US 20170 105432A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0105432 A1 Karanewsky et al. (43) Pub. Date: Apr. 20, 2017

(54) SWEETENER AND FLAVOR ENHANCER A6IR 9/00 (2006.01) FORMULATIONS A2.3L 2/60 (2006.01) A6II 47/26 (2006.01) (71) Applicant: Senomyx, Inc., San Diego, CA (US) (52) U.S. Cl. CPC ...... A23L I/22678 (2013.01); A23L I/236 (72) Inventors: Donald S. Karanewsky, Escondido, (2013.01): A2.3L. I./22091 (2013.01); A23L CA (US); Catherine Tachdjian, San I/22685 (2013.01); A23L 2/60 (2013.01): Diego, CA (US); Guy Servant, San A2.3L 2/56 (2013.01); A61K 47/46 (2013.01); Diego, CA (US) A61K 47/26 (2013.01); A61K 47/22 (2013.01); A61K 9/0095 (2013.01); A61K 9/0053 (21) Appl. No.: 14/885,770 (2013.01); A23 V 2002/00 (2013.01) (22)22) FileFiled: Oct.c. 16,10, 2015 (57) ABSTRACT Publication Classification Formulations comprising one or more Sweetener and one or (51) Int. Cl. more flavor modifying compound are provided herein, A2.3L I/30 (2006.01) wherein the formulation is provided for use in ingestible A2.3L 2/56 (2006.01) products, such as food or beverage products or pharmaceu A6 IK 47/46 (2006.01) tical, or for use in non-comestible products, such as cosmetic A6 IK 47/22 (2006.01) or hygienic products. US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017

SWEETENER AND FLAVOR ENHANCER any natural or synthesized Sweet flavor compound that FORMULATIONS elicits a perception of Sweetness. In some embodiments, the Sweetener is a non-caloric Sweetener, a reduced calorie BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Sweetener, or a non-target caloric Sweetener. 0001 Field 0011. In some embodiments, the flavor modifying com 0002 The present disclosure relates to the field of flavor pound is a flavor modifying compound as disclosed in U.S. enhancers and Sweeteners in foods, beverages, pharmaceu Application Publication No. 2008/0306093, entitled “Modu ticals, and other ingestible compositions. More specifically, lation of Chemosensory Receptors and Ligands Associated the present disclosure relates to combinations of sweet Therewith, filed Jun. 8, 2007, which is incorporated herein tasting compounds with flavor modifying compounds. by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the flavor 0003 Background Description modifying compound is an embodiment of a flavor modi 0004. The taste system provides sensory information fying compound as disclosed in U.S. Application Publica about the chemical composition of the external world. Taste transduction is one of the most Sophisticated forms of tion No. 2011/0245494, entitled “Processes and intermedi chemical-triggered sensation in animals. Signaling of taste is ates for making sweet taste enhancers', filed Jul. 29, 2009, found throughout the animal kingdom, from simple meta which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In Zoans to the most complex of vertebrates. Mammals are Some embodiments, the flavor modifying compound is an believed to recognize five basic taste modalities: Sweet, embodiment of a flavor modifying compound as disclosed in bitter, Sour, Salty, and umami (the taste of monosodium U.S. Application Publication No. 2014/0107370, entitled glutamate, a.k.a. Savory taste), through specific chemosen “Processes and intermediates for making Sweet taste enhanc sory receptors and ion channels located at the Surface of taste ers, filed Oct. 15, 2013, which is incorporated herein by receptor cells located in taste buds. reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the flavor 0005 Today, the average American consumes almost 152 modifying compound is an embodiment of a flavor modi pounds of Sugar in one year. This is equal to 3 pounds (or 6 fying compound as disclosed in U.S. Application Publica cups) of Sugar consumed in one week. Obesity, diabetes, and tion No. 2011/0245353, entitled “Sweet flavor modifier, cardiovascular disease are health concerns on the rise glob filed Mar. 31, 2011, which is incorporated herein by refer ally, but are growing at alarming rates in the United States. ence in its entirety. In some embodiments, the flavor modi Sugar and calories are key components that can be limited fying compound is an embodiment of a flavor modifying to render a positive nutritional effect on health. High compound as disclosed in U.S. Application Publication No. intensity Sweeteners can provide the Sweetness of Sugar, 2014/01284.81, entitled “Sweet flavor modifier, filed Oct. with various taste qualities. Because they are many times 23, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its Sweeter than Sugar, much less of the Sweetener is required to entirety. replace the Sugar. As a result, many industries are using Sweeteners in place of Sugar. 0012. Thus, in some embodiments, the formulation hav 0006. However, sweeteners such as saccharin and ing a Sweetener and one or more flavor modifying com 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide potas pound comprises the flavor modifying compound defined by sium salt (acesulfame potassium) are commonly character Formula I: ized as having undesirable bitter and/or metallic aftertastes. Products prepared with 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid are claimed to display reduced undesirable aftertastes associated (I) with Sweeteners, and do so at concentrations below those concentrations at which their own tastes are perceptible. In contrast, Some high-intensity Sweeteners, notably Sucralose (1,6-dichloro-1, 6-dideoxy-3-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4- deoxy-C-D-galacto-pyranoside) and aspartame (N-L-C.-as partyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester), display clean Sweet O H NH O tastes very similar to that of sugar (S. G. Wiet and G. A. Miller, Food Chemistry, 58(4):305-311 (1997)). In other O words, these compounds are not characterized as having bitter or metallic aftertastes. 0007 Some high intensity sweeteners such as sucralose or a salt thereof. and aspartame are reported to have Sweetness delivery 0013. In other embodiments, the formulation could problems, i.e., delayed onset and lingering of Sweetness (S. include a Sweetener, a different flavor modifying compound, G. Wiet, et al., J. Food Sci., 58(3):599-602, 666 (1993)). and a flavor modifying compound comprising a compound 0008 Hence, there is a need for formulations of Sweet eners that have desirable characteristics. defined by Formula I. 0014 Some embodiments provide an ingestible compo SUMMARY sition, comprising a compound having the structure of 0009. In some embodiments provided herein is a formu Formula (I) and a sweetener. lation comprising one or more Sweetener in combination 0015. In some embodiments, the formulation having a with one or more flavor modifying compound. Sweetener and one or more flavor modifying compound 0010. In some embodiments, the sweetener is a com comprises the flavor modifying compound defined by For pound with Sweet flavor including without any limitation mula II: US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017

ers by imparting a more Sugar-like taste or characteristic by (II) utilizing natural Sweeteners in conjunction with other natural H. or synthetic Sweeteners. In some embodiments, the ingest os-N ible compositions provide a more Sugar-like temporal pro file, including Sweetness onset and Sweetness linger, and/or N& a more Sugar-like flavor profile. 0021. In some embodiments, the ingestible composition H can be food or beverage products. NH O 0022. In some embodiments, the beverage can be selected from enhanced sparkling beverages, fruit juices, fruit-flavored juices, juice drinks, nectars, vegetable juices, vegetable-flavored juices, sports drinks, energy drinks, or a salt thereof. enhanced water drinks, enhanced water with vitamins, near 0016. In other embodiments, the formulation could water drinks, coconut waters, tea-type drinks, coffees, cocoa include a Sweetener, a different flavor modifying compound, drinks, beverages containing milk components, beverages and a flavor modifying compound comprising a compound containing cereal extracts, and Smoothies. defined by Formula II. 0023. In some embodiments, the ingestible composition 0017. Some embodiments provide an ingestible compo can be pharmaceutical products, nutritional products, dietary sition, comprising a compound having the structure of Supplements, or over-the-counter medications. In some Formula (II) and a sweetener. embodiments, the non-ingestible composition can be oral 0.018. In some embodiments, the combination of one or care products, hygienic or cosmetic products. more Sweetener and one or more flavor modifying com 0024. These and other embodiments, advantages, and pound is included in an ingestible composition, Such as food features of the present invention are provided in part in the or beverage products, pharmaceutical products, nutritional description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the products, dietary Supplements, over-the-counter medica description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. tions, or non-ingestible formulations. Such as oral care It is to be understood that both the foregoing general products, hygienic products, cleansing products, or cosmetic description and the following detailed description are exem products. plary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the 0019. In addition to the features described above, addi invention as described. tional features and variations will be readily apparent from the following description. It is to be understood that the DEFINITIONS following description describes typical alternatives, and is 0025. