3 Issue-12 December- 2016 Pages - 70 Indian Farmer a Monthly Magazine
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ISSN 2394-1227 Volume: 3 Issue-12 December- 2016 Pages - 70 Indian Farmer A Monthly Magazine Volume: 3, Issue-12 December -2016 Sr. Full length Articles Page Editorial Board No. Economic impact of subclinical ketosis and clinical management of the 815-819 1 affected dairy herd Editor In Chief A. Gopalakrishnan, B. Balamurugan, M.I.Yatoo1, M. Saminathan, Vivek joshi, Y. Ajith and Umesh Dimri Obstructive Urolithiasis in ruminants: an overview Dr. V.B. Dongre, Ph.D. 2 820-821 Deepesh Gautam, Deepa Singh, Ravi Shankar Kumar Mandal and Bala- murugan B Editor 3 Ethnoveterinary practices used as a Galactogogues in Dairy Animals 822-824 Subhash Chandra, Amit Kumar, Archana Yadav, Mukesh bhakat and Pooja Tamboli Dr. A.R. Ahlawat, Ph.D. 4 Common plant toxicity and their treatments in livestock sector 825-831 P. Samal, D. Jena, S. Dwivedy, S. Behera and A. Mahapatra Members 5 Diseases Transmitted through Semen in Bovines 832-834 Dr. Alka Singh, Ph.D. Pankaj Gunwant, A.K.Pandey, Sunil Kumar, Piyush Tomar, Dipin Chander Yadav and Manish Kumar Dr. K. L. Mathew, Ph.D. 6 Food Borne Bacterial Pathogens - Prevention and Control 835-839 Dr. Mrs. Santosh, Ph.D. Piyush Tomar, Neelam Rani, Pankaj Gunwant and Sunil Kumar Dr. S. S. Patil, Ph.D. 7 Seed treatment, Methods and its Impact to produce more food grain 840-843 Sumita Das and Subhashree Dash Subject Editors 8 Epigenetics: Regulation of Gene Expression 844-846 Ravinder Dahiya, Lalit and Kapil Dev Agriculture 9 Economicaly Important Traits in Dairy Breeds of Cattle and Buffaloes 847-849 Dr. R. S. Tomar, Ph.D Ravinder Dahiya, Lalit and Kapil Dev 10 Homa Organic Farming: Science behind Concepts and Methodologies 850-853 Veterinary Science Shinogi KC, Sanjay Srivastava, Rashmi I, Radha TK, Rosin KG and Sar- Dr. P. SenthilKumar, Ph.D. vendra Kumar 11 Fish-Cum-Pig Farming: An Effective Integration 854-863 Home Science Sasmita Panda, Kuldeep Kumar Panigrahy, Lakshman Kumar Babu, Arun Dr. Mrs. Surabhi Singh, Ph.D. Kumar Panda, Promila Marndi and Siddhant Sekhar Sahoo 12 Unrefined Natural Sugars 864-868 Horticulture Dr. Timur Ahlawat, Ph.D Gurpreet Kaur and Jagbir Rehal 13 Traditional and Modern Grain Storage Facilities 869-873 Mokshata Gupta, Tarun Kumar Varun, Shilpa Choudhary, Nirmala Mu- wel, Kanti Raje, Lokesha E and Yengkhom Rojita Devi 14 Isoprene Emission from Bioenergy Plantations- Serious Concern of 874-880 Global Warming Vibha Singhal, Jyotirmoy Ghosh and Sheeraz Bhat 15 Slowly Digestible Starch (SDS) and its Health Implications 881-884 Ponbhagavathi T R T M, Singh A K, Sandhya S, Bensi P S, Tanya Tyagi, Munirathnama V and Kavitha N (Note: ‘Indian Farmer’ may not necessarily subscribe to the views expressed in the articles published herein. The views are expressed by authors, editorial board does not take any responsibility of the content of the articles) Indian Farmer 3(12):815-819; December-2016 Gopalakrishnan et al Economic impact of subclinical ketosis and clinical management of the affected dairy herd A. Gopalakrishnan1*, B. Balamurugan2, M.I.Yatoo1, M. Saminathan3, Vivek joshi1, Y. Ajith1 and Umesh Dimri1 1Division of Medicine, 2Division of Animal Reproduction, 3Division of Pathology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243122, Uttar Pradesh, India. *Corresponding author: [email protected] ubclinical ketosis (SCK) is defined as risk for developing ketosis. High yielding increased levels of serum ketone cattle generally suffer either within a S bodies concentrations which are month after calving or any time during betahydroxybutyrate (BHBA) greater than lactation period. This is because all high 1.4 mmol/l during early lactation without yielding cows in the early lactation remain the presence of clinical signs of ketosis in negative energy balance. Infrequently it (Duffield et al., 2009). It is a most can be observed in dry cows which are in important metabolic disorder and late pregnancy. A significant relation occurring due to negative energy balance between animal age, number of parturition, around calving. This disorder have been mastitis and subclinical ketosis has been associated with decreased milk production, reported by Dohoo et al. (1984). Subclinical impaired reproductive performance, ketosis was more likely to be found in cows displaced abomasums, metritis, mastitis, experiencing metritis than in unaffected and clinical ketosis. cows. INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS DIETARY ENERGY IMBALANCE The incidence of ketosis is higher in third The ketone body level in circulation is lactation or following that. The peak influenced by both the energy balance and prevalence of subclinical ketosis occurs plasma glucose. The high-producing dairy during the fourth week of lactation cows are more susceptible due to energy averages 30% in most herds. Subclinical intake may not keep up with demand. ketosis (SCK) incidence is far more Feeding silage with high butyric acid common than clinical disease and content and less dry matter intake are frequently goes unnoticed. There are leading to increases the risk of subclinical indications that cows with the