............................................. 28 5.4 Consequences ...................................................................................................... 35 5.4.1 Previous research in Norway .............................................................. 36 5.4.2 Findings from interviews with experts .............................................. 38 5.5 Regulation and management of fatigue ........................................................... 39 5.5.1 Previous research in Norway .............................................................. 40 5.5.2 Findings from interviews with experts .............................................. 42 5.6 Expert recommendations on what to do to improve fatigue ...................... 47 5.7 Summary
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