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scien not intended to be limiting in Scope. Although this invention tific terms used herein have the same meaning as is com is described in various exemplary alternatives and imple monly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which mentation as provided herein, it should be understood that this disclosure belongs. All patents, applications, published the various features, aspects, and functionality described in applications, and other publications are incorporated by one or more of the individual alternatives are not limited in reference in their entirety. In the event that there is a plurality their applicability to the particular alternative with which of definitions for a term herein, those in this section prevail they are described. Instead, they can be applied alone or in unless stated otherwise. various combinations to one or more of the other alterna 0026. The terms “a” and “an do not denote a limitation tives, whether the alternatives are described or whether the of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of features are presented as being part of the described alter the referenced item. The term 'or' or “and/or” is used as a native. The breadth and scope of the present invention function word to indicate that two words or expressions are should therefore not be limited by any exemplary alterna to be taken together or individually. The terms “compris tives described herein. ing”, “having, “including, and “containing are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but DETAILED DESCRIPTION not limited to'). The endpoints of all ranges directed to the 0020 Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to same component or property are inclusive and indepen formulations having one or more Sweetener in combination dently combinable. with one or more flavor modifying compound. In some 0027 Many types of plants are known for producing embodiments, these formulations comprise non-caloric or Sweet tasting compounds and/or flavor modifying com low-caloric high-potency natural Sweeteners. In some pounds, and these compounds have been isolated and used embodiments, the formulation comprises the combination of as Sweeteners and/or flavor modifying compounds. In some one or more Sweetener and one or more flavor modifying embodiments herein, the formulation of one or more Sweet compound that can activate the Sweet receptor in vitro and ener in combination with one or more flavor modifying impart a Sweet taste enhancement. The combination formu compound is obtained in whole or in part from a plant lation can be used in a variety of ingestible or non-ingestible extract. By “extract, it is meant a substance or mixture that compositions. In some embodiments, the ingestible compo has been taken from a plant by at least one purification or sition comprises one or more flavor modifying compound other processing step. The “plant, as used herein, includes and one or more Sweeteners, which can be a natural Sweet but is not limited to a whole plant, a plant part, a plant tissue, ener, e.g., Sucrose; or a synthetic high-potency Sweetener, a plant cell, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, e.g., Sucralose. The present invention also relates to com the extract is obtained from a plant, a plant part, a plant positions that can improve the tastes of non-caloric or tissue or a plant cell. As used herein, “plant part” or “plant low-caloric natural and/or synthetic, high-potency Sweeten tissue' refers to any part of a plant. Examples of plant parts US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017

include, but are not limited to the leaf, stem, root, tuber, 0032. As used herein, an "ingestible composition' seed, branch, pubescence, nodule, leaf axil, flower, pollen, includes any Substance that, either alone or together with stamen, pistil, petal, peduncle, Stalk, Stigma, style, bract, another substance, can be taken by mouth whether intended fruit, trunk, carpel, sepal, anther, ovule, pedicel, needle, for consumption or not. The ingestible composition includes cone, rhizome, spores, stolon, shoot, pericarp, endosperm, both “food or beverage products” and “non-edible prod placenta, berry, stamen, sap, and leaf sheath. ucts”. By “Food or beverage products, it is meant any 0028. The term "isolated when referring to a compound, edible product intended for consumption by humans or as used herein, means separated or isolated away from other animals, including Solids, semi-solids, or liquids (e.g., bev components, ingredients, or chemicals which co-exist with erages). Ingestible compositions can also include Supple the compound of interest regardless whether the other com ments, nutraceuticals, functional food products (e.g., any ponents, ingredients, or chemicals are used or generated when chemically or enzymatically synthesizing the com fresh or processed food claimed to have a health-promoting pound of interest, or the other components, ingredients, or and/or disease-preventing properties beyond the basic nutri chemicals exist with the compound of interest in nature in its tional function of Supplying nutrients), pharmaceutical and native state. In some embodiments, the term "isolated over the counter medications. The term “non-edible prod means that the compound of interest is substantially or ucts includes any product or composition that can be taken essentially freed from components, ingredients, or chemi into the mouth by humans or animals for purposes other than cals that normally accompany it in its native state by at least consumption. For example, the non-edible product includes one purification or other processing step. Such an isolated oral care products such as dentifrices and mouthwashes, compound may also be described as Substantially pure. The cosmetic products such as Sweetened lip balms and other term “substantially pure' as used herein describes a com personal care products that may or may not contain any pound of interest that has been separated from components, SWeetener. ingredients, or chemicals that naturally accompany it. In 0033. An "ingestibly acceptable carrier or excipient is a Some embodiments, an isolated compound is Substantially medium and/or composition that is used to prepare a desired pure when at least about 50%, at least about 60%, or at least dispersed dosage form of the inventive compound, in order about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or to administer the inventive compound in a dispersed/diluted at least about 95%, or at least about 96%, or at least about form, so that the biological effectiveness of the inventive 97%, or at least about 98%, or at least about 99% of the total compound is maximized. The medium and/or composition material (by volume, by wet or dry weight, or by mole may be in any form depending on the intended use of a percent or mole fraction) is the compound of interest. Purity product, e.g., Solid, semi-solid, liquid, paste, gel, lotion, can be measured by any appropriate method, for example by cream, foamy material, Suspension, Solution, or any combi chromatography, gel electrophoresis, or HPLC analysis. nations thereof (such as a liquid containing Solid contents). 0029 "Salt' refers to a salt of a compound, which pos Ingestibly acceptable carriers includes many common food sesses the desired activity of the parent compound. Such ingredients, such as water at neutral, acidic, or basic pH, salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic fruit or vegetable juices, vinegar, marinades, beer, wine, acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, Sulfuric natural water/fat emulsions such as milk or condensed milk, acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed edible oils and shortenings, fatty acids and their alkyl esters, with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, low molecular weight oligomers of propylene glycol, glyc hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, eryl esters of fatty acids, and dispersions or emulsions of pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, Succinic acid, malic Such hydrophobic Substances in aqueous media, salts such as acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, Sodium chloride, wheat flours, solvents such as ethanol, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic solid edible diluents such as vegetable powders or flours, or acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic other liquid vehicles; dispersion or Suspension aids; Surface acid, 1.2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic active agents; isotonic agents; thickening or emulsifying acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, agents, preservatives; Solid binders; lubricants and the like. 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, cam 0034. According to the present invention, a chemosen phorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo2.2.2-oct-2-ene-1-car sory receptor can be any receptor associated with chemosen boxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, sory sensation or chemosensory ligand triggered signal trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric transduction, e.g., via taste receptors or taste related recep acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, tors expressed in taste bud or internal organs of the body, salicylic acid, Stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or (2) Such as gastrointestinal tract, etc. In some embodiments, a salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent chemosensory receptor is a receptor that belongs to the compound is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal 7-transmembrane receptor Superfamily or G protein-coupled ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates receptors (GPCRs). In another embodiment, a chemosen with an organic base Such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, sory receptor is a receptor carrying out signal transduction triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine and the like. via one or more G proteins. In yet another embodiment, a 0030 "Solvate” means a compound formed by solvation chemosensory receptor is a receptor that belongs to family (the combination of solvent molecules with molecules or C or class C of GPCRs. In yet another embodiment, a ions of the solute), or an aggregate that consists of a solute chemosensory receptor is a receptor that belongs to the T1R ion or molecule, i.e., a compound described herein, with one family. In yet another embodiment, a chemosensory receptor or more solvent molecules. When water is the solvent, the is a receptor of T1R1, T1R2, T1R3, or their equivalences or corresponding solvate is “hydrate'. variances or a combination thereof. In still another embodi 0031 “Vehicle' refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or ment, a chemosensory receptor is a hetero-dimer of T1R2 carrier with which a compound is combined. and T1R3, or their equivalences or variances. US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017

0035. A “sweetener”, “sweet flavoring agent”, “sweet ppm, from about 0.05 ppm to about 15 ppm, from about 0.1 flavor entity”, or “sweet compound herein refers to a ppm to about 5 ppm, or from about 0.1 ppm to about 3 ppm. compound or ingestibly acceptable salt thereof that elicits a In some embodiments, Sweet flavor enhancing amount is the detectable Sweet flavor in a Subject, e.g., fructose or a amount corresponding to ligand enhancing concentration(s) compound that activates a T1R2/T1R3 receptor in vitro. of a sweet flavor enhancer of the present invention. 0036. A “flavor modifying compound' or “flavor modi 0045. A “sweet receptor modulating amount herein fier” or “flavor modifying agent herein refers to a com refers to an amount of a compound that is sufficient to pound or the ingestibly acceptable salt or solvate thereofthat modulate (activate, enhance or block) a Sweet taste receptor modulates, including enhancing or potentiating, and/or protein. In many embodiments of the invention, a Sweet inducing, the tastes of a flavoring agent in an animal or a receptor modulating amount is at least about 10 nM, or at human. An example of a flavor modifying compound is a least about 100 nM (i.e. about 0.1 uM), or at least about 1 sweet flavor enhancer. uM, or at least about 10 uM. A “T1R2/T1R3 receptor 0037. A “flavoring agent herein refers to a compound or modulating or activating amount' is an amount of com the ingestibly acceptable salt or solvate thereof that induces pound that is sufficient to modulate or activate a T1R2/T1R3 a flavor or taste in an animal or a human. The flavoring agent receptor. A “sweet receptor is a taste receptor that can be can be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic. modulated by a sweet compound. Preferably a sweet recep 0038 A “flavor enhancer herein refers to a compound or tor is a G protein coupled receptor, and more preferably the ingestibly acceptable salt thereof that enhances and/or mul sweet receptor is a T1R2/T1R3 receptor. tiplies the tastes of a flavoring agent, or an ingestible 0046. The “sugar-like characteristics of the compounds composition comprising the flavoring agent. of the present invention include any characteristic similar to 0039. An "enhancer herein refers to a compound, or an that of Sucrose and include, but are not limited to, maximal ingestibly acceptable salt or solvate thereof that modulates response, flavor profile, temporal profile, adaptation behav (increases) a flavor (e.g., Sweetness) or the activation of a ior, mouthfeel, concentration/response function, tastant/and particular receptor, preferably the chemosensory, e.g., T1R2/ flavor/Sweet taste interactions, spatial pattern selectivity, and T1R3 receptor. temperature effects. These characteristics are dimensions in 0040. A “flavor herein refers to the perception of taste in which the taste of sucrose is different from the tastes of other a Subject, which include Sweet, Sour, salty, bitter and umami. compounds. Of these, the flavor profile and temporal profile The Subject may be a human or an animal. are particularly important. In a single tasting of a Sweet food 0041. A “sweet flavor modifier” or “sweet flavor modi or beverage, differences (1) in the attributes that constitute fying agent herein refers to a compound or ingestibly a sweetener's flavor profile and (2) in the rates of Sweetness acceptable salt or Solvate thereof that modulates, including onset and dissipation, which constitute a Sweetener's tem enhancing or potentiating, inducing, or blocking, the Sweet poral profile, between those observed for sucrose and other taste of a Sweet flavoring agents in an animal or a human. compounds can be noted. The Sweet flavor modifier includes both sweet flavor 0047. The flavor profile of a sweetener is a quantitative enhancer and Sweet flavoring agent. profile of the relative intensities of all of the taste attributes 0.042 A“sweet flavor enhancer' or “sweet flavor enhanc exhibited. Such profiles often are plotted as histograms or ing agent herein refers to an enhancer of a Sweet flavor radar plots. wherein the term enhancer is the same as defined above. 0043. A “sweet flavor modulating amount herein refers Sweeteners to an amount of a compound of Formula (I) that is Sufficient 0048 Sweeteners have a wide range of chemically dis to alter (either increase or decrease) Sweet taste in an tinct structures and hence possess varying properties, such ingestible composition, or a precursor thereof, Sufficiently to as, without limitation, odor, flavor, mouthfeel, and aftertaste. be perceived by a human Subject. In many embodiments of 0049 Natural or artificial sweeteners for use in the for the invention, at least about 0.001 ppm of the present mulation comprising a Sweetener in combination with a compound would need to be present in order for most human flavor enhancer include but are not limited to natural or subjects to perceive a modulation of the Sweet flavor of an synthetic carbohydrates or carbohydrate analogues, includ ingestible composition comprising the present compound. A ing monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and broad range of concentration that would typically be polysaccharides, and including rare Sugars, or Sugars in employed in order to economically provide a desirable either of the D- or L-conformations, and include, for degree of Sweet flavor modulation can be from about 0.001 example, Sucrose, fructose, glucose, L-arabinose, L-fucose, ppm to 10,000 ppm, or a narrow range from about 0.1 ppm L-glucose, L-ribose, D-arabino-hexulose, psicose, altrose, to about 1,000 ppm. Alternative ranges of sweet flavor arabinose, turanose, abequose, allose, abrusoside A, aldotri modulating amounts can be from about 0.01 ppm to about ose, threose, Xylose, Xylulose, Xylo-oligosaccharide (Such as 3,000 ppm, from about 0.05 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, from Xylotriose and Xylobiose), lyxose, polydextrose, oligofruc about 0.1 ppm to about 500 ppm, or from about 0.1 ppm to tose, fucose, galacto-oligosaccharide, galactosamine, galac about 300 ppm. tose, gentio-oligosaccharide (such as gentiobiose, gentiotri 0044 A“sweet flavor enhancing amount herein refers to ose, and gentiotetraose), dextrose, cellobiose, D-leucrose, an amount of a compound that is sufficient to enhance the D-psicose, D-ribose, D-tagatose, trehalose (mycose), neotre taste of flavoring agents, e.g., fructose, in an ingestible halose, isotrehalose, raffinose, idose, tagatose, melibiose, composition, as perceived by an animal or a human. Abroad mannan-oligosaccharide, rhamnose, ribose, ribulose, malto range of a Sweet flavor enhancing amount can be from about oligosaccharide (such as maltotriose, maltotetraose, malto 0.001 ppm to 100 ppm, or a narrow range from about 0.1 pentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose), maltose, ppm to about 10 ppm. Alternative ranges of sweet flavor Sucrose acetate isobutyrate, dextrose, erythrose, erythrulose, enhancing amounts can be from about 0.01 ppm to about 30 deoxyribose, gulose, ketotriose, lactose, lactulose, kestose, US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017

nystose, mannose, Sucralose, palatinose, polydextrose, Sor demerara, dextran, dextrin, diastatic malt, dulcin, Sucrol, bose, Sugaridextrose (blended Sugar), or talose, or combi valzin, dulcoside A, dulcoside B, emulin, enoXolone, malto nations of any two or more of the aforementioned Sweeten dextrin, Saccharin, estragole, ethyl maltol, glucin, gluconic CS. acid, glucono-lactone, glucosamine, glucoronic acid, glyc 0050. The sweetener can also include, for example, erol, glycine, glycyphillin, glycyrrhizin, golden Sugar, yel Sweetener compositions comprising one or more natural or low Sugar, golden Syrup, granulated Sugar, gynostemma, synthetic carbohydrate, such as corn syrup, high fructose hernandulcin, isomerized liquid Sugars, jallab, chicory root corn Syrup, high maltose corn syrup, glucose syrup, Sucral dietary fiber, kynurenine derivatives (including N-formyl ose syrup, hydrogenated glucose syrup (HGS), hydroge kynurenine, N'-acetyl-kynurenine, 6-chloro-kynurenine), nated starch hydrolyzate (HSH), or other syrups or sweet galactitol, litesse, ligicane, lycasin, lugduname, guanidine, ener concentrates derived from natural fruit and vegetable falernum, mabinlin I, mabinlin II, maltol, maltisorb, malto Sources, or semi-synthetic "Sugar alcohol Sweeteners such dextrin, maltotriol, mannosamine, miraculin, mizuame, as polyols. Non-limiting examples of polyols in some mogrosides (including, for example, mogroside IV. mogro embodiments include erythritol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, side V, and neomogroside), mukurozioside, nano Sugar, lactitol. Xylitol, isomalt, propylene glycol, glycerol (glyc naringin dihydrochalcone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, erin), threitol, galactitol, palatinose, reduced isomalto-oli nib Sugar, nigero-oligosaccharide, norbu, orgeat Syrup, osla gosaccharides, reduced Xylo-oligosaccharides, reduced gen din, pekmez, pentadin, periandrin I, perillaldehyde, perillar tio-oligosaccharides, reduced maltose syrup, reduced tine, petphyllum, phenylalanine, phlomisoside I. phlo glucose syrup, isomalitulose, maltodextrin, and the like, and rodizin, phyllodulcin, polyglycitol syrups, polypodoside A, Sugar alcohols or any other carbohydrates or combinations pterocaryoside A, pterocaryoside B, rebiana, refiners syrup, thereof capable of being reduced which do not adversely rub Syrup, rubusoside, selligueain A, shugr, Siamenoside I. affect taste. Siraitia grosvenorii, soybean oligosaccharide, Splenda, SRI Oxime V. Steviol glycoside, Steviolbioside, Stevioside, stro 0051. The sweetener may be a natural or synthetic sweet gins 1, 2, and 4. Sucronic acid. Sucrononate, Sugar, Suosan, ener that includes, but is not limited to, agave inulin, agave phloridzin, Superaspartame, tetrasaccharide, threitol, treacle, nectar, agave syrup, amazake, braZZein, brown rice syrup, trilobtain, tryptophan and derivatives (6-trifluoromethyl coconut crystals, coconut Sugars, coconut Syrup, date Sugar, tryptophan, 6-chloro-D-tryptophan), Vanilla Sugar, Volemi fructans (also referred to as inulin fiber, fructo-oligosaccha tol, birch syrup, aspartame-acesulfame, assugrin, and com rides, or oligo-fructose), green Stevia powder, Stevia rebau binations or blends of any two or more thereof. diana, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, 0052. In still other embodiments, the sweetener can be a rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudio chemically or enzymatically modified natural high potency side I, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside K, sweetener. Modified natural high potency sweeteners rebaudioside J, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, rebaudio include glycosylated natural high potency Sweetener Such as side M and other Sweet Stevia-based glycosides, Stevioside, glucosyl-, galactosyl-, or fructosyl-derivatives containing Stevioside extracts, honey, Jerusalem artichoke syrup, lico 1-50 glycosidic residues. Glycosylated natural high potency rice root, luo hanguo (fruit, powder, or extracts), lucuma Sweeteners may be prepared by enzymatic transglycosy (fruit, powder, or extracts), maple Sap (including, for lation reaction catalyzed by various enzymes possessing example, sap extracted from Acer saccharum, Acer nigrum, transglycosylating activity. In some embodiments, the modi Acer rubrum, Acer Saccharinum, Acer platanoides, Acer fied Sweetener can be substituted or unsubstituted. negundo, Acer macrophyllum, Acer grandidentatum, Acer 0053 Additional sweeteners also include combinations glabrum, Acer mono), maple syrup, maple Sugar, walnut sap of any two or more of any of the aforementioned sweeteners. (including, for example, sap extracted from Juglans cinerea, In some embodiments, the Sweetener may comprise combi Juglans nigra, Juglans ailatifolia, Juglans regia), birch sap nations of two, three, four or five Sweeteners as disclosed (including, for example, sap extracted from Betula papyrif herein. In some embodiments, the Sweetener may be a Sugar. era, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula lenta, Betula nigra, In some embodiments, the Sweetener may be a combination Betula populifolia, Betula pendula), Sycamore sap (such as, of one or more Sugars and other natural and artificial for example, sap extracted from Platanus Occidentalis), SWeetenerS. ironwood sap (such as, for example, sap extracted from 0054. One of skill in the art will recognize that any one Ostrya virginiana), mascobado, molasses (such as, for or more of any of the aforementioned sweeteners can be example, blackstrap molasses), molasses Sugar, monatin, combined in various ratios, amounts, or concentrations to monellin, cane Sugar (also referred to as natural Sugar, yield a Sweetener alone or a combination of two or more unrefined cane Sugar, or Sucrose), palm Sugar, panocha, sweeteners, which is then combined with one or more flavor piloncillo, rapadura, raw Sugar, rice syrup, Sorghum, Sor modifying compound. ghum syrup, cassava syrup (also referred to as tapioca syrup), thaumatin, yacon root, malt syrup, barley malt syrup, 0055 One of skill in the art will recognize that the barley malt powder, beet Sugar, cane Sugar, crystalline juice aforementioned Sweeteners for use in a formulation com crystals, caramel, carbitol, carob syrup, castor Sugar, hydro prising one or more Sweetener and one or more flavor genated Starch hydrolates, hydrolyzed can juice, hydrolyzed modifying compound are provided by way of example and starch, invert Sugar, anethole, arabinogalactan, arrope, are not intended to be limiting. syrup, P-4000, acesulfame potassium (also referred to as Flavor Modifying Compound acesulfame Korace-K), alitame (also referred to as aclame), advantame, aspartame, baiyunoside, neotame, benzamide 0056. In some embodiments, the flavor modifying com derivatives, bernadame, canderel, carrelame and other pound is a flavor modifying compound as disclosed in U.S. guanidine-based Sweeteners, vegetable fiber, corn Sugar, Application Publication No. 2008/0306093, entitled “Modu coupling Sugars, curculin, cyclamates, cyclocarioside I. lation of Chemosensory Receptors and Ligands Associated US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017

Therewith, filed Jun. 8, 2007, which is incorporated herein Compositions and Uses by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the flavor 0060 Some compositions herein relate to formulations modifying compound is an embodiment of a flavor modi comprising one or more Sweetener as disclosed herein in fying compound as disclosed in U.S. Application Publica combination with one or more flavor modifying compounds tion No. 2011/0245494, entitled “Processes and intermedi as described herein. Thus, it is recognized that the combi ates for making sweet taste enhancers', filed Jul. 29, 2009, nations of one or more Sweeteners with one or more flavor which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In modifying compounds as disclosed herein are non-limiting. Some embodiments, the flavor modifying compound is an In some embodiments, said formulations comprising one or embodiment of a flavor modifying compound as disclosed in more Sweetener and one or more flavor modifying com U.S. Application Publication No. 2014/0107370, entitled pounds are used as compositions for ingestible or non “Processes and intermediates for making Sweet taste enhanc ingestible products. ers, filed Oct. 15, 2013, which is incorporated herein by 0061. A formulation comprising one or more sweetener reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the flavor in combination with one or more flavor modifying com modifying compound is an embodiment of a flavor modi pound can be used for modulating a chemosensory receptor fying compound as disclosed in U.S. Application Publica and/or its ligand, including modulating the activity, struc tion No. 2011/0245353, entitled “Sweet flavor modifier, ture, function, expression, and/or modification of a che filed Mar. 31, 2011, which is incorporated herein by refer mosensory receptor as well as modulating, treating, or ence in its entirety. In some embodiments, the flavor modi taking prophylactic measure of a condition, e.g., physiologi fying compound is an embodiment of a flavor modifying cal or pathological condition, associated with a chemosen compound as disclosed in U.S. Application Publication No. sory receptor. In general, a physiological or pathological 2014/01284.81, entitled “Sweet flavor modifier, filed Oct. condition associated with a chemosensory receptor includes 23, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its a condition, disease, or disorder associated with the che entirety. mosensory receptor and/or its ligand, e.g., gastrointestinal 0057 Thus, in some embodiments, the formulation hav disorders, metabolic disorders, functional gastrointestinal ing one or more Sweetener in combination with a flavor disorders, etc. In some embodiments, the formulation modifying compound comprises the flavor modifying com increases or enhances Sweet flavor. In another embodiment, pound defined by formula I: the formulation modulates a Sweet receptor and/or its ligand expressed in a place of the body other than the taste buds, such as an internal organ. In general, the formulations of the (I) present invention can be provided in a composition, such as, e.g., an ingestible composition. In some embodiments, the present formulation can impart a more Sugar-like temporal profile and/or flavor profile to a sweetener composition by combining one or more flavor modifying compound with OH NH2 O one or more sweetener in the combined formulation. In another embodiment, the present formulation can increase or O r enhance the Sweet taste of a composition by contacting the composition thereof with one or more present formulation to form a modified composition. In another embodiment, the or a salt or solvate thereof. present formulations can be in a composition that modulates 0058. In some embodiments, the formulation having one the Sweet receptors and/or their ligands expressed in the or more Sweetener in combination with a flavor modifying body other than in the taste buds. compound comprises the flavor modifying compound 0062. In some embodiments, the present formulations defined by formula II: have Sucrose modifying behavior and/or Sweet agonist behavior in vitro and/or in vivo (e.g., as shown in sensory studies). In some embodiments, the present formulations (II) demonstrate a favorable side-taste profile in vivo. 0063. Whether or not a formulation exhibits sweet modi sy N fying/agonist effects can be determined by any Suitable test method. For example, the formulation comprising one or N N more Sweeteners in combination with a flavor modifying compound can be evaluated in a sensory test using a human NH2 O taste panel. N-n 0064. In some embodiments, the formulation may be diluted before being tested. In some embodiments, the formulation is diluted for about 2 times, about 5, about 10, about 50, about 100, about 200, about 300, about 400, about or a salt or solvate thereof. 500, about 1000, or more times before being tested. 0059. In some embodiments, the flavor enhancer is pres 0065. The tests can be conducted with and/or without ent at an amount from about 0.001 ppm to 500 ppm. Thus, additives. In some embodiments, the formulation is tested to in some alternatives, the amount of flavor enhancer is 0.001, evaluate the Sweet enhancement to one or more additives. In 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 ppm or a the test, the participants can provide their impression as to value that is within a range defined by any two of the the similarities of the characteristics of the sweetener com aforementioned values. positions, with and/or without additives, with those com US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017 prising Sugar. A Suitable procedure for determining whether iron, magnesium lactate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium a composition has a more Sugar-like taste is through the use Sulfate, monopotassium phosphate, monosodium phosphate, of a panel of assessors, who measure the Sweetness of the phosphorus, potassium iodide, potassium phosphate, ribo formulations. flavin, Sodium Sulfate, Sodium gluconate, Sodium polyphos 0066. One embodiment provides a formulation for use in phate, sodium bicarbonate, thiamine mononitrate, Vitamin a method of preparing a ready-to-use composition, such as D3, vitamin A palmitate, Zinc gluconate, Zinc lactate, or Zinc a final food or beverage product. The method comprises Sulphate: contacting a first composition, Such as a first food or 0075 clouding agents, including, for example ester gun, beverage product that may contain a Sweetener described brominated vegetable oil (BVO), or sucrose acetate isobu herein, with a flavoring concentrate composition or formu tyrate (SAIB); lation (e.g., Solid or liquid) comprising a compound having 0076 buffers, including, for example sodium citrate, structural Formula (I) or (II) to form the ready-to-use potassium citrate, or salt; composition. 0077 flavors, including, for example propylene glycol, 0067. In some embodiments, an ingestible composition ethyl alcohol, glycerine, gum Arabic (gum acacia), malto may be a beverage. In some embodiments, the beverage may dextrin, modified corn Starch, dextrose, natural flavor, natu be selected from the group consisting of enhanced sparkling ral flavor with other natural flavors (natural flavor WONF), beverages, colas, lemon-lime flavored sparkling beverages, natural and artificial flavors, artificial flavor, silicon dioxide, orange flavored sparkling beverages, grape flavored spar magnesium carbonate, or tricalcium phosphate; and kling beverages, strawberry flavored sparkling beverages, 0078 stabilizers, including, for example pectin, xanthan pineapple flavored sparkling beverages, ginger-ales, root gum, carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC), polysorbate 60, beers, fruit juices, fruit-flavored juices, juice drinks, nectars, polysorbate 80, medium chain triglycerides, cellulose gel. vegetable juices, vegetable-flavored juices, sports drinks, cellulose gum, Sodium caseinate, modified food Starch, gum energy drinks, enhanced water drinks, enhanced water with Arabic (gum acacia), or carrageenan. Vitamins, near water drinks, coconut waters, tea type drinks, 0079. Some embodiments provide supplements, nutra coffees, cocoa drinks, beverages containing milk compo ceuticals, functional food products (e.g., any fresh or pro nents, beverages containing cereal extracts and Smoothies. cessed food claimed to have a health-promoting and/or In some embodiments, the beverage may be a soft drink. disease-preventing properties beyond the basic nutritional 0068. In some embodiments, one or more flavor modi function of Supplying nutrients), pharmaceutical product, fying compound as described herein and one or more over the counter (OTC) product, oral care product, cosmetic sweetener as described herein may be included in a food or products such as Sweetened lip balms, and other personal beverage product, wherein the food or beverage product may care products including a flavor modifying compound as additionally comprise: described herein and sweetener as described herein. 0069 acids, including, for example citric acid, phos 0080. In general, over the counter (OTC) product and oral phoric acid, ascorbic acid, sodium acid Sulfate, lactic acid, or care product generally refer to product for household and/or tartaric acid; personal use which may be sold without a prescription 0070 bitter ingredients, including, for example caffeine, and/or without a visit to a medical professional. Examples of quinine, green tea, catechins, polyphenols, green robusta the OTC products include, but are not limited to Vitamins coffee extract, green coffee extract, whey protein isolate, or and dietary Supplements; Topical analgesics and/or anes potassium chloride; thetic; Cough, cold and allergy remedies; Antihistamines 0071 coloring agents, including, for example caramel and/or allergy remedies; and combinations thereof. Vitamins color, Red #40, Yellow #5, Yellow #6, Blue #1, Red #3, and dietary Supplements include, but are not limited to purple carrot, black carrot juice, purple Sweet potato, Veg Vitamins, dietary Supplements, tonics/bottled nutritive etable juice, fruit juice, beta carotene, turmeric curcumin, or drinks, child-specific vitamins, dietary Supplements, any titanium dioxide; other products of or relating to or providing nutrition, and 0072 preservatives, including, for example sodium ben combinations thereof. Topical analgesics and/or anesthetic Zoate, potassium benzoate, potassium Sorbate, sodium meta include any topical creams/ointments/gels used to alleviate bisulfate, sorbic acid, or benzoic acid; Superficial or deep-seated aches and pains, e.g., muscle pain; 0073 antioxidants including, for example ascorbic acid, teething gel; patches with analgesic ingredient; and combi calcium disodium EDTA, alpha tocopherols, mixed tocoph nations thereof. Cough, cold and allergy remedies include, erols, rosemary extract, grape seed extract, resveratrol, or but are not limited to decongestants, cough remedies, pha Sodium hexametaphosphate: ryngeal preparations, medicated confectionery, antihista 0074 vitamins or functional ingredients including, for mines and child-specific cough, cold and allergy remedies; example resveratrol, Co-Q10, omega 3 fatty acids, theanine, and combination products. Antihistamines and/or allergy choline chloride (citocoline), fibersol, inulin (chicory root), remedies include, but are not limited to any systemic treat taurine, panax ginseng extract, guanana extract, ginger ments for hay fever, nasal allergies, insect bites and stings. extract, L-phenylalanine, L-carnitine, L-tartrate, D-glucor Examples of oral care product include, but are not limited to onolactone, inositol, bioflavonoids, Echinacea, ginko biloba, mouth cleaning strips, toothpaste, toothbrushes, mouth yerba mate, flax seed oil, garcinia cambogia rind extract, washes/dental rinses, denture care, mouth fresheners at white tea extract, ribose, milk thistle extract, grape seed home teeth whiteners, dentifrices, and dental floss. extract, pyrodixine HCl (vitamin B6), cyanoobalamin (vita I0081. In some embodiments, a flavor modifying com min B12), niacinamide (vitamin B3), biotin, calcium lactate, pound as described herein and sweetener as described herein calcium pantothenate (pantothenic acid), calcium phosphate, may be included in food or beverage products or formula calcium carbonate, chromium chloride, chromium polyni tions. Examples of food and beverage products or formula cotinate, cupric sulfate, folic acid, ferric pyrophosphate, tions include, but are not limited to Sweet coatings, frostings, US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017 or glazes for ingestible products or any entity included in the oolong, and flavored tea; and other drinks including flavor-, Soup category, the Dried Processed Food category, the malt- or plant-based powders, granules, blocks or tablets Beverage category, the Ready Meal category, the Canned or mixed with milk or water. Preserved Food category, the Frozen Processed Food cat I0085. The Snack Food category generally refers to any egory, the Chilled Processed Food category, the Snack Food food that can be a light informal meal including, but not category, the Baked Goods category, the Confectionery limited to Sweet and savory Snacks and Snack bars. category, the Dairy Product category, the Ice Cream cat Examples of snack food include, but are not limited to fruit egory, the Meal Replacement category, the Pasta and Noodle Snacks, chips/crisps, extruded Snacks, tortilla/corn chips, category, and the Sauces, Dressings, Condiments category, popcorn, pretzels, nuts and other Sweet and Savory Snacks. the Baby Food category, and/or the Spreads category. Examples of snack bars include, but are not limited to granola/muesli bars, breakfast bars, energy bars, fruit bars 0082 In general, the Soup category refers to canned/ and other Snack bars. preserved, dehydrated, instant, chilled, UHT and frozen I0086. The Baked Goods category generally refers to any Soup. For the purpose of this definition Soup(s) means a food edible product the process of preparing which involves prepared from meat, poultry, fish, vegetables, grains, fruit exposure to heat or excessive Sunlight. Examples of baked and other ingredients, cooked in a liquid which may include goods include, but are not limited to bread, buns, cookies, visible pieces of some or all of these ingredients. It may be muffins, cereal, toaster pastries, pastries, waffles, tortillas, clear (as a broth) or thick (as a chowder), Smooth, pureed or biscuits, pies, bagels, tarts, quiches, cake, any baked foods, chunky, ready-to-serve, semi-condensed or condensed and and any combination thereof. may be served hot or cold, as a first course or as the main I0087. The Ice Cream category generally refers to frozen course of a meal or as a between meal Snack (sipped like a dessert containing cream and Sugar and flavoring. Examples beverage). Soup may be used as an ingredient for preparing of ice cream include, but are not limited to: impulse ice other meal components and may range from broths (con cream; take-home ice cream; frozen yoghurt and artisanal Somme) to sauces (cream or cheese-based soups). ice cream; soy, oat, bean (e.g., red bean and mung bean), and 0083. The Dehydrated and Culinary Food Category usu rice-based ice creams. ally means: (i) Cooking aid products such as: powders, I0088. The Confectionery category generally refers to granules, pastes, concentrated liquid products, including edible product that is sweet to the taste. Examples of concentrated bouillon, bouillon and bouillon like products in confectionery include, but are not limited to candies, gela pressed cubes, tablets or powder or granulated form, which tins, chocolate confectionery, Sugar confectionery, gum, and are sold separately as a finished product or as an ingredient the likes and any combination products. within a product, sauces and recipe mixes (regardless of I0089. The Meal Replacement category generally refers to technology); (ii) Meal Solutions products Such as: dehy any food intended to replace the normal meals, particularly drated and freeze dried soups, including dehydrated Soup for people having health or fitness concerns. Examples of mixes, dehydrated instant Soups, dehydrated ready-to-cook meal replacement include, but are not limited to slimming Soups, dehydrated or ambient preparations of ready-made products and convalescence products. dishes, meals and single serve entrees including pasta, 0090 The Ready Meal category generally refers to any potato and rice dishes; and (iii) Meal embellishment prod food that can be served as meal without extensive prepara ucts Such as: condiments, marinades, salad dressings, salad tion or processing. The ready meal includes products that toppings, dips, breading, batter mixes, shelf stable spreads, have had recipe “skills' added to them by the manufacturer, barbecue Sauces, liquid recipe mixes, concentrates, sauces or resulting in a high degree of readiness, completion and sauce mixes, including recipe mixes for salad, sold as a convenience. Examples of ready meal include, but are not finished product or as an ingredient within a product, limited to canned/preserved, frozen, dried, chilled ready whether dehydrated, liquid or frozen. meals; dinner mixes; frozen pizza; chilled pizza, and pre 0084. The Beverage category usually means beverages, pared salads. beverage mixes and concentrates, including but not limited 0091. The Pasta and Noodle category includes any pastas to, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, alcoholic and and/or noodles including, but not limited to canned, dried non-alcoholic beverages, ready to drink beverages, liquid and chilled/fresh pasta; and plain, instant, chilled, frozen and concentrate formulations for preparing beverages such as Snack noodles. sodas, and dry powdered beverage precursor mixes. The 0092. The Canned/Preserved Food category includes, but Beverage category also includes the alcoholic drinks, the is not limited to canned/preserved meat and meat products, Soft drinks, sports drinks, isotonic beverages, and hot drinks. fish/seafood, vegetables, tomatoes, beans, fruit, ready meals, The alcoholic drinks include, but are not limited to beer, Soup, pasta, and other canned/preserved foods. cider/perry, FABs, wine, and spirits. The soft drinks include, but are not limited to carbonates, such as colas and non-cola 0093. The Frozen Processed Food category includes, but carbonates; fruit juice, such as juice, nectars, juice drinks is not limited to frozen processed red meat, processed and fruit flavored drinks; bottled water, which includes poultry, processed fish/seafood, processed vegetables, meat sparkling water, spring water, purified/table water, and Vita Substitutes, processed potatoes, bakery products, desserts, min water, functional drinks, which can be carbonated or ready meals, pizza, Soup, noodles, and other frozen food. still and include sport, energy or elixir drinks; concentrates, 0094. The Dried Processed Food category includes, but is Such as liquid and powder concentrates in ready to drink not limited to rice, dessert mixes, dried ready meals, dehy measure. The drinks, either hot or cold, include, but are not drated Soup, instant Soup, dried pasta, plain noodles, and limited to coffee or ice coffee, such as fresh, instant, and instant noodles. The Chill Processed Food category combined coffee; tea or ice tea, such as black, green, white, includes, but is not limited to chilled processed meats, US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017

processed fish/seafood products, lunch kits, fresh cut fruits, Snacks, fruit Snacks, chips/crisps, extruded Snacks, tortilla/ ready meals, pizza, prepared salads, Soup, fresh pasta and corn chips, popcorn, pretzels, nuts, other Sweet and savory noodles. Snacks, Snack bars, granola bars, breakfast bars, energy bars, 0095. The Sauces, Dressings and Condiments category fruit bars, other Snack bars, meal replacement products, includes, but is not limited to tomato pastes and purees, slimming products, convalescence drinks, ready meals, bouillon/stock cubes, herbs and spices, monosodium gluta canned ready meals, frozen ready meals, dried ready meals, mate (MSG), table sauces, soy based sauces, pasta sauces, chilled ready meals, dinner mixes, frozen pizza, chilled wet/cooking sauces, dry sauces/powder mixes, ketchup, pizza, Soup, canned Soup, dehydrated Soup, instant Soup, mayonnaise, mustard, Salad dressings, Vinaigrettes, dips, chilled Soup, hot soup, frozen Soup, pasta, canned pasta, pickled products, and other sauces, dressings and condi dried pasta, chilled/fresh pasta, noodles, plain noodles, mentS. instant noodles, cups/bowl instant noodles, pouch instant 0096. The Baby Food category includes, but is not lim noodles, chilled noodles, Snack noodles, canned food, ited to milk- or soybean-based formula; and prepared, dried canned meat and meat products, canned fish/seafood, canned and other baby food. vegetables, canned tomatoes, canned beans, canned fruit, 0097. The Spreads category includes, but is not limited to canned ready meals, canned Soup, canned pasta, other jams and preserves, honey, chocolate spreads, nut based canned foods, frozen food, frozen processed red meat, spreads, and yeast based spreads. frozen processed poultry, frozen processed fish/seafood, 0098. The Dairy Product category generally refers to frozen processed vegetables, frozen meat Substitutes, frozen edible product produced from mammals milk. Examples of potatoes, oven baked potato chips, other oven baked potato dairy product include, but are not limited to drinking milk products, non-oven frozen potatoes, frozen bakery products, products, cheese, yoghurt and Sour milk drinks, and other frozen desserts, frozen ready meals, frozen pizza, frozen dairy products. soup, frozen noodles, other frozen food, dried food, dessert mixes, dried ready meals, dehydrated Soup, instant Soup, 0099. Additional examples for ingestible compositions, dried pasta, plain noodles, instant noodles, cups/bowl instant particularly food and beverage products or formulations, are noodles, pouch instant noodles, chilled food, chilled pro provided as follows. Exemplary ingestible compositions cessed meats, chilled fish/seafood products, chilled pro include one or more confectioneries, chocolate confection cessed fish, chilled coated fish, chilled smoked fish, chilled ery, tablets, countlines, bagged selflines/Softlines, boxed lunch kit, chilled ready meals, chilled pizza, chilled Soup, assortments, standard boxed assortments, twist wrapped chilled/fresh pasta, chilled noodles, oils and fats, olive oil, miniatures, seasonal chocolate, chocolate with toys, alfa vegetable and seed oil, cooking fats, butter, margarine, jores, other chocolate confectionery, mints, standard mints, spreadable oils and fats, functional spreadable oils and fats, power mints, boiled Sweets, pastilles, gums, jellies and sauces, dressings and condiments, tomato pastes and purees, chews, toffees, caramels and nougat, medicated confection bouillon/stock cubes, Stock cubes, gravy granules, liquid ery, lollipops, liquorice, other Sugar confectionery, bread, stocks and fonds, herbs and spices, fermented sauces, soy packaged/industrial bread, unpackaged/artisanal bread, pas based sauces, pasta sauces, wet sauces, dry sauces/powder tries, cakes, packaged/industrial cakes, unpackaged/artisanal mixes, ketchup, mayonnaise, regular mayonnaise, mustard, cakes, cookies, chocolate coated biscuits, Sandwich biscuits, salad dressings, regular salad dressings, low fat salad dress filled biscuits, savory biscuits and crackers, bread substi ings, vinaigrettes, dips, pickled products, other sauces, tutes, breakfast cereals, rte cereals, family breakfast cereals, dressings and condiments, baby food, milk formula, stan flakes, muesli, other cereals, children's breakfast cereals, hot dard milk formula, follow-on milk formula, toddler milk cereals, ice cream, impulse ice cream, single portion dairy formula, hypoallergenic milk formula, prepared baby food, ice cream, single portion water ice cream, multi-pack dairy dried baby food, other baby food, spreads, jams and pre ice cream, multi-pack water ice cream, take-home ice cream, serves, honey, chocolate spreads, nut-based spreads, and take-home dairy ice cream, ice cream desserts, bulk ice yeast-based spreads. Exemplary ingestible compositions cream, take-home water ice cream, frozen yoghurt, artisanal also include confectioneries, bakery products, ice creams, ice cream, dairy products, milk, fresh/pasteurized milk, full dairy products, Sweet and savory Snacks, Snack bars, meal fat fresh/pasteurized milk, semi skimmed fresh/pasteurized replacement products, ready meals, Soups, pastas, noodles, milk, long-life/uht milk, full fat long life/uht milk, semi canned foods, frozen foods, dried foods, chilled foods, oils skimmed long lifefuht milk, fat-free long lifefuht milk, goat and fats, baby foods, or spreads or a mixture thereof. milk, condensed/evaporated milk, plain condensed/evapo Exemplary ingestible compositions also include breakfast rated milk, flavored, functional and other condensed milk, cereals, Sweet beverages or Solid or liquid concentrate flavored milk drinks, dairy only flavored milk drinks, fla compositions for preparing beverages, ideally so as to vored milk drinks with fruit juice, soy milk, sour milk drinks, fermented dairy drinks, coffee whiteners, powder enable the reduction in concentration of previously known milk, flavored powder milk drinks, cream, cheese, processed saccharide Sweeteners, or artificial Sweeteners. cheese, spreadable processed cheese, unspreadable pro 0100 Some embodiments provide a chewable composi cessed cheese, unprocessed cheese, spreadable unprocessed tion that may or may not be intended to be swallowed. In cheese, hard cheese, packaged hard cheese, unpackaged Some embodiments, the chewable composition may be gum, hard cheese, yoghurt, plain/natural yoghurt, flavored chewing gum, Sugarized gum, Sugar-free gum, functional yoghurt, fruited yoghurt, probiotic yoghurt, drinking gum, bubblegum including a flavor modifying compound as yoghurt, regular drinking yoghurt, probiotic drinking described herein and sweetener as described herein. yoghurt, chilled and shelf-stable desserts, dairy-based des 0101. In some embodiments, a flavor modifying com serts, soy-based desserts, chilled Snacks, fromage frais and pound as described herein and sweetener as described herein quark, plain fromage frais and quark, flavored fromage frais may be provided in a flavoring concentrate formulation, e.g., and quark, savory fromage frais and quark, Sweet and Savory Suitable for Subsequent processing to produce a ready-to-use US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017

(i.e., ready-to-serve) product. By “a flavoring concentrate microbial preservatives, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, formulation', it is meant a formulation which should be fats, starches, protein concentrates and isolates, and salts are reconstituted with one or more diluting medium to become described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,576, the content of which a ready-to-use composition. The term “ready-to-use com is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all position' is used herein interchangeably with "ingestible purposes. composition', which denotes any Substance that, either 0104. In one embodiment, the present flavoring concen alone or together with another Substance, can be taken by trate formulation can be in a form selected from the group mouth whether intended for consumption or not. In one consisting of liquid including Solution and Suspension, Solid, embodiment, the ready-to-use composition includes a com foamy material, paste, gel, cream, and a combination position that can be directly consumed by a human or thereof. Such as a liquid containing certain amount of Solid animal. The flavoring concentrate formulation is typically contents. In one embodiment, the flavoring concentrate used by mixing with or diluted by one or more diluting formulation is in form of a liquid including aqueous-based medium, e.g., any consumable or ingestible ingredient or and nonaqueous-based. In some embodiments, the present product, to impart or modify one or more flavors to the flavoring concentrate formulation can be carbonated or diluting medium. Such a use process is often referred to as non-carbonated. reconstitution. The reconstitution can be conducted in a 0105. The flavoring concentrate formulation may further household setting or an industrial setting. For example, a comprise a freezing point depressant, nucleating agent, or frozen fruit juice concentrate can be reconstituted with water both as the at least one adjuvant. The freezing point depres or other aqueous medium by a consumer in a kitchen to sant is an ingestibly acceptable compound or agent which obtain the ready-to-use fruit juice beverage. In another can depress the freezing point of a liquid or solvent to which example, a soft drink syrup concentrate can be reconstituted the compound or agent is added. That is, a liquid or Solution with water or other aqueous medium by a manufacturer in containing the freezing point depressant has a lower freezing large industrial scales to produce the ready-to-use soft point than the liquid or solvent without the freezing point drinks. Since the flavoring concentrate formulation has the depressant. In addition to depress the onset freezing point, flavoring agent or flavor modifying agent in a concentration the freezing point depressant may also lower the water higher than the ready-to-use composition, the flavoring activity of the flavoring concentrate formulation. The concentrate formulation is typically not suitable for being examples of the freezing point depressant include, but are consumed directly without reconstitution. There are many not limited to, carbohydrates, oils, ethyl alcohol, polyol, e.g., benefits of using and producing a flavoring concentrate glycerol, and combinations thereof. The nucleating agent formulation. For example, one benefit is the reduction in denotes an ingestibly acceptable compound or agent which weight and Volume for transportation as the flavoring con is able to facilitate nucleation. The presence of nucleating centrate formulation can be reconstituted at the time of agent in the flavoring concentrate formulation can improve usage by the addition of Suitable solvent, Solid or liquid. the mouthfeel of the frozen Blushes of a frozen slush and to 0102. In one embodiment, the flavoring concentrate for help maintain the physical properties and performance of the mulation comprises i) one or more flavor modifying com slush at freezing temperatures by increasing the number of pound as described herein; ii) a carrier; and iii) optionally at desirable ice crystallization centers. Examples of nucleating least one adjuvant. The term “carrier denotes a usually agents include, but are not limited to, calcium silicate, inactive accessory Substance, such as solvents, binders, or calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, and combinations other inert medium, which is used in combination with the thereof. flavor modifying compound and one or more optional adju 0106. In one embodiment, the flavoring concentrate for vants to form the formulation. For example, water or starch mulation is formulated to have a low water activity for can be a carrier for a flavoring concentrate formulation. In extended shelf life. Water activity is the ratio of the vapor Some embodiments, the carrier is the same as the diluting pressure of water in a formulation to the vapor pressure of medium for reconstituting the flavoring concentrate formu pure water at the same temperature. In one embodiment, the lation; and in other embodiments, the carrier is different flavoring concentrate formulation has a wateractivity of less from the diluting medium. The term “carrier as used herein than about 0.85. In another embodiment, the flavoring includes, but is not limited to, ingestibly acceptable carrier. concentrate formulation has a water activity of less than 0103) The term “adjuvant denotes an additive which about 0.80. In another embodiment, the flavoring concen Supplements, stabilizes, maintains, or enhances the intended trate formulation has a water activity of less than about 0.75. function or effectiveness of the active ingredient, Such as the 0107. In one embodiment, the flavoring concentrate for compound of the present invention. In one embodiment, the mulation has the flavor modifying compound in a concen at least one adjuvant comprises one or more flavoring tration that is at least 2 times of the concentration of the agents. The flavoring agent may be of any flavor known to compound in a ready-to-use composition. In one embodi one skilled in the art or consumers, such as the flavor of ment, the flavoring concentrate formulation has the flavor chocolate, coffee, tea, mocha, French Vanilla, peanut butter, modifying compound in a concentration that is at least 5 chai, or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the at times of the concentration of the compound in a ready-to-use least one adjuvant comprises one or more Sweeteners. The composition. In one embodiment, the flavoring concentrate one or more Sweeteners can be any of the Sweeteners formulation has the flavor modifying compound in a con described above. In another embodiment, the at least one centration that is at least 10 times of the concentration of the adjuvant comprises one or more ingredients selected from compound in a ready-to-use composition. In one embodi the group consisting of a emulsifier, a stabilizer, an antimi ment, the flavoring concentrate formulation has the flavor crobial preservative, an antioxidant, Vitamins, minerals, fats, modifying compound in a concentration that is at least 15 starches, protein concentrates and isolates, salts, and com times of the concentration of the compound in a ready-to-use binations thereof. Examples of emulsifiers, stabilizers, anti composition. In one embodiment, the flavoring concentrate US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017 11 formulation has the flavor modifying compound in a con 5. The ingestible composition of claim 4, which is in the centration that is at least 20 times of the concentration of the form of a food or beverage product, a pharmaceutical compound in a ready-to-use composition. In one embodi composition, a nutritional product, a dietary Supplement, or ment, the flavoring concentrate formulation has the flavor over-the-counter medication. modifying compound in a concentration that is at least 30 6. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the one or more times of the concentration of the compound in a ready-to-use Sweetener is a natural or artificial compound. composition. In one embodiment, the flavoring concentrate formulation has the flavor modifying compound in a con 7. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the one or more centration that is at least 40 times of the concentration of the Sweetener is selected from the group consisting of: compound in a ready-to-use composition. In one embodi agave inulin, agave nectar, agave syrup, amazake, ment, the flavoring concentrate formulation has the flavor braZZein, brown rice syrup, coconut crystals, coconut modifying compound in a concentration that is at least 50 Sugars, coconut Syrup, date Sugar, fructans (also times of the concentration of the compound in a ready-to-use referred to as inulin fiber, fructo-oligosaccharides, or composition. In one embodiment, the flavoring concentrate oligo-fructose), green Stevia powder, Stevia rebaudiana, formulation has the flavor modifying compound in a con rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, rebau centration that is at least 60 times of the concentration of the dioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, rebaudioside compound in a ready-to-use composition. In one embodi I, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside L, rebaudioside K, ment, the flavoring concentrate formulation has the flavor rebaudioside J, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, rebau modifying compound in a concentration that is up to 100 dioside M and other sweet stevia-based glycosides, times of the concentration of the compound in a ready-to-use Stevioside, Stevioside extracts, honey, Jerusalem arti composition. choke syrup, licorice root, luo hanguo (fruit, powder, or extracts), lucuma (fruit, powder, or extracts), maple 0108. The foregoing detailed description has been given Sap (including, for example, sap extracted from Acer for clearness of understanding only and no unnecessary saccharum, Acer nigrum, Acer rubrum, Acer saccha limitations should be understood therefrom as modifications rinum, Acer platanoides, Acer negundo, Acer macro will be obvious to those skilled in the art. It is not an phyllum, Acer grandidentatum, Acer glabrum, Acer admission that any of the information provided herein is mono), maple syrup, maple Sugar, walnut Sap (includ prior art or relevant to the presently claimed inventions, or ing, for example, sap extracted from Juglans cinerea, that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is Juglans migra, Juglans ailatifolia, Juglans regia), birch prior art. sap (including, for example, sap extracted from Betula What is claimed is: papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula lenta, Betula 1. A formulation comprising one or more Sweetener and nigra, Betula populifolia, Betula pendula), Sycamore one or more flavor modifying compound. Sap (such as, for example, sap extracted from Platanus 2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the flavor modi Occidentalis), ironwood sap (such as, for example, sap fying compound is: extracted from Ostrya virginiana), mascobado, molas ses (such as, for example, blackstrap molasses), molas ses Sugar, monatin, monellin, cane Sugar (also referred to as natural Sugar, unrefined cane Sugar, or Sucrose), palm Sugar, panocha, piloncillo, rapadura, raw Sugar, rice syrup, Sorghum, Sorghum Syrup, cassava Syrup (also referred to as tapioca syrup), thaumatin, yacon root, malt syrup, barley malt syrup, barley malt powder, OH NH beet Sugar, cane Sugar, crystalline juice crystals, cara mel, carbitol, carob syrup, castor Sugar, hydrogenated O starch hydrolates, hydrolyzed can juice, hydrolyzed starch, invert Sugar, anethole, arabinogalactan, arrope, or a salt or solvate thereof. syrup, P-4000, acesulfame potassium (also referred to as acesulfame Korace-K), alitame (also referred to as 3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the flavor modi aclame), advantame, aspartame, baiyunoside, neotame, fying compound is: benzamide derivatives, bernadame, canderel, carre lame, vegetable fiber, corn Sugar, coupling Sugars, curculin, cyclamates, cyclocarioside I, demerara, dex tran, dextrin, diastatic malt, dulcin, Sucrol, Valzin, dul coside A, dulcoside B, emulin, enoXolone, maltodex trin, saccharin, estragole, ethyl maltol, glucin, gluconic acid, glucono-lactone, glucosamine, glucoronic acid, glycerol, glycine, glycyphillin, glycyrrhizin, golden Sugar, yellow Sugar, golden Syrup, granulated Sugar, N-n gynoStemma, hernandulcin, isomerized liquid Sugars, jallab, chicory root dietary fiber, kynurenine derivatives (including N-formyl-kynurenine, N'-acetyl-kynure nine, 6-chloro-kynurenine), galactitol, litesse, ligicane, or a salt or solvate thereof. lycasin, lugduname, guanidine, falernum, mabinlin I. 4. The formulation of claim 1, which is an ingestible mabinlin II, maltol, maltisorb, maltodextrin, maltotriol, composition. mannosamine, miraculin, mizuame, mogrosides (in US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017 12

cluding, for example, mogroside IV. mogroside V, and monellin, cane Sugar (also referred to as natural Sugar, neomogroside), mukurozioside, nano Sugar, naringin unrefined cane Sugar, or Sucrose), palm Sugar, panocha, dihydrochalcone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, nib piloncillo, rapadura, raw Sugar, rice syrup, Sorghum, Sor Sugar, nigero-oligosaccharide, norbu, Orgeat Syrup, ghum syrup, cassava syrup (also referred to as tapioca osladin, pekmez, pentadin, periandrin I, perillaldehyde, syrup), thaumatin, yacon root, malt syrup, barley malt syrup, perillartine, petphyllum, phenylalanine, phlomisoside barley malt powder, beet Sugar, cane Sugar, crystalline juice I. phlorodizin, phyllodulcin, polyglycitol syrups, poly crystals, caramel, carbitol, carob syrup, castor Sugar, hydro podoside A, pterocaryoside A, pterocaryoside B, rebi genated Starch hydrolates, hydrolyzed can juice, hydrolyzed ana, refiners syrup, rub syrup, rubusoside, selligueain starch, invert Sugar, anethole, arabinogalactan, arrope, A, shugr, Siamenoside I, Siraitia grosvenorii, soybean syrup, P-4000, acesulfame potassium (also referred to as oligosaccharide, Splenda, SRI oxime V. Steviol glyco acesulfame Korace-K), alitame (also referred to as aclame), side, Steviolbioside, Stevioside, strogins 1, 2, and 4. advantame, aspartame, baiyunoside, neotame, benzamide Sucronic acid, Sucrononate, Sugar, Suosan, phloridzin, derivatives, bernadame, canderel, carrelame, vegetable fiber, Superaspartame, tetrasaccharide, threitol, treacle, tri corn Sugar, coupling Sugars, curculin, cyclamates, cyclocari lobtain, tryptophan and derivatives (6-trifluoromethyl oside I, demerara, dextran, dextrin, diastatic malt, dulcin, tryptophan, 6-chloro-D-tryptophan), Vanilla Sugar, Sucrol, Valzin, dulcoside A, dulcoside B, emulin, enoXolone, Volemitol, birch syrup, aspartame-acesulfame, assug maltodextrin, Saccharin, estragole, ethyl maltol, glucin, glu rin, Sucrose, fructose, glucose, L-arabinose, L-fucose, conic acid, glucono-lactone, glucosamine, glucoronic acid, L-glucose, L-ribose, D-arabino-hexulose, psicose, glycerol, glycine, glycyphillin, glycyrrhizin, golden Sugar, altrose, arabinose, turanose, abequose, allose, abruso yellow Sugar, golden Syrup, granulated Sugar, gynostemma, side A, aldotriose, threose, Xylose, Xylulose, Xylo hernandulcin, isomerized liquid Sugars, jallab, chicory root oligosaccharide (such as Xylotriose and Xylobiose), dietary fiber, kynurenine derivatives (including N-formyl lyxose, polydextrose, oligofructose, fucose, galacto kynurenine, N'-acetyl-kynurenine, 6-chloro-kynurenine), oligosaccharide, galactosamine, galactose, gentio-oli galactitol, litesse, ligicane, lycasin, lugduname, guanidine, gosaccharide (such as gentiobiose, gentiotriose, and falernum, mabinlin I, mabinlin II, maltol, maltisorb, malto gentiotetraose), dextrose, cellobiose, D-leucrose, dextrin, maltotriol, mannosamine, miraculin, mizuame, D-psicose, D-ribose, D-tagatose, trehalose (mycose), mogrosides (including, for example, mogroside IV. mogro neotrehalose, isotrehalose, raffinose, idose, tagatose, side V, and neomogroside), mukurozioside, nano Sugar, melibiose, mannan-oligosaccharide, rhamnose, ribose, naringin dihydrochalcone, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, ribulose, malto-oligosaccharide (such as maltotriose, nib Sugar, nigero-oligosaccharide, norbu, orgeat Syrup, osla maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and din, pekmez, pentadin, periandrin I, perillaldehyde, perillar maltoheptaose), maltose, Sucrose acetate isobutyrate, tine, petphyllum, phenylalanine, phlomisoside I. phlo dextrose, erythrose, erythrulose, deoxyribose, gulose, rodizin, phyllodulcin, polyglycitol syrups, polypodoside A, ketotriose, lactose, lactulose, kestose, nystose, man pterocaryoside A, pterocaryoside B, rebiana, refiners syrup, nose. Sucralose, palatinose, polydextrose, Sorbose, Sug rub Syrup, rubusoside, selligueain A, shugr, Siamenoside I. aridextrose (blended Sugar), and talose and combina Siraitia grosvenorii, soybean oligosaccharide, Splenda, SRI tions or blends of any two or more thereof. Oxime V. Steviol glycoside, Steviolbioside, Stevioside, stro gins 1, 2, and 4. Sucronic acid. Sucrononate, Sugar, Suosan, 8. The ingestible composition of claim 4, wherein the phloridzin, Superaspartame, tetrasaccharide, threitol, treacle, Sweetener is selected from the group consisting of agave trilobtain, tryptophan and derivatives (6-trifluoromethyl inulin, agave nectar, agave syrup, amazake, braZZein, brown tryptophan, 6-chloro-D-tryptophan), Vanilla Sugar, Volemi rice syrup, coconut crystals, coconut Sugars, coconut Syrup, tol, birch syrup, aspartame-acesulfame, asSugrin, Sucrose, date Sugar, fructans (also referred to as inulin fiber, fructo fructose, glucose, L-arabinose, L-fucose, L-glucose, L-ri oligosaccharides, or oligo-fructose), green Stevia powder, bose, D-arabino-hexulose, psicose, altrose, arabinose, tura Stevia rebaudiana, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebau nose, abequose, allose, abrusoside A, aldotriose, threose, dioside C, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, rebaudioside F, Xylose, Xylulose, Xylo-oligosaccharide (such as Xylotriose rebaudioside I, rebaudioside H, rebaudioside L, rebaudio and Xylobiose), lyxose, polydextrose, oligofructose, fucose, side K, rebaudioside J, rebaudioside N, rebaudioside O, galacto-oligosaccharide, galactosamine, galactose, gentio rebaudioside M and other sweet Stevia-based glycosides, oligosaccharide (Such as gentiobiose, gentiotriose, and gen Stevioside, Stevioside extracts, honey, Jerusalem artichoke syrup, licorice root, luo hanguo (fruit, powder, or extracts), tiotetraose), dextrose, cellobiose, D-leucrose, D-psicose, lucuma (fruit, powder, or extracts), maple Sap (including, for D-ribose, D-tagatose, trehalose (mycose), neotrehalose, example, sap extracted from Acer saccharum, Acer nigrum, isotrehalose, raffinose, idose, tagatose, melibiose, mannan Acer rubrum, Acer Saccharinum, Acer platanoides, Acer oligosaccharide, rhamnose, ribose, ribulose, malto-oligosac negundo, Acer macrophyllum, Acer grandidentatum, Acer charide (such as maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, glabrum, Acer mono), maple syrup, maple Sugar, walnut sap maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose), maltose, Sucrose acetate (including, for example, sap extracted from Juglans cinerea, isobutyrate, dextrose, erythrose, erythrulose, deoxyribose, Juglans nigra, Juglans ailatifolia, Juglans regia), birch sap gulose, ketotriose, lactose, lactulose, kestose, nystose, man (including, for example, sap extracted from Betula papyrif nose. Sucralose, palatinose, polydextrose, Sorbose, Sugari era, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula lenta, Betula nigra, dextrose (blended Sugar), and talose, and combinations or Betula populifolia, Betula pendula), Sycamore sap (such as, blends of any two or more thereof. for example, sap extracted from Platanus Occidentalis), 9. The ingestible composition of claim 8, which is in form ironwood sap (such as, for example, sap extracted from of a food or beverage product, a pharmaceutical composi Ostrya virginiana), mascobado, molasses (such as, for tion, a nutritional product, a dietary Supplement, or over example, blackstrap molasses), molasses Sugar, monatin, the-counter medication. US 2017/O 105432 A1 Apr. 20, 2017

10. The ingestible composition of claim 9, wherein the extract, guanana extract, ginger extract, L-phenylala food or beverage product is for human or animal consump nine, L-carnitine, L-tartrate, D-glucoronolactone, tion. inositol, bioflavonoids. Echinacea, ginko biloba, yerba 11. The ingestible composition of claim 10, wherein the mate, flax seed oil, garcinia cambogia rind extract, beverage is selected from the group consisting of sparkling white tea extract, ribose, milk thistle extract, grape seed beverages, fruit juices, fruit-flavored juices, juice drinks, extract, pyrodixine HCl, cyanoobalamin, niacinamide, nectars, vegetable juices, vegetable-flavored juices, sports biotin, calcium lactate, calcium pantothenate, calcium drinks, energy drinks, enhanced water drinks, enhanced phosphate, calcium carbonate, chromium chloride, water with Vitamins, near water drinks, coconut waters, tea chromium polynicotinate, cupric sulfate, folic acid, type drinks, coffees, cocoa drinks, beverages containing ferric pyrophosphate, iron, magnesium lactate, magne milk components, beverages containing cereal extracts and sium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, monopotassium Smoothies. phosphate, monosodium phosphate, phosphorus, potas 12. The ingestible composition of claim 9, wherein the sium iodide, potassium phosphate, riboflavin, sodium beverage product comprises: Sulfate, sodium gluconate, sodium polyphosphate, citric acid, phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, sodium acid Sodium bicarbonate, thiamine mononitrate, vitamin D3, Sulfate, lactic acid, and/or tartaric acid; Vitamin A palmitate, zinc gluconate, zinc lactate, and/or caffeine, quinine, green tea, catechins, polyphenols, green Zinc sulfate; robusta coffee extract, green coffee extract, whey pro ester gun, brominated vegetable oil, and/or sucrose tein isolate, and/or potassium chloride: acetate isobutyrate; caramel color, Red #40, Yellow #5, Yellow #6, Blue #1, Sodium citrate, potassium citrate, and/or salt; Red #3, purple carrot, black carrot juice, purple sweet ethyl alcohol, glycerine, gum Arabic, maltodextrin, modi potato, Vegetable juice, fruit juice, beta carotene, tur fied corn starch, dextrose, natural flavor, natural flavor meric curcumin, and/or titanium dioxide; with other natural flavors, natural and artificial flavors, Sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, artificial flavor, silicon dioxide, magnesium carbonate, Sodium metabisulfate, sorbic acid, and/or benzoic acid; and/or tricalcium phosphate; and calcium disodium EDTA, alpha tocopherols, mixed pectin, Xanthan gum, carboxylmethylcellulose, polysor tocopherols, rosemary extract, grape seed extract, res bate 60, polysorbate 80, medium chain triglycerides, Veratrol, and/or sodium hexametaphosphate: cellulose gel, cellulose gum, sodium caseinate, modi resveratrol, Co-Q10, omega 3 fatty acids, theanine, cho fied food starch, and/or carrageenan. line chloride, fibersol, inulin, taurine, panax ginseng