highest milk ketosis. After post calving, the low blood yield directly after calving are at greatest glucose and negative energy balance which 815 | P a g e Indian Farmer 3(12):815-819; December-2016 Gopalakrishnan et al can stimulate the body starts to mobilize elevated cell count and clinical mastitis. the body’s fat stores. Fat mobilization Ketosis causes economic losses to the dairy releases NEFA into the blood, where they industry because of decreased milk yields can be used as a fuel source for several and lower milk protein and milk lactose, tissues, including muscle and can also be decreased reproductive efficiency (delayed used by the mammary gland for fat estrus and lower first service conception synthesis. rates, increased intercalving intervals and A portion of the NEFA released from increased risk of cystic ovarian disease and lipolysis will be removed from the blood by mastitis), increased involuntary culling, the liver. The liver can completely oxidize and increased treatment costs (Ardvan these fatty acids for energy, it can partially Nowroozi et al., 2011). oxidize them to produce ketones, or the The economic loss of one cow with fatty acids can be packaged back as subclinical ketosis is estimated to be $78 triglycerides and then incorporated into U.S (Geishauser et al., 2001). Averages of lipoproteins to go back to the tissues, or 100 dairy cows were suffered with stored in the liver (Allen et al., 2013). The subclinical ketosis and the incidence rate of three most common ketones produced by 41 percent with an annual cost of $3198 the partial oxidation of fatty acids in the (Todd Duffield, 2003). The loss due to liver include acetone (AC), acetoacetate ketosis was estimated by (ACAC), and BHBA and these three can be (Thirunavukkarasu et al., 2010) and used for energy by some tissues, such as reported that Rs. 577.09 per affected cow, the brain, skeletal muscle, and cardiac which included the cost of medicines (Rs. muscles. Out of this three ketone bodies, 262.99, 45.57 percent), veterinarian’s fee the BHBA is an important for diagnosis, including additional labour cost (Rs. because of this more stable than other two 224.98, 38.99 percent) and expenses on ketone bodies. feed supplements (Rs. 89.12, 15.44 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE percent). Metabolic disorders of cattle affect dairy CLINICAL SIGNS cows immediately after parturition. Among In subclinical ketosis, urine and blood metabolic diseases, ketosis is a common contain ketone bodies in excess amounts disease in lactating dairy animals without showing obvious symptoms of (Thirunavukkarasu et al. 2010). Clinical ketosis. But, SCK will have diminished and subclinical ketosis is one of the major productivity including depression of milk causes of loss to the dairy farmer. Sub- yield and a reduction in fertility. Potential clinical ketosis is however far more costly milk production is reduced by 1 – 9 %. than clinical ketosis which is visible and Also, it causes increased clinical disease treated; as will bring on immune deficiency risk, impaired immune function, and symptoms mostly commonly verified in increased risk of culling. 816 | P a g e Indian Farmer 3(12):815-819; December-2016 Gopalakrishnan et al DIAGNOSIS g/day of propylene glycol for 10 days Hypoglycaemia (<30mg/100 ml), lowered serum non-esterified fatty ketonaemia (40mg/100ml milk) and acids (NEFA) concentrations and ketonuria (500-1000mg ketone bodies improved some measures of /100ml of urine) are characteristics of the reproductive performance in one study disease. There is an increase in plasma free (Formigoni et al., 1996). fatty acids in some cases. The gold The recommendations for prevention standard test for SCK is blood β-hydroxy have focused on the nutritional butyrate (BHB) which is more stable management of the dry and transition ketone body than acetone or acetoacetate. cow. SCK may start at serum concentrations It is a common recommendation to above 1,000 μmol/L. A threshold value of divide the dry period into two feeding 1,400 μmol/L BHB of blood has been groups: far-off and close-up (Radostits described to distinguish between cows et al, 1994). Typically, far-off diets with and without SCK (Oetzel 2004). follow NRC (2001) guidelines for dry Subclinical ketosis can be revealed by cows. The close-up diet is usually determining levels of plasma glucose, balanced according to plasma NEFA and blood, and milk or urine recommendations that are halfway ketone body concentration. between those for the dry cow and those for the early lactation cow and TREATMENT AND PREVENTION should be fed starting at least three The three common treatments used to weeks before expected calving. elevate blood glucose and control The goals of the transition diet ketogenesis are; intravenous infusions (specifically designed to prevent of glucose, intramuscular injections of subclinical ketosis) are to maximize dry hormones (glucocorticoid, matter intake (DMI) to provide adrenocorticotrophic, cortisone) to adequate energy density (Oetzel, 1998) stimulate gluconeogenesis and oral We should maintain cows in good body glucogenic materials (Radostits et al., condition and avoid excessive fattening 1